Ideological Processes Research Articles

Ideology and identity construction in Ibibio personal names

Existing studies on African anthroponyms have examined the implications of culture, history and language on individual identity constructions in personal names. However, few studies have explored the ideological processes involved in these identity constructions. To fill this gap, this study examines the concepts of ideology and identities in Ibibio personal names from ethnographic and ethnopragmatic perspectives. The data consists of eighty-five Ibibio personal names which were derived from oral interviews with Ibibio name-bearers and givers from Akwa Ibom State, South-eastern Nigeria. The names were categorized into four types: Christian religion, order of birth, endearment and character attribute, depicting the characteristics, cultural norms and religious beliefs of name-bearers. Family relationships, beliefs and knowledge of the culture are, therefore, important ideological indicators for constructing identities through naming. Thus, the names may either portray the bearer’s self-definition and identification or convey social biases. This article argues that identities constructed in Ibibio personal names are intrinsically localized within the name-bearers’ transfer of their cultural conceptualization of their personal names to their lived experiences. The study examines how these innate connections mirror the beliefs or ideologies of name-bearers.

INNOVATIONS IN POLICY OF TEACHING AT THE UNIVERSITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF ACADEMIC REVOLUTIONS

Categories of the academic revolutions and innovations in a perspective of educational policy at the higher school are considered. Special attention is paid to the development of innovations in training at the foreign and Ukrainian universities, since X1X of a century up to now. It is noted that agricultural, industrial, global, demographic and other revolutions created basis for the academic revolutions which resulted from transformations of society and caused innovations in higher education systems. The contribution of the academic revolutions in strengthening of role of the universities in society is confirmed. The major innovations in training stimulated university teaching throughout all academic revolutionary periods (after 1867, 1945, 1983) in developed industrial and developing countries, such as the USA, some states of the European Union and Ukraine. Emergence of innovations in policy of teaching at the universities during the first academic revolution, their modification during the second one, and new turns in transformation of innovations during the third academic revolution is investigated. Introduction of innovations in teaching differed in intensity and scale during the academic revolutions. On examples of teaching it is shown how political and ideological processes in society influenced functioning of the universities. An attempt to compare educational processes during three revolutions and to reveal the most innovational period was made. It is proved that innovations in training were implanted in three academic revolutions, the third one turned out to be the most innovative. The major innovations in policy of teaching were connected with the development of scientific and technical knowledge that contributed to the emergence of the information society. The developed countries offered the introduction of policy of cooperation in the higher education that made impact on innovations in university education. The Coronavirus pandemic of 2019/20 demonstrated the need to use various forms of Internet communications (Zoom, Google Classroom, Moodle, Whereby, etc.) to switch to new opportunities to teach students in higher education institutions around the world at the beginning of the XXI century.

РОЖДЕННЫЕ РЕВОЛЮЦИЕЙ: ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ СООБЩЕСТВО ИСТОРИКОВ АЗИАТСКОЙ РОССИИ В ТИСКАХ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ ВОЙНЫ

The history of higher education, science, and academia in the Asian part of Russia has been extensively covered in historiography. Historians have focused on various aspects of these phenomena in connection with social, cultural, economic, as well as political and ideological processes. In most cases, these processes have been approached from two different perspectives. The first one focuses on the center-periphery relations and entails a comparison of the provincial processes with what was happening in the center of Russia. The second concentrates on regional and local processes, including at the micro level. However, the period of the Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War (1918–1920) in the history of Asiatic Russia is of particular importance for the scientific and educational complex of the region in general and for its social sciences and humanities segment, in particular. The authors’ focus is history. Historical research itself, education, science, and the corporation of historians in the paradigm of that period played the most important structure-forming roles. The political, ideological, and sociocultural implications of historical research (the formation of the historical consciousness, civic and political identity and culture, ideological attitudes, moral values, patriotism) are difficult to overestimate. In the period of uncertainty of the development of both the country as a whole and its Asiatic periphery (when the outcome of the armed confrontation was not obvious to anyone), the role of historians in different spheres of the state and society grows, they become important actors of key processes, epitomized by the so-called “third the role of universities”. The study of these aspects of historians’ activities, the mechanisms of their interaction, the influence on the system of social interactions and other aspects, foregrounds this new trend in historical research. The work is written on the basis of a wide range of historical sources: official documents and materials (laws and regulations on the organization of higher education and science); archival materials (most of them are first introduced into academic discourse) – organizational, administrative records that reflect daily activities of universities and research institutions; materials of regional and local periodicals; sources of personal origin; historiography of the Asiatic periphery. In the course of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that the initiative to develop historical research, academic institutions, strengthen the “third role” of universities and scientific communities was generated both “bottom-up” and “top-down”. Both historians and public legal entities, that is authorities at all levels, benefited in these relations.

Reflection of the ideological and political processes that took place in the ussr during the years of perestroika in the social life of Uzbekistan

Reflection of the ideological and political processes that took place in the ussr during the years of perestroika in the social life of Uzbekistan

“The Man South Africa Forgot”: Media Construction and Redemption of Postapartheid Hero Josia Thugwane

On August 4, 1996, at the Atlanta Olympics, Josia Thugwane won the marathon and became the first black South African to earn a gold medal. Just 2 years after Nelson Mandela’s historic presidential election in a nation torn by more than 40 years of apartheid, Thugwane offered a story the media craved for his symbolic rise from uneducated coal miner to globally marketed icon. Then the South African basically vanished following the 2000 Sydney Games, as another forgotten Olympic hero, because of the limited 4-year media cycle. The identity markers of a hero include athletic excellence, elicitation of emotion, conveying symbolic meaning, and overcoming elements beyond the individual’s control to become iconic. Guided by framing theory, this mixed-methods content analysis examined 179 news stories across five countries and 2 decades, to identify how the South African marathoner’s identity was constructed and shaped from heralded to abandoned hero and why he resurfaced. This approach offered a socially derived view of Thugwane produced through the ideological process of journalism that shaped ideas and views while excluding or marginalizing others. Over time, media appreciated his athletic success for what it was against the backdrop of apartheid, which is why Thugwane is still discussed in heroic terms for overcoming odds to reach his sport’s pinnacle.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ТА РОЗВИТОК ІДЕОЛОГІЇ СОБОРНОСТІ НА УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ЗЕМЛЯХ (НАПРИКІНЦІ ХІХ – НА ПОЧАТКУ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ)

У статті характеризується процес формування та розвитку ідеології соборності на українських землях протягом кінця ХІХ – початку ХХ століття. Особлива увага приділена визначальним тенденціям розвою ідеології соборності на західноукраїнських і східноукраїнських землях. Наголошено, що активний розвиток культурно-просвітницького та громадсько-політичного руху на Галичині протягом другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ століття підготував значне підґрунтя не лише для зміцнення української національної свідомості західних українців, а й – для їх активної участі в національно-визвольних змаганнях періоду 1917-1921 років. Зауважено, що протягом тривалого часу в Наддніпрянській Україні та на західноукраїнських землях поступово формувалися засади ідеологічної концепції, домінуючим чинником котрої були ідеї соборності, самостійності, просвіти народу та духовності.

Organizational Aspects of Higher Historical Education Functioning in Lviv between 1944?1957

The key issues of this work are the definition of all the development patterns and trends of higher historical education in Lviv during 1944?1957. During this period, it was possible to gain an education in history at the Lviv State University and at the Lviv State Pedagogical Institute. The main attention is paid to the problems faced by the history faculties in the post-war years: material and technical support, selection of teaching staff, recruitment of students for studying, and also the introduction of an ideological component into all areas of higher historical education. Demand for "ideological direction" had a significant impact on the educational-methodological and ideological process, which led to theestablishment of Soviet historical concepts, changes in the content of historical education and its unification under theSoviet style. The influence of party politics reflected on the teaching staff of the history faculties, because in this period attention was focused not only on professional qualities, but also on political convictions. This position was justified for the purpose of preventing the influence of teachers whose views were "ideologically and politically unverified" on the student environment. So-called "re-education" or "re-thinking" methods were applied to the teaching staff. The purpose of these methods was to recognize the correctness of the Soviet historical concepts and the Soviet world outlook in general. Significant requirements were placed on the students as well. Only students “with a clean political past” had the right to enter higher educational institutions. Educational and independent work with students at the historical faculties was based on the confirmation of the correctness of Marxist theories on the grounds of historical material, which was meant to become the basis for the formation of the Soviet world outlook among students of historians faculties. However, the change of the political course and redirecting education to be more technical in nature led to the elimination of the historical faculty at the Lviv State Pedagogical Institute, which established the Lviv University as the only center of higher historical education in Lviv.

Introduction to Secular Genology

The search for the origins of the secular is important for science because it clarifies the concept of “secular” as a category of modern thought against the background of rethinking the classical theory of secularization and uprising of post-secular concepts. The article argues that despite many different approaches to the definition of the secular there is a common thing that unites them — the recognition of religion as a finite area and the existence of the “non-religious”. The article presents the positions of well-known scientists who tried to explain the origin of the category of the secular within social sciences, including those who challenge the classical theory of secularization. In search of the signs of uprising the “secular” in culture a researcher can consistently dive into history and find them in almost any historical era. But such a search inevitably leads to the final borders of social sciences beyond which the theological discourse begins. Even those researchers who consistently defend secular principles (Berger) face this problem. In this regard some researchers continue their studies in the theological plane (Trostnikov, Milbank). There is also a potential problem here — artificial construction of new concepts of “secularities” which would have no relation to the “secular” itself. Therefore the reconstruction of the genealogy of the secular makes sense only if it helps to explain the logic of modern social and ideological processes. From this point of view the researcher has no choice: even before he determines where the secular begins, he already states that the secular has become itself in the Christian paradigm (theological, geographical and chronological); right here it has acquired the problem field in which the culture of modernity and the paradigm of modern scientific knowledge exist. The author concludes that the development of secular discourse is also a theological process.

German Reformation and Czech Hymnbooks and Books of prayers and meditations

Summary The paper deals with the Bohemian Reformation literature. Culture of the Bohemian Reformation belongs to a little-known phenomenon in Czech historiography. Art and culture historians have focused mostly on the Hussite period and less on the 16th and 17th centuries. An important issue is the reception of German Lutheran religious educational literature in Protestant Circles of the Czech lands. The author focuses primarily on books in which the genre of mediation dominates, and explores the prompt Czech reaction to several German authors (Martin Moller, Johann Gerhard etc.) active between approximately 1580–1620 who found intensive response in the Bohemian Lands. The second important field is the Czech hymnography in the 17th–18th centuries. The author finds German inspiration for Czech hymnbooks. He deals with Luther’s songs in the hymnbook Cithara sanctorum by Jiří Třanovský and especially with late baroque Protestant exile hymnbooks influenced by the Pietistic Circle in Halle and Herrnhut (Harfa nová [‘A New Harp’] by Jan Liberda, Lipský kancionál [‘Hymnbook of Leipzig’] by Georg Sarganek). Owing to the German stimuli, the spectrum of genres, ideological processes and stylistic registers in Czech literature from the 16th to 18th centuries is comparatively rich and diversified.

The archaeology of civil conflict in nineteenth century Spain: material, social and mnemonic consequences of the Carlist Wars

ABSTRACT This work deals with a set of internecine wars that took place in Spain during the nineteenth century. Generally known as the Carlist Wars, they represent a conflict that has barely been covered by archaeology. The aim of this paper is to briefly introduce these wars, analyse their material effects and reflect on their further consequences. In material terms, we take into consideration the influence of a growing globalization that can be clearly made out between the First and Third Carlist wars, both mediated by gradual industrialization and the American Civil War. In social and mnemonic terms, we examine the construction of a social memory that took place around this conflict and its effects to the present. In short, we provide a case of local internecine conflict that was at the same time inserted in worldwide social, economic and ideological processes underway during the nineteenth century and whose influence is still perceptible today.

IDEOLOGIA DA NORMA JURÍDICA

O presente trabalho traz como pano de fundo a manifestação do fenômeno ideológico. O ponto de partida para a análise fixa-se na Escola Histórica do Direito com suas bases historicistas e nas constatações que Marx faz ao perceber a incongruência entre a defesa do positivismo histórico proclamado por Savigny e o concretizado, sob a influência de uma ideologia classista, quando da sua atuação como legislador da Prússia. Descrevem-se as características do processo ideológico, sua identificação e suas formas de atuação. Analisa-se o pensamento marxista que constata a sobreposição de interesses de classes dominantes que moldam o pensamento coletivo numa projeção de dominação. Inserem-se nesse contexto a apreciação da influência ideológica no direito e o embate criado pela manipulação jurídica direcionada pelo fator econômico. Observa-se a manifestação ideológica no campo jurídico, desde a conceituação da ciência com seus princípios norteadores até a completa alienação de escopo, origem e fim do direito.

La subordinación ideológica del saber médico andino en la salud intercultural chilena

Existen pocos estudios que aborden los procesos ideológicos presentes en las relaciones interculturales propiciadas por las iniciativas de Salud Pueblos Indígenas en Chile. Nuestro objetivo es mostrar cómo los elementos ideológicos del Saber Biomédico contribuyen a la subordinación del Saber Andino al interior de dichos programas. Para esto, expondremos material etnográfico producido entre 2011 y 2012 en la comunidad de Camiña, Tarapacá. Posicionados desde la Antropología Médica Crítica, analizamos la ideología biomédica sobre el Saber Andino, así como las propuestas para la interculturalidad que surgen desde el personal biomédico. Concluimos reflexionando cómo la negación del carácter ideológico de la racionalidad biomédica, refuerza la subordinación del Saber Andino, produciendo un efecto opuesto al mentado en la política pública.

Beyond the Innocence of Globalization: The Abiding Necessity of Carlos Bulosan's Anti-Imperialist Imagination

This essay analyzes Carlos Bulosan’s writing in terms of the way he works todevelop an aesthetic that comprehends and cognitively maps the repetitive dynamicsof US and global colonial capitalism. More precisely, the essay examines howBulosan’s aesthetic practice both grapples with the question of how an individualand collective consciousness can grasp the systemic processes that conditionexperience and also how it fosters that consciousness in the way it representsthe relationships among experience, the larger class and colonial dynamics thatproduce that experience, and the ideological processes that intervene in ourcomprehension of those dynamics. In developing an aesthetic that aligns ideologyand experience and grasps the dynamics of the global colonial system, Bulosan’sfiction, this essay argues, generates a narrative of class struggle and a consciousnessthat grasps the national dimension of the Filipino working-class, comprehendingthe need for national liberation.The essay explores the way Bulosan’s political narratives work through andconfront ideological tensions between a facile internationalism and a more concretenational liberation politics in his fiction by deploying, at times, an innocent narratorwhose idealistic values and approach to the world are challenged through thatcharacter’s experiences of racial and economic injustice, violence, exploitation, anddeprivation. This technique allows Bulosan to articulate a utopian worldview, thatis, an ideal sense of what a world framed on principles of justice would entail, andalso to address the political and economic realities that betray that ideal and thus require repair and transformation through collective political struggle. Typically, inconstructing plots that move through innocence to experience, Bulosan works tocreate an aesthetic that aligns representation and the lived experience of Filipinos inthe United States and the Philippines in ways that highlight the national dimensionsof Filipino life and foster a national consciousness, challenging a premature orunder-theorized internationalism or universalism.

Heritage and the change of meaning: Understanding the urban heritage in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The heritage of Yogyakarta is always situated in a dynamic environment. The conflicting situation is reflected by the ideological tensions during the creation of historical object in the past and the use of heritage in the present day. This issue leads to the underrated appreciation for the historical meaning. This article reveals the ideological process in the creation of heritage object and the recognition of meaning in the present day. The study uses literature study and in-depth interview to reveal the past and currently perceived meaning. This study provides a basis for understanding the change of meaning in heritage discourse.

Roy Harris’s Symphony 1933: Biographical Myth-Making and Liberal Myth-Building in the American West

ABSTRACTA leading young voice in music of the United States during the 1920s and 30s, composer Roy Harris (1898–1979) was a figurehead for an American identity that reified the sovereignty of the individualist frontiersman alongside the American West. An analysis of the reception of the premiere of Harris’s break-through first symphony, the Symphony 1933, reveals a constellation of ideological processes by which the biographical myth-making around musical figures negotiates the gap between individual and collective identities in the national imagination. Understanding this wider phenomenon is significant for advancing scholarship in musical biography by pointing to potential directions for pursuing its interdisciplinary intersections, in particular the significance of reception history for biographical myth-making. It also indicates potential crossover with diverse areas such as cultural geography, legal discourses about sovereignty and ownership, and socio-political analyses of liberalism. Ultimately, Harris’s biographical connection with Western landscapes illustrates how musical biography, in parallel with the music itself, can negotiate the relationship between a composer’s identity, the geographical space in which it is located, and racialized formulations of national identity.

Embodying “tech”: Articulatory setting, phonetic variation, and social meaning

AbstractThis article examines the co‐occurring realization of two sociophonetic variables within a style—the LOT vowel in English and word‐initial /l/—to explore the link between articulatory setting and stylistic practice. At an arts‐focused high school in the San Francisco Bay Area, the curricular and social practices of students in the technical theatre department centre around manual labour. Ethnographic analysis demonstrates that “tech” constitutes a locally enregistered persona, informed by tech students’ positioning as working‐class subjects through their bodily, sartorial, and technological practices. Tech students also produce higher and more rounded variants of LOT, and more velarized productions of /l/, than their non‐tech peers, and I suggest that articulatory setting is at play in the cohesive indexicality of these variants. I advocate for the continued exploration of co‐occurring sociolinguistic variables which treat the body as a broader stylistic context, and propose that studies of co‐occurring features focus on the ideological processes by which combinations of variables come to index thematic styles.

Achieving physical and spiritual happiness on bhakti yoga

The current paper discussed two points of view, namely; first, analyze critically the methods used to internalize bhakti yoga devotion to followers. Second, to critically analyze the implications that have arisen after the establishment of bhakti yoga ideology. These are very interesting to study because practically bhakti yoga provides “convenience” in achieving physical and spiritual happiness. That is, taking a way that does not twist can accelerate to religion destination, namely the achievement of physical and spiritual happiness. The results showed first, the process of understanding bhakti yoga ideology was carried out by (1) through nawa widha bhakti, (2) hermitage, (3) raising cattle, (4) associating with spiritual teachers (sadhu sangga). Second, the ingrained bhakti yoga ideology has implications for religious life, namely the use of symbols of religious sect identity unlike the use of japamala and tilaka. Implications to socio-culture, there is an interaction of follower’s culture before and after they take part in bhakti yoga in religious sects. The implication for the economy of religious sects and followers is a capital exchange between followers and capital accumulation on followers and organizations.

‘Linguistic authority’ in state-society interaction: cultural politics of Tibetan education in China

ABSTRACT Situated in the contemporary contexts of Tibetan language movement and development in the education field, this article draws attention to the interactional nature of state-society relations and dynamic language ideologies in Tibet. It focuses on the ideological process underlying the discursive sensemaking patterns in official remarks and Tibetan reactions in the aftermath of a high-profile state intervention to reform Tibetan education in one part of the Tibetan region of Amdo in China. Although Tibetan people’s concerns over language education and appeals to ‘Tibetanness’ empower them in resisting the repressive policy interventions from local authorities, this resistance also deploys the same metanarrative of legitimation that is fostered in state propaganda. As a result, Tibetan people’s appeal to ‘pure’ language ideology accommodates speakers as much as it sets boundaries in the Tibetan society in the process.

Discursive metaphorical frames in newspaper texts on language change

AbstractThe concept of ‘metaphorical framing’ is currently witnessing renewed interest in metaphor research, but for discourse-oriented work it remains a problematic analytical tool given the variety of senses it has been employed with. The present paper considers an approach to metaphorical frames in discourse, by proposing the notion ofdiscursive metaphorical framesto capture the complex, systematic metaphorical representations prominent across discourse. The perspective follows the direction of recent integrated approaches to metaphor, frames and discourse (e.g.,Burgers et al., 2016;Cameron et al., 2009;Semino et al., 2016) and is proposed as particularly suited to studying public discourses, as ideologically laden, multi-textual and multi-voiced. The approach is illustrated through an analysis of metaphorical representations of language in Serbian and British newspapers. The analysis reveals the deeper social ideologies underlying the newspaper discussions on language in Serbia and Great Britain, including similarities as well as notable differences, pointing to the diverse ideological processes shaping contemporary media metadiscourses. The results are also discussed in relation to the adopted approach, to frames of presentation, (sub)domain representations and the dynamics of metaphor use in public discourse.

Recalling the bidonvilles of Paris: Historicity and Authority Among Transnational Migrants in Later Life

In this article, I aim to shed light on the linguistic and discursive practices entailed in historical meaning‐making—that is, the various ways in which social groups perceive the past and how those perceptions inflect the interactional present. Specifically, I present ethnographic data collected at a day center for Spanish seniors outside of Paris, focusing on interactions among a group of the center's members upon their visit to a museum exhibition documenting the Parisian bidonvilles [shantytowns] in which many of them lived after they migrated from Spain in the 1960s, over 40 years earlier. As they engage with one another and their guide, participants display and enact different modes of knowing the historical content of the exhibition. Drawing on Bakhtin's (1981) concept of the chronotope, I show how these modes of knowing the past may be recruited in ideological processes of affiliation and distinction. For the transnational migrants in later life who populate this article, such chronotopic calibration is a vital means of making sense of the past and establishing forms of belonging in the present.*