Dialect Dictionary Research Articles

Мультимедийная электронная система «Говор северной деревни» как основа создания диалектных словарей

The research is relevant because it is necessary to make a lexicographic description of the local speech content, which is collected on the territory of the historical Belozerye. The materials collected on this territory are available in various dialect dictionaries, but so far they have not been studied as a whole lexico-semantic system. To solve this problem, in 2019-2021, we created an electronic multimedia system: The Dialect of the Northern Village (www.borbushino.vogu35.ru). It presents the results of the study of the dialect of the Borbushino village in Kirillovsky District of Vologda Oblast - one of the rural settlements of this territory. This study lasted for more than thirty years. The key problem solved in the framework of this article is the understanding of the prospects for using the materials of the Dialect of the Northern Village electronic resource in the practice of creating various dialect dictionaries. The aim of the work is to characterize the existing experience of lexicographic descriptions of the dialect system in the format of an electronic resource, as well as to comment on the prospects of including the materials we collected in the format of a morphemic and word-formation dictionary, a dictionary of a language personality, and a thematic ethnolinguistic dictionary. The objectives of the work are: (1) to characterize the local speech content presented in the electronic multimedia system; (2) to describe our experience in creating a differential explanatory dictionary of Cyrillic dialects; (3) to consider the prospects of including the materials we have collected in dialect dictionaries of other purposes, types and structures. The material for the study was more than 250 texts recorded from the words of dialect speakers or presented in their own memoir records, as well as more than 30,000 microtexts illustrating the contextual use of the lexical set we are studying. The material was collected by the method of conversation according to the questionnaire program of the Lexical Atlas of Russian Folk Dialects, as well as according to the authors’ programs focused on the collection, classification and analysis of the derived vocabulary of the dialect. As a result, we have concluded that the collected materials can form the basis of a morphemic and word-formation dictionary, an ethnolinguistic dictionary representing the information of the thematic spheres “Nature”, “Man”, “Material Culture”, “Spiritual Culture”, as well as a dictionary of the language personality of Nikolai Pavlovich Shabrov, a native of the Borbushino village. The Dialect of the Northern Village electronic multimedia system (www.borbushino.vogu35.ru) is already used in the practice of research and educational work, and the creation of various dialect dictionaries based on it will make this work more concrete and effective. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Диалектная лексикография русского языка в начале ХХІ века

We analyze the dialect lexicographic situation in Russia at the beginning of the 21st century: dictionaries of different genres are highlighted, publications of specific regions and districts are grouped, – both collective and individual works. In general, a brief systematic review of 87 (very large, large, medium and small) dialect lexicographic works is given. We note that the di-alectography of recent decades is represented mainly by traditional differential dictionaries, which differ from the literary standard, and less often by non-differential, full-type dictionaries; it has been supplemented with 9 thematic dictionaries; 5 – idiolect dictionaries; 2 dictionaries of dialect vernacular; motivational dictionary of subdialect; figurative units of dialect; emotional-evaluative vocabulary of dialects; 7 phraseological dictionaries of dialects. Of the 87 dictionaries, 4 are ongoing (unfinished) issues, volumes of works published since the second half of the 20th century; 11 are completed (published) dictionaries, work on which was started in the late 90s of the twentieth century; 65 are published editions from 2001 to 2021 (4 dictionaries of which were published decades after compilation, 2 are additions to previously published works, 10 dictionaries are corrected and supplemented; 7 continue to be published). New lexicographic works almost completely cover the map of Russian dialects.

Names of an illegitimate child in modern Ukrainian language

The article deals with the composition of the lexical-semantic group “names of an illegitimate child” in the Ukrainian language, in particular in dialects, as well as with the word-forming structure, etymology and semantic processes that take place in it. Special attention is paid to the history and etymology of the lexemes байстрюк, бастард and копил. The active use of the word байстрюк in the modern literary Ukrainian language, in particular in its colloquial version, is emphasized. It was found that the Ukrainian nominations of an illegitimate child represent a very diverse range of motivational models: ʻlocus of conception or of a birth of a child’, ʻthe lewd nature of the mother’s behavior’, ʻabnormal appearance of the child in the family’, etc. The lexical implementation of these models differs significantly in different regions of Ukraine. Borrowed mainly from the Polish language or through its mediation, lexemes to denote an illegitimate child show a wide phonetic and word-forming variation in the process of adaptation to the system of the Ukrainian language or — more narrowly — to the peculiarities of certain dialects. Most names represent pejorative connotative semes — rude, abusive; but sometimes they show sympathy for an illegitimate child. Keywords: illegitimate child, Ukrainian dialects, dialect dictionaries, areal lexical variety

Names of Memorial Days in the Traditions of Eastern Serbia: Ethnolinguistic Aspect

The article examines the terminological vocabulary of one of the stages of funeral and memorial rites, fixed at the border zone of the Slavic and non-Slavic traditions of Eastern Serbia. Rites and customs of the Vlachs (obsolete Rus. Valahi, i.e. Wallachians, Serb. Vlasi), who moved to these territories mainly in the XIX century and currently live in villages that are interspersed with Serbian ones, influenced the Serbian folk tradition. The funeral and memorial rites of the Slavs represent the most conservative area of folk rituals and motivating beliefs and prescriptions, less susceptible to changes linked with both globalization and urbanization, and with the influence of neighboring traditions. Nevertheless, due to the fact that the funeral and memorial rites of the Vlachs are exceptionally bright, rich and representative, the considered ethnic complex of rituals could not but have a tangible impact on the Eastern Serbian rituals and representations associated with the transition to another world. The East Serbian dialect vocabulary largely reflects these processes, which is demonstrated in the article by the example of the lexeme pomana («commeration»), widely used in the dialects of North-Eastern Serbia. Meanwhile, the Serbs still retain the original Slavic archaic vocabulary, reflecting the ancient Slavic ideas about the deceased, his needs and necessities in the “other world”. Various types of sources are involved in the study: lexicographic (explanatory, etymological and dialect dictionaries), ethnographic (descriptions of customs, rituals and representations in certain regions of Eastern Serbia), data from the National Corpus of the Serbian Language and the author's own field ethnolinguistic materials (1997–2021).

“PRIMER BOOK FOR VOTYAK CHILDREN OF THE SARAPUL DISTRICTˮ: GRAPHIC, SPELLING, AND PHONETIC FEATURES

The article describes the vowel and consonant features of the “Primer book for Votyak children of the Sarapul districtˮ (1913). It is practically impossible to consider the phonetic isoglosses of this written record without taking into account its graphic and spelling system; therefore, the article also pays special attention to the graphics and orthography of the source material. The phonetic features are described by comparing the vowel and consonant system of the primer with the vowel and consonant system of the modern Udmurt literary language, adding, whenever available, correspondences from the dialect dictionary by Y. Wichmann [Wichmann 1987], the materials for which were collected at the end of the 19th century. Furthermore, corresponding modern forms from the audio dictionaries based on 2013 field data are also indicated. Such a comparison makes it possible to try to determine the archaic or innovative nature of each identified feature. The analysis shows that most of the phonetic features of the primer, both innovative and archaic, are characteristic of modern dialects of the Southern dialect zone. It follows that this record was most likely written in one of the dialects located on the border of the Middle and Central-Southern dialects of the Udmurt language, i. e. its present-day counterpart would be the dialect of the northern part of the Malopurginsky district of the Udmurt Republic. However, it turns out to be difficult to locate it more precisely at the moment as, unfortunately, this area is described by dialectologists rather poorly today.

Этимология как образ жизни (к 70-летию академика А. Е. Аникина)

This paper is devoted to the linguistic works by Alexander Evgenievich Anikin, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, on the occasion of his 70th anniversary. Alexander Anikin, a versatile philologist, has made a significant contribution to Russian, particularly dialectal and Ural-Altaic etymology. The linguistic tradition that Alexander Anikin adheres to is associated with the names of famous etymologists of the Russian language, Max Vasmer and Oleg N. Trubachev. The scientific path of Alexander Anikin as an etymologist includes several stages. The starting point was his interest in Balto-Slavic language contacts and borrowings. Then, Alexander Anikin turned to the study of the language contacts in terms of the vocabulary of the languages of the peoples of Siberia and the Far East and Siberian dialects of the Russian language. Currently, the researcher is working on the Russian Etymological Dictionary. This dictionary is an ambitious project that involves searching for etymons for the maximum possible number of Russian words described in etymological, historical, and dialect dictionaries and studies. The Russian Etymological Dictionary differs from many other etymological dictionaries of the Russian language. It covers the dialectal (including Siberian), outdated, and ancient words lost in modern Russian. Also, the paper considers the principles of selecting the linguistic material and the structure of dictionary entries and characterizes the range of languages, which Alexander Anikin analyzes in the context of etymology.

О своеобразии частицы чё и сочетаний с ней в связи с вопросами лексикографирования

The article continues a cycle of works in which the authors explore the common parlance word chyo. In connection with the issues of lexicographic description, the particle chyo and phrases with it are considered. Their specificity is revealed on the material of the card file for the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects in comparison with the particle chto in the literary language according to the Dictionary of Contemporary Russian Literary Language. The particle is considered from the point of view of the main parameters of functioning and lexicographizing: formal, functional-pragmatic (communicative), and semantic. The analysis is complicated due to the actual absence of an exhaustive and consistent theory of particles for literary language and dialects. The following results were obtained. (1) According to various parameters, the particle chyo is only partially identical to its equivalent in the literary language, the semantic and functional-pragmatic range of the common parlance word chyo is wider. (2) In order to avoid contradictions of various theoretical approaches, the term “complex particle” should be abandoned in favor of the term “composite particle”, and labels clarifying the category of particles should be abandoned in favor of formulations that indirectly reflect the necessary information such as “used in interrogative and exclamatory sentences”, “used to enhance the meaning”, etc. (3) Polyfunctionality (a combination of features of different parts of speech) as a fundamental feature of the functioning of particles should be taken into account when defining the word chyo. Its definition, if possible, should also reflect the “shades” of the meaning chyo gives and describe transitional cases of using the particle as an interjection or introductory word. (4) For a correct lexicographic presentation of the material, if possible, the intonation of the phrase with the word chyo should be taken into account, it is necessary to include the widest possible context, commentaries of compilers of field materials. (5) It is necessary to reflect in the interpretation the shades of meaning, expressive and emotional evaluation, the modalities introduced by particles into the utterance. The features of the use of particles are easier to identify using substitution (by synonyms, equivalents) and elimination (removing of the analyzed word from the utterance) methods. (6) A special, in-depth consideration of combinations with the word chyo, including in the role of a particle, is required, which is the immediate prospect of this research. The article concludes that the analyzed materials confirm the authors’ idea of the need to include common parlance words in the corpus of dialect dictionaries and develop special approaches for the correct lexicographizing of such vocabulary.

Dictionary of Russian dialects of Karelia and adjacent areas: lost phraseology

Dictionary of Russian dialects of Karelia and adjacent areas: lost phraseology

Народная духовная культура русско-белорусского брянско-гомельского пограничья

The publication focuses on the unique local traditions of the folk spiritual culture of the Russian-Belarusian Bryansk-Gomel borderland. They include the features associated with the calendar (Christmas, Annunciation, Easter, Ascension), rituals of the life cycle, beliefs, folk medicine and magic. The idea of the modern linguocultural situation in the south-western regions of the Bryansk region bordering on Belarus is enriched by considering the units of the language of spiritual culture, many of which also denote ritual artifacts. The linguoculturological material of the paper is compared with other studies of the traditional culture of the Bryansk-Gomel borderlands, regional dictionaries, the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects, and the compendium Slavic Antiquities. The characteristic-local traditions considered (distinguishing schedrovkas by gender — for the owner and hostess, the image of the “goat”, inviting frost, cooking three types of kutia, the rituals of “driving an arrow”, “candle”, “parting of the mermaid”, bylichki about well-wishers, the widespread use of healers and others) are also represented in the Belarusian traditional culture of the Gomel Polissya and the Dnieper region, which confirms the common cultural past and present of the Bryansk and Gomel regions.

О «Фразеологическом словаре русских говоров Тюменской области» Рецензия на книгу: Багирова Е. П., Белякова С. М. Фразеологический словарь русских говоров Тюменской области. Тюмень, 2020. 356 с.

Phraseological Dictionary of Russian dialects of the Tyumen region was prepared by E. P. Bagirova and S. M. Belyakova and published in 2020 by Tyumen State University. The dictionary covers the phraseological spectrum of dialects of all districts of the Tyumen region, including almost 2,400 phrases recorded in the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries. The material collected reflects a broad understanding of phraseology, with phraseological units, ritual terminology, proverbs, riddles, omens, and well-wishes presented in the dictionary. This paper considers the phraseological material of the dictionary from the point of view of its lexicographic development, with the main attention paid to the micro-structure of the dictionary. Each of the nine parameters proposed by the authors to describe the Tyumen phraseology is commented on. It is worth noting that most of these parameters are presented quite systematically and correspond to the principles declared. However, some critical remarks and suggestions have been made concerning the lexicographical presentation of some facts, which may be useful for a possible reissue of the dictionary. These comments focus on determining the initial form of idioms, distinguishing variant and synonymy, stating combinability, accuracy of definitions, and the selection of illustrative material. It should be pointed out that the dictionary under review significantly enriches modern Russian dialect phraseography and can undoubtedly be useful to scientists, teachers, local historians, and all those concerned with the fate of the folk word and traditional culture of the region.

Representation of generic name to denote food in the dialects of Pokuttia

The article deals with the folk vocabulary collected by the author to denote the thematic group ‘generic names for food’, which belongs to the widely used layers of household vocabulary Pokuttya. The study represents dialects of the villages of Stetseva and Stetsivka, which belong to the Sniatyn united territorial community of Kolomyia district of Ivano-Frankivsk region, Ukraine. Both villages are subordinated to the Stetseva village council. The source of intelligence was the colloquial speech of the natives of these dialects. The object of the study was folk dialect names for food. Within this thematic group, the semems of ‘food’ and ‘cooked food’ are identified, which certify generic names to denote “what they eat” and the interpretation of names is established in terms of semantics. The purpose of the article is to present, systematize and analyze a new repertoire of vocabulary of the Pokuttia region, related to cooking and given fragments of live communication of the inhabitants of the dialects. The research methodology involves the use of the following general scientific methods: systematic, systematization, descriptive and linguistic analysis. The scientific novelty of the work is reduced to the lexicographic study of the general lexicon of dialects and the scientific understanding of the studied segment of dialectal vocabulary in a particular region (dialect) of Ukraine. Here are partially presented the results of the study with the analysis of factual material, which is typical for the inhabitants of other Pokuttia dialects. Conclusions. The collected materials are the part of the cultural vocabulary, which implements information about the household culture of the penitents. The results of research can be used in lexicographic practice, in particular in compiling various types of dictionaries, including the Dictionary of Pokuttia dialects, as well as in educational work, in teaching courses and special courses of lexicology, Ukrainian dialectology and ethnolinguistics.

Lexico-semantic unit “Man” based on the material of the Nizhnekolymsk old-time dialects of Yakutia

The paper studies the specifics of the linguistic reflection of the image of a person in the Nizhnekolymsk old-time dialects of Yakutia. Despite the available research, the issue of the preservation of the cultural and linguistic diversity of the Arctic remains relevant in our time. It is of great interest in terms of geostrategic location, natural resources and human potential. The purpose is to describe the composition of the lexical-semantic unit “Man” in the Nizhnekolymsk old-time dialects of Yakutia. The source of the material was the four-volume Dictionary of Russian Old-Time Dialects on the Territory of Yakutia by M.F. Druzhinina. The method of continuous sampling was used to identify 95 lexical units that form the LSU “Man”.The structure of the unit includes the following lexical and semantic groups: physical, personal and social characteristics of a man. Intraunit systemic relations are characterized by the presence of a variety of paradigmatic connections: derivational synonyms, inflectional variants, phonemic doublets, antonymic and synonymous pairs, hypo-hyponymic and hyper-hyponymic relations, derivational series. The Nizhnekolymsk dialects are a monument of the Russian old-timers’ culture, which is a result of interethnic and cultural contacts between the newcomers and the local population, as well as the influence of natural conditions. The processes of globalization, integration and industrial development of the Arctic accelerate the assimilation of Russian old-timers from Nizhny Kolyma, which makes the problem of the preservation of their ethnocultural identity relevant.

Лексико-семантическое поле вербализаторов концепта КОНЬ/ЛОШАДЬ: общекультурная и региональная специфика

The aim of study is to reveal the common linguocultural character and regional peculiarities of the concept “horse” by analyzing the structure and content of the semantic field of this concept`s verbalizers. The novelty of the research is due to the fact that we have used the dictionaries of local dialects of the Kuban region as a source of lexical items — verbalizers of the semantic field of the concept “horse”. The results obtained show that the general cultural concept “horse” is one of the significant concepts in a retrospective picture of the world of the Russian people. For native speakers, horse was mainly a domestic animal — used for field work or transportation — and, therefore, an emotionally and materially valuable object. At the language level, we could reveal the regional specific character of the concept “horse”. For the Kuban Cossacks a horse was a charger. The charger was a symbol of the military character of Cossacks as the service class whose main duty was to stand guard over the state borders of Russia. The value constituent of the concept was even more significant than in the all-Russian language picture of the world — a horse was of great importance in a Cossack’s life and indicated a high social status.

Dogs as a constant of culture of Russian arctic old timers

The article examines the zoomorphic code of a dog in the culture of the Russian Ustians - descendants of the Russian old-timers of the lower Indigirka. Russian settlers, having adapted to the harsh climate of the Arctic, created a polar version of Russian culture, in which dogs became an obligatory element. Their role in commercial and economic activities is extremely great. Having become the center of everyday life, the dog is a cultural code of the sub-ethnic group. The linguoculturological approach was adopted to analyze the involvement of dogs in the script of various folklore genres. The article describes materials of dialectal dictionaries and archival funds, demonstrating the linguistic representation of the image of a dog.

Zaraza nadchodzi i odchodzi – myślenie o chorobach epidemicznych utrwalone w języku

In this article, I present selected aspects of the linguistic image of the plague (I am especially interested in names and their etymology, the causes of the disease, images of the plague, and remedies). I mainly rely on materials related to Polish folk culture, but I also mention some contemporary contexts to show a certain durability of beliefs related to the plague. I use the notion of a linguistic and cultural image of the world understood as a colloquial interpretation of reality that can be explicated not only using verbal data, but also with non-verbal data preserved in petrified texts of culture. In my considerations, I refer to the so-called cognitive definition. The material basis of the analysis presented (in line with Jerzy Bartmiński’s assumptions) consists of lexical and textual data: names (confirming the “perspective of reality”), information transmitted on an onomasiological basis, revealed in the etymological and word-formation analysis, meanings given in the definitions in Polish and dialectal dictionaries, word-formation derivatives, metaphorical extensions, phraseologisms, collocations (phrases), metaphors, proverbs, healing formulas, etc. In Polish folk culture, the plague was imagined as a living creature (woman) who could roam the land (come and go), come to the village, talk to people, put them to death, or save the ones she chose to live. These images of the plague made peasants try to secure their space and to create a safe zone for themselves and their community by means of various magical procedures.

Prasa lokalna jako źródło do badań dialektologicznych (na przykładzie kieleckich „Przemian”)

The local press is used to a small extent for dialectological studies. In the article, I present a review and typology of press materials contained in the Kielce socio-cultural monthly „Przemiany” (Transformation, 1970–1989), which is a valuable source of language material, primarily for Polish dialectical lexicography, but also for the study of the language system of the Kielce dialects from the 1980s and 1990s. The sociolinguistic aspect is included in the description of dialects in the analyzed press texts. On the one hand, Kielce dialect materials broaden the number of printed sources for the issued Polish dialect dictionary, and on the other – they can be well used when developing a regional glossary.

KARELIAN MYTHOLOGICAL BELIEFS ABOUT ANIMALS AND BIRDS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF FOLK MEDICINE)

In the beliefs of the Karelians, animals and birds act as significant elements of religious and mythological rites and rituals. Many peoples have tales, myths, beliefs and ceremonies that testify of the close relationship of man and the animal world. Traditional medicine, in which animals and birds are endowed with special functions, is no exception. The purpose of the scientific article is to identify the mythological ideas of Karelians about animals and birds in Karelian folk medicine. The studied material was also reflected in the Karelian national classification of diseases, in which, among others, groups of diseases from birds, animals and insects are absolutely clearly distinguished. The theoretical framework of the study is based on the scientific works of domestic and Finnish ethnographers and linguists. The sources for the linguistic analysis are dialect dictionaries of some Baltic-Finnish languages and etymological dictionaries of the Finnish language. All collected lexical and ethnographic material is analyzed in conjunction with closely related Karelian languages, as well as with ethnolinguistic data from the Russian language. As a result of the study, it can be clearly traced that the Karelians identified groups of animals and birds in the fauna and avifauna that could “send” various diseases to humans. However, they could become a means of curing these ailments. In the nomination of diseases, the similarity of the symptoms of the disease to the appearance of animals and birds is significant, which indicates a close relationship of man with the animal world.

Dialektal matnlarning leksik tahlili metodi

Dialectal words are lexical units that are actively used in Uzbek folk dialects and are rarely or not used at all at the level of literary language. They differ from words in literary language in that they have a dialectal meaning (s) and are only actively used in dialects. Opinions are expressed about their current number and types. The work done in the field of dialectal lexicon and dialectal lexicography is very limited relating to this field. At the same time, based on the tasks of science, it is possible to preserve the unique lexical richness of dialects by "creating an electronic dictionary and atlas based on the materials of Qarluq, Kipchak and Oguz dialects."It is recognized that there are several practical methods of collec- ting dialectal words, such as "Question-Answer", "Questionnaire". But none of them are as effective methods as the “lexical analysis of dialectal texts” method. This is because the ability to identify dialectal words on the basis of lexical analysis of the content of texts written from dialects has been used in practical experiments during dialectological practices. The article describes the process of recording and transcribing the speech of Dialect (Sheva) representatives as dialectal texts and identifying dialectal words in it as a method of “lexical analysis of dialectal texts”. Dialectal texts written from dialects are also provided as a proof of the said opinions.In the process of dialectological observations, it is advisable to use the following special methods, which are part of the method of analysis of dialectal texts: 1) The method of writing a dialectal text (s); 2) the method of transcribing it (s); 3) the method of determining the types of dialec-tal words based on the requirements of lexical analysis of dialectal texts; 4) a method of teaching dialectal words by analyzing them on the basis of dialectal texts; 5) A method of collecting dialect materials by preparing a "dialect dictionary".If this method is actively used, it will be possible to easily find at least from two and a half to three million dialectal words with the lexical richness of dialects, prepare dictionary articles for them and create mod-ern electronic dictionaries and atlases. It should also be noted that it has been proved that there are ten types of dialectal words. The method of analysis of dialectal texts put forward and tested during dialectological practices and the following special research methods can be used in the innovative project "Compilation of electronic dictionary and atlas based on materials of Qarluq, Kipchak and Oghuz dialects" to be demonstrated with reasoning and evidence from a practical point of view.

Principles of the compilation of East-Podillia dialects

A key role of dialect dictionaries in the preservation of the national memory of the people and national moral values is emphasized in the paper. It has been stated that dialect vocabulary compiled in the dictionary is of great heuristic value, as it expresses a historical progress of the nation in its work, with customs and beliefs, the whole outlook in general, which is why it is a required source for the reconstruction of the ancient condition of a material and moral culture of native speakers.
 It has been found out that some specialists in dialectology-lexicography mark the registries of dialect words differently (dictionary, short dictionary, lexicon, vocabulary, materials for dictionary, small dictionary, etc.). Ukrainian dialect dictionaries were analyzed as to their completeness of vocabulary presentations, the coverage of dialect areas and some peculiarities of the representation of regional vocabulary in thematic dictionaries which contained the dialects of East Podillia.
 The purpose and the task of the compilation of the Dictionary of East-Podillia dialects as well as its format/size were defined. Foreign analogs of such creation, in particular Podillia ones, were noticed. The principles of the compilation of a multi-volume edition of the Dictionary of East-Podillia dialects according to the thematic groups were worked out.
 The importance of the Dictionary of East-Podillia dialects for Ukrainian language studies has been underlined, as it will become a profound source for further language research.

Dialectal word status

This article focuses on the status of dialectal words, which is one of the most controversial issues in dialectology, in particular in “Uzbek dialectology”. This issue proves that the status of a dialectal word is in practice only if it is expressed in the interpretation, description, interpretation, etymology, dialectal text, dialectal dictionary article and dialectal dictionaries of dialect words. The author has tried to cover this issue on the basis of a number of scientific and practical sources.