Dialect Of Language Research Articles

American English and Its Influence on British English

This article deals with the regional variants of English language and describes in detail the currently relevant reasons for the appearance of language dialects and their existence in modern English. The main theoretical basis of this research proves that one person’s individual speech is the result of mixing the regional varieties and their features. The research analyses foreign linguistical discussions about American variant of English and its influence on British English within different aspects. Various materials of scientific discussions, different authors’ ideas and various comments of Internet users are in the list of materials that were used in this article. Based on dynamic and temporal characteristics of a speech, the article highlights the key features of British and American English and their territorial varieties. It also examines the influence of American English on other regional variants on the pronunciation and grammatical norms. The main object of the study is English language with its regional varieties. Analysis shows that the language reflection stands for significant component of national and cultural self-knowledge of English people. The article expresses the influence of American English on British English: firstly, on everyday vocabulary, phrases and expressions. Secondly, in the case of the functional varieties, the American influence is present in the field of journalism, broadcasting (cinema, television, music and so on.), politics, travelling, economics and so on.

Interpreting idioms in a second language

Abstract How do people understand figurative speech in a foreign language? What strategies do they use? By means of an online questionnaire, this study investigated to what extent contextual information and transfer play a role in the interpretation of idioms in a second language, controlling for familiarity. Sixty-one native speakers of Dutch were asked to guess the correct interpretation of English idioms with and without a Dutch equivalent, presented with and without context, out of four answer options. The results showed that correctly interpreting an idiom depends on both the presence of context and the possibility of transfer. More correct interpretations were given when an idiom was presented in a context, but only for English idioms without an equivalent in the native language. English idioms with an equivalent in Dutch, often rated as familiar, were mostly understood correctly. We interpret this result as the involvement of transfer from the native language.

Considerations on the meaning and translation of Englishheartidioms. Integrating the cognitive linguistic approach

AbstractIdioms have long been an intricate part of language both from a semantic and a translational point of view. According to Cognitive Linguistics, many idioms do not always have an arbitrary meaning, as postulated by their traditional definition. The purpose of this article is to bring into focus the contribution that the Cognitive Linguistic approach can make to the process of selecting appropriate target language counterparts of source language idioms while applying translation strategies. To this end, we attempt at identifying appropriate Romanian counterparts of several Englishheartidioms on the basis of the same cognitive mechanisms (conventional knowledge, conceptual metaphors and metonymies) which motivate, to a certain extent, their meanings. Moreover, considering its specificity, this study is structured by drawing on the first three strategies suggested by “Baker, Mona. 1992.In other words. A coursebook on translation. London & New York: Routledge,” which translators can make use of when being faced with the challenging task of rendering idioms from the source text into the target text. In addition, our analysis is exclusively concerned with systemic equivalent idioms in terms of language as a system (Kvetko, Pavol. 2009.An outline of English phraseology. 3rd revised edition. Trnava: Univerzita Sv. Cyrila a Metoda).

The Morphological Compounding of the Kurdish Language

This research addresses )The morphological compounding of the Kurdish language(, which attempted to illustrate the foundation and background of morphological production. Focusing on morphological products, the study dealt with compounding processes and their products which are the outcome of these processes, consequently, the compounding itself results in producing compounds in morphology. Based on the same principle, compounding is also illustrated. This way, the information obtained through compounding is used to produce morphological and syntactic structures. The study is limited to the coordinate and non-coordinate morphological and syntactic compounds in which it searches for structured and production principles and demonstrates their similarities and differences. The study’s investigation procedures were conducted via a descriptive-analytical approach. In terms of theoretical background, most of the work was to gain well-formedness and produce well-formed structures, a little focus has been given to semantic principles. Research subjects and data were taken from the middle dialect of the Kurdish language.

Kajian Genolinguistik dalam Analisis Kesalahan Penggunaan Ejaan Bahasa Tulis di Media Sosial Facebook

This study aims to look at the study of genolinguistics in spelling mistakes on Facebook as a social media. The research method used is a case study. This research uses orthographic data analysis techniques. The determining orthographic data analysis technique is to see what is right and wrong. The results of the study (1) found that some of the Papuan generation made mistakes in writing vocabulary on Facebook by subtracting and adding the letters h, n, g (n/g). The results of the identification of errors in writing the letters h, n and g in the status vocabulary on Facebook, found that there were 101 vocabularies for the letter h and 62 vocabularies for the letter g (ng or). (2) Errors in writing the letters h, n and g (ng or) occur because of the influence of the innate nature of language that becomes a habit. Writing errors that become a habit in written language on social media status are influenced by Genetics of Family Relations, Social Kinship Association, Domicile Region and Regional Language Dialect Interference, Papuan Malay Language Variety Interference, and Educational Level. (3) The innate nature that has become a habit of spoken language into written language. Some generations of Papuans often do the pronunciation by reducing and adding the sounds of the letters h, n and g (ng/ŋ).

The influence of the media on children's language

Our paper aims to point out the sociolinguistic relations between the Albanian Language dialects and Standard Albanian. The focus of our research are school environments. The roads construction and the freedom of movement inside and outside Kosovo, especially the close relations with Albania and the TV platforms Digitalb and Tring being important sociolinguistic factors have brought closer the sweetness of Albanian Language to Albanians. Therefore, this paper will elaborate the role and connection of these factors in language. TV channels as Bang Bang, T, Tring Tring, Tring Albania, Discovery Science, Tring History, Tring Nature, or the TV program “Albanian Tracks” led by Marin Mema are educational programs that spread general knowledge in different fields like: nature, history, etc. In larger schools, especially in classrooms where students come from different countries, we notice language systems and subsystems which interact in children’s general communication.

Old Believers in Brazil: preserving linguistic identity

This article is devoted to studying the history of Russian Old Believers’ emigration to Brazil, to analyzing the reasons that allowed them to maintain their linguistic identity, and to identifying the features of the dialect of the Russian language of the Old Believers living in Latin America and in Brazil, in particular. Old Believers moved to Brazil after centuries of oppression, as a result of which they first left Central Russia for the East of the country, Siberia and Primorye, and after the 1917 Revolution, many of them moved to Harbin (China). After the 1949 Revolution in China, they turned to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, who sent them to the United States, Canada, Australia and Brazil. Brazil was the first country to grant them visas. The main wave of Old Believers’ migration to Brazil falls on 1957–58, that is why they managed to avoid the policy of nationalization of the New State, carried out in 1937–1945 by Getúlio Vargas, whose goal was to turn all immigrants into Brazilian citizens by banning their native language not only in official but also in everyday communication. Thus, the Old Believers managed to fully preserve their religious, cultural and linguistic identity due to a certain hermeticism of their communities and the preservation of their traditional way of life. The dialect of the Old Believers of Brazil retains the typical features of the Nizhny Novgorod dialect of the 19th century, in which archaic linguistic features and semantic shifts in the meaning of words were conserved. However, it also contains lexical innovations denoting new concepts of modern life, Spanish and Portuguese borrowings and their adaptation. At the beginning of the 21st century, within the framework of the State Program to Assist the Voluntary Resettlement to Russia of Compatriots Living Abroad, several Old Believer families decided to return to Russia, to Primorye, thus completing their round-the-world trip.

Функционально-семантические особенности личных местоимений «ԓўв» и «тав» в хантыйском и мансийском языках

The purpose of the study is to determine the functional and semantic features of the personal pronouns ԓўв and тав in the Khanty and Mansi languages. The study is novel in that it is the first to provide a deeper insight into the functioning of the personal third-person pronouns singular ԓўв and тав, using the material of the Ob-Ugric languages. It is shown that these word forms take part in the deictic, anaphoric function, as well as in the function of social deixis. The study discussed the issues of using the pronouns to refer to animals and the peculiarities of some subdialects of the Shuryshkar dialect of the Khanty language in terms of person-verb agreement. As a result of the analysis, the researchers have determined the scope of meanings and have described the features characteristic of the Ob-Ugric languages.

Investigation of Japanese PnG BERT Language Model in Text-to-Speech Synthesis for Pitch Accent Language

End-to-end text-to-speech synthesis (TTS) can generate highly natural synthetic speech from raw text. However, rendering the correct pitch accents is still a challenging problem for end-to-end TTS. To tackle the challenge of rendering correct pitch accent in Japanese end-to-end TTS, we adopt PnG~BERT, a self-supervised pretrained model in the character and phoneme domain for TTS. We investigate the effects of features captured by PnG~BERT on Japanese TTS by modifying the fine-tuning condition to determine the conditions helpful inferring pitch accents. We manipulate content of PnG~BERT features from being text-oriented to speech-oriented by changing the number of fine-tuned layers during TTS. In addition, we teach PnG~BERT pitch accent information by fine-tuning with tone prediction as an additional downstream task. Our experimental results show that the features of PnG~BERT captured by pretraining contain information helpful inferring pitch accent, and PnG~BERT outperforms baseline Tacotron on accent correctness in a listening test.

Adjectives in the Upper-Kama dialect of the Komi-Permian language

Introduction. The paper deals with the description of grammatical and word-formation features of the adjectives in the Upper-Kama dialect of the Komi-Permian language. The purpose of the study is to characterize the syntactic relations of an adjective with a defined word; linguistic analysis of grammatical categories of an adjective: consideration of the formation and distribution of members of grammatical categories of degrees of comparison and degrees of quality; identification of features of word formation. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the analysis of linguistic audio materials collected and recorded on digital media during several dialectological expeditions with the participation of the author to the area of residence of the Kirov Permians in the period from 2002 to 2012. Descriptive and comparative methods were used in writing the article. Results and Discussion. Based on the field material, the paper studies the grammatical and derivational features of the adjectives in the Upper Kama dialect of the Komi-Permian language. In particular, the functioning of this part of speech as a definition and nominal predicate is considered; cases of adjective congruence in adjective and predicative functions are described; the grammatical categories of degrees of comparison and degrees of quality are characterized, the main word building suffixes are presented. Conclusion. The study revealed a significant influence of the Russian language on the formation of attributive syntactic constructions and grammatical forms of the adjective. The specific morphological features characteristic in the Komi dialect area only for the studied idiom are recorded.

«TO BE» OR «NOT TO BE» TO THE POTENTIAL IN THE KARELIAN LANGUAGE? (ON THE MATERIAL OF LIVVIC AND LUDIC DIALECTS OF THE KARELIAN LANGUAGE)

The article discusses the issue of formation and use of forms of the possibility mood (potential) in the dialects of the Karelian language. Attention is paid to two main dialects: Livvic and Ludic. The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the positive and negative forms of potential in the above main dialects. Particular attention is paid to the indicators of potential, the peculiarities of use in a comparative aspect. The article emphasizes the gradual extinction of this category in the Karelian language. The novelty of our research lies in the fact that until now a unified literary form of the Ludic dialect has not yet been fully formed, and today the dialect is poorly represented in the educational space: regular and systematic teaching due to the influence of objective and subjective factors is not conducted. It is noted that in the Livvic dialect the written form has been actively developing for more than thirty years. In the future, a comparative analysis will probably help to solve the problem of the formation of the Ludic new-written form. In the process of work, we used general scientific empirical (observation, comparison, description) and theoretical research methods (familiarization with the material, assessment of the solidity of the assumption), general logical methods and concretizing their techniques (induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, generalization, analogy, systemic and structural approaches). The research was carried out using comparative and comparative-historical methods. Proceeding from the fact that these two dialects - Livvic and Ludic - are in the closest relationship with each other, in the future the comparative analysis can be applied in the preparation of textbooks in Ludic dialect of the Karelian language. On the other hand, on the basis of the analysis carried out, in the future it will be possible to make a decision about the use (or non-use), for example, of the forms of the perfect potential when teaching the above-mentioned dialects to students and schoolchildren, since this form is of little use, and the category of potential is gradually fading away.

Iconic Words Denoting Food Consumption (on the Material of the Russian Language)

Introduction. The article presents the findings of a study on establishing the sound symbolic status of individual phonemes and phonesthemes in the designations of “noisy and greedy consumption of food and drinks”, carried out on the material of the Russian dialect language at the junction of iconicity and dialectology and is a continuation of the joint work of the authors on the research of the sound symbolic role of certain phonemes in designation of the concepts of “biting, gnawing”, “chomping, smacking” and “sucking in” in the three corresponding lexical-semantic groups of the English dialect lexemes. Methodology and sources . The material for this work is the corpus of lexemes denoting swallowing, obtained by continuous sampling from the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects, ed. by F.P. Filin. The research was carried out using phonosemantic analysis. Results and discussion. The study clearly demonstrated that the lexicon of the Russian dialects, similar to the dialect vocabulary of the English language, contains quite an impressive number of iconic words and contains sets of lexemes that, having similar or virtually identical semantics, differ from each other by only one or two phonemes. The analysis of the corpus of the material allowed the authors to conclude that in cases with iconic vocabulary we do not actually deal with two (or more) different words, but with the same word, that can be described in terms of sound symbolic hyperlexems. Conclusion. The dialect lexicon of the Russian language, like the dialect lexicon of the English language, possessing such a distinctive feature as expressiveness, gives us a particularly rich and interesting sound-symbolic material that can be studied within the framework of dialect phonosemantics since it contains numerous and diverse groups of sound-symbolic words and can contribute to the theory of iconicity.

О структуре бесермянского словаря, составляемого по материалам Т. И. Тепляшиной

This work is devoted to description of the microstructure (dictionary entry) of the Beserman dictionary, which is compiled based on the materials of T. I. Teplyashina. Besermans are small people who live compactly in the North West of Udmurtia. From the point of view of linguistics they speak a special dialect of the Udmurt language. The Besermans have a stable ethnic and linguistic identity, which is different from the Udmurt. At the beginning of the 21st century, the language of Besermans has become an object of considerable interest for linguists. Field materials were embodied in two dictionaries, a monograph and scientific articles. The most significant contribution to the study of the Beserman dialect was made by T. I. Teplyashina, who published the monograph “The Language of the Besermans”. Most of her materials, which were systematized in a field file, remained unused. The scientist's field file representing the Beserman speech of speakers born in the century before last can be called a unique linguistic heritage, waiting to be processed and implemented as a dictionary. Our dictionary will contain lexical and textual materials published in monographs and previously unpublished. This article examines in detail the structure of the dictionary, which has no analogues, at least in the lexicography of the Ural-Volga region.

Dialect density, language abilities and emergent literacy skills of prekindergarten children who speak African American English

BackgroundNumerous studies have observed a significant and unique relationship between children's use of nonmainstream dialect and reading outcomes. We aimed to examine the relationship between nonmainstream dialect and reading at its roots by completing a preliminary evaluation of the relationship between African American English (AAE) dialect and multiple dimensions of emergent literacy skills in young African American children enrolled in Head Start.MethodsSeventy‐eight African American preschoolers completed the Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening‐PreK (PALS‐PreK) and a narrative retell of the wordless picture book, Frog, Where Are You? The narratives were used to generate three measures of narrative productivity and the dialect density measure (DDM).ResultsStructural equation modelling found that the PALS‐PreK measures significantly loaded onto a single print‐related emergent literacy latent variable and that the three narrative measures significantly loaded onto a single language‐based emergent literacy latent variable. There was a significant relationship between print‐related emergent literacy skills and DDM, but the overall model had a poor fit, showing that the relationship between emergent literacy and DDM was weak.ConclusionsWe conclude the manuscript by discussing implications of this research and suggestions for further study.

Topical issues of modern didactics of regional professional education in native language teaching

The article analyzes the actual problems of the methodology of professional education in the humanities field of knowledge, in particular, the Surgut dialect of the Khanty language in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra. In modern vocational education, the study of native language becomes an integral part of national culture, which absorbs history, spiritual values, moral norms and models of speech etiquette. That is why it is important to preserve the native language of each ethnic group. There is an urgent need for the socialization and development of the student's personality as a subject of ethnicity and as a citizen of the Russian Federation. Preservation and development of native languages and traditional culture of indigenous peoples of the North is one of the state tasks facing Russia and Yugra as a subject of the Federation at the present stage. The absence of the uniform approved alphabet on the Khanty language and the educational-methodical complexes recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation does not allow studying a native (Khanty) language in vocational education. We believe that it is unacceptable to study the subjects Native Language and Native Literature (subject area Native (Khanty) Language and Literature) at the expense of the academic time allocated by the educational organization within the framework of extracurricular activities and educational work. Hence, there is a need to develop the content and methodological organization of the educational process of the Native Language discipline at vocational and specialized secondary educational institutions and universities, as well as for the course training in Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Yugra. Native language serves not only as a means of communication and cognition of the surrounding reality, but also as a means of recording, preserving national and cultural traditions and introducing them to future generations. That is why the quality of education of the native (Khanty) language at professional institutions in general depends on the quality of education of the modern generation of indigenous peoples of the North of the Russian Federation. We believe that the improvement of skills and development of abilities in the subject Native language will be successful if we implement an effective methodological system based on integration of phonetic, word-formation, lexical, grammatical and syntactical levels of Khanty language.

THE PHENOMENON OF WRITTEN DIALECT TEXTS (NAIVE POETRY OF NORTHERN PODLACHIA)

The article examines the issue of works of naive literature as written monuments of the dialect language. Based on the materials of the ethnolinguistic-dialectological expedition of 2005, nine poems of two authors from the vicinity of Bielsk Podlaski – Olha Onatsyk (born in 1921, Yagushtovo village) and Volodymyr Sosna (born in 1937, Pashkivshchyna village) – were introduced into scientific circulation and analyzed in linguistic and thematic terms. From a psychological point of view, the desire to write poetry arose among numerous naive poets of Northern Podlachia mainly because of the desire to fill a kind of lacuna associated with the functional limitation of the native language. In the case of such poets, usually retired peasants, the value of their works for humanitarian studies is determined not only by the representation of the peasant picture of the world, but also (or primarily) by the language itself. The archaic dialects used by them deserve the special attention as one of the most important parts of ethnoculture. The themes and stylistic means of the presented works confirm the researchers' conclusion that such poetry "stands between literature and folklore". The works of both amateur poets are presented according to manuscripts and parallel audio recording (author's reading) – this approach allows to avoid subjectivism when evaluating dialectal phenomena, primarily phonetic ones. Particular attention is paid to the unique dialect features in the manuscripts. The principles of publishing works of Podlachian naive literature written in Latin graphics are proposed: accurate transmission of manuscripts, parallel transliteration in Cyrillic, commenting on unclear lexemes (narrow-local dialectisms, borrowings). The importance of preserving the ethno-cultural heritage of the Ukrainians of Northern Podlachia is emphasized. Systematic research, the publication of ethnolinguistic descriptions, dialect texts and dictionaries will allow us to create a reliable picture of the current state of the dialects of the Buh and Narva interfluve, the last area where Ukrainians live compactly on the territory of Poland.

LEXICO-PHRASEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE DIALECT OF TRISKYNI VILLAGE, SARNY RAION, RIVNE OBLAST

The article actualizes the idea of the importance of comprehensive and meticulous study of the dialect language peculiarities in general and subdialect language in particular. Lexical and phraseological features of the subdialect of Triskyni village (Sarny raion, Rivne oblast) are studied.
 Some hypotheses are made about the origin of this village name and the discussion issues concerning the inclusion of the subdialect in one of the three traditional groups are outlined.
 The main emphasis is on the systematization of generalized names of substantial objects, which: a) create the conceptual center of nominative units; b) are distinguished by the largest semantic content; c) are used as components of phraseology. Vocabulary is differentiated to denote the realities of animate and inanimate nature. Within the first group the names of persons, representatives of fauna and flora are considered. The specific features of subdialect names of inanimate objects are revealed throughout the analysis of the following main thematic groups: 1) names of clothes, shoes, jewelry etc.; 2) names of dishes and drinks, food, as well as utensils in which they are prepared; 3) names of house buildings, their parts, household items; 4) names of farm buildings, their parts, tools.
 First of all, the article studies dialectisms, that have obvious subdialect lexical and phraseological features and that differ from the common ones either in the form or content. The collected material is characterized as lexical units: a) which root morphemes are absent in literary language; b) which root morphemes are accompanied by formants that are different from literary language; c) that look similar to the words of literary language, are semantically identical to them, but differ phonetically.

Perceptions of Risk for Dating Violence Among Rural Adolescent Males: An Interpretive Analysis.

About one in eight U.S. high school students in Grades 9 to 12 report experiencing teen dating violence (TDV) in the form of physical, sexual, or psychological dating violence in the past year in person, on school grounds, and online. Compared with their urban counterparts, rural teens face nearly double the rate of physical dating abuse and an elevated risk of experiencing multiple forms of violence. Rural young males are exposed to regional masculinities and gender norms that may simultaneously promote female subordination (a prelude to dating violence) while impeding help-seeking intentions. We used an interpretive and dialectical approach grounded in Relational Dialectics Theory to explore how rural young males perceive and describe their own risk of experiencing and perpetrating dating violence and the factors contributing to their help-seeking intentions and behaviors. Data from three focus groups and individual interviews with 27 rural young males (ages 15-24) were collated. We identified two central dialectical themes described as (a) Social Tension Dialectics (subthemes include: Abusive vs. Unhealthy Relationships: A Dialectic of Language; #MeToo vs. #WeToo: A Dialectic of Victimhood; "It's All Country Boys": A Dialectic of Masculinity) and (b) Help-Seeking Dialectics demonstrating the dual roles Religion, School Guidance Counselors, Peer Mentors, and Social Cohesion play in promoting or preventing dating violence. Overall, we found dialectic tensions in rural youth risk perceptions about dating violence. These findings bear implications for advocates and practitioners working with rural youth in planning developmentally and culturally appropriate TDV prevention programs, offering policy and research-relevant insight.

Review Essay: Am I Blue?: Black Music & White Male Self-Construction

Review Essay: <i>Am I Blue?: Black Music &amp; White Male Self-Construction</i>

Language Accent Detection with CNN Using Sparse Data from a Crowd-Sourced Speech Archive

The problem of accent recognition has received a lot of attention with the development of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems. The crux of the problem is that conventional acoustic language models adapted to fit standard language corpora are unable to satisfy the recognition requirements for accented speech. In this research, we contribute to the accent recognition task for a group of up to nine European accents in English and try to provide some evidence in favor of specific hyperparameter choices for neural network models together with the search for the best input speech signal parameters to ameliorate the baseline accent recognition accuracy. Specifically, we used a CNN-based model trained on the audio features extracted from the Speech Accent Archive dataset, which is a crowd-sourced collection of accented speech recordings. We show that harnessing time–frequency and energy features (such as spectrogram, chromogram, spectral centroid, spectral rolloff, and fundamental frequency) to the Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) may increase the accuracy of the accent classification compared to the conventional feature sets of MFCC and/or raw spectrograms. Our experiments demonstrate that the most impact is brought about by amplitude mel-spectrograms on a linear scale fed into the model. Amplitude mel-spectrograms on a linear scale, which are the correlates of the audio signal energy, allow to produce state-of-the-art classification results and brings the recognition accuracy for English with Germanic, Romance and Slavic accents ranged from 0.964 to 0.987; thus, outperforming existing models of classifying accents which use the Speech Accent Archive. We also investigated how the speech rhythm affects the recognition accuracy. Based on our preliminary experiments, we used the audio recordings in their original form (i.e., with all the pauses preserved) for other accent classification experiments.