Ideological Pressure Research Articles

UKRAINIAN NATIONALLY MARKED MODELS OF VERBAL GOVERNMENT

The article offers materials that reveal the national specificity of verbal government in the Ukrainian literary language. Investigating lexicographic sources for more than 100 years – from the end of the 19th century to the first two decades of the 21st century, we looked after, that they fix different models of verbal government for the same verbs. Divergences of a few types are noticed: parts of the governments, present in lexicographic sources of the end of the 19th century – of the first third of the 20th century, in the dictionaries of 40–80 years and later there are not in general, part of them limits in use with the help of stylistic remarks заст., діал., рідко, рідше, and yet part of the variant models is changed placed and on the first place the general are put common with Russian language. The comparison of lexicographic sources of different time periods made it possible to compile the register of Ukrainian nationally marked models of verbal government that tested to ideological pressure in Soviet times. Depending on the degree of limitation of these models in the use (partial or complete) two varieties are distinguished among them: 1) peripheral, or forgotten; 2) lost. Such models of verbal government are qualified as peripheral, or forgotten, which in their essence are specific Ukrainian forms of grammatical connection, however in the language practice of the 40–80th of the 20th century they were artificially forced out to the periphery of linguistic usage. Models of verbal government that is fixed in dictionaries 20–30th of 20th century are lost, while they are not found in the lexicographic sources of the Soviet era, because for ideological reasons they were replaced by grammatical forms common to the Russian language. They are not presented in the latest dictionaries. The restoration of these governments became possible to a large extent thanks to the availability of the vocabulary heritage of the 20s and 30s of the 20th century for reader public.

Memento obětí totalitních režimů jako motor kariéry, nebo závazek kontinuity vědecké práce

Although totalitarianism has already been widely discussed in academia, the war victims still generate a lot of attention today. This article examines the transformation of academia in Central Europe after 1945 and the reflections of war victims among scholars. To what extent did these losses to science and the loss of personal friendships create an awareness of commitment to continuity in academic work, the need to push through reforms, and the establishment of new institutions? The author focuses on the experience and career prospects of Czech natural scientists (mathematicians, astronomers, physicists) who re-established themselves in the 1940s and 50s and who firmly opposed the essential elements of totalitarianism in their professions (binding ideology, mass party, monopoly on information, central management, planned economy). Although this definition corresponds to the Stalinist period, many categorical decisions and reforms started immediately after the war (planned economy, mass university studies, centralization of research, binding ideology of revolutionary justice). The article shows how the general secretary of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts, physicist Viktor Trkal, used the argument of victims when he accused his colleagues of collaboration. The students’ experience has diversified, as shown with two interviewees. The historiographical explanation of a too short post-war democracy replaced by “captive universities” and “chained academies”, and the belief that Stalinists put much worse ideological pressure on historiography than other sciences, are being disputed.

Газета немецких оккупантов «Свободная земля»: парадигма фашистской пропаганды инвертированной цели войны против Советского Союза

Introduction. The article aims to analyze the newspaper ’Svobodnaya zemlya’ (Free Land), published for a short time (September-December 1942) by German occupying forces in Kalmykia. The newspaper has not been the object of a special study so far. Its main purpose was propaganda, used by the occupiers as one of the most important psychological and ideological weapons of war. The Nazi propaganda targeted the population of the occupied territories, subjecting the people to massive psychological and ideological pressures. Hence, every genre of the newspaper was designed and adapted to carry on disguised Nazi propaganda. Material and methods. The source for the research data was ’Svobodnaya zemlya’, the organ of the German administration at the time of Nazi occupation of the Kalmyk territory. Notably, the historiography in this country and abroaddiscusses certain aspects of fascist propaganda during the Second World War, but the regional newspapers of the German occupiershave not been examined so far. In his analysis, the author was guided by the principles of objectivity, comprehensive analysis, historicism, hermeneutics, and source criticism. Results. The purpose of the German occupiers’ newspaper was to persuade the local population that the preventive war launched and conducted by them was not a humanitarian catastrophe, but it was directed only against the “Jewish-Bolshevik government” of the Soviet Union, and the German army had a liberation mission, a happy future awaiting the liberated people. According to this propaganda, the liberated peoples were tostay calm and confident of their future; also, they were expected to actively cooperate, helping the German army tonear the victory, but any act of disobedience orjust passive resistance of individuals would havedire consequences for them, including death punishment. Conclusion. The newspaper under studyis one of the most important types of historical sources to shed light on the history of Kalmykia in the war period. Added to the source data, it helps fill in some gaps to allow for an objective discussion of controversial issues. Also, the analysis of the newspaper demonstrates some of the methods and techniques used by the Nazis in the occupied regions to deliberately disseminate falsified ideas about the goals of the war as a means of disguised propaganda.

Ukrainian archaeologists and museumists under soviet pressure: mid 1920th

The objective of this research is to show the forms and methods of influence of the soviet totalitarian regime on Ukrainian archaeologists and museumists in mid 1920th. Soviets aimed at total control over the society from the very beginning of its foundation in Ukraine. Soviets were openly opposed to intellectuals. It was especially drastic in Ukraine as the majority of Ukrainian intellectuals were active participants in the Ukrainian revolution. Also, total control was established over the particular intellectuals, who were known for their opposition to the new regime. Ideological pressure was active during the period of «Ukrainisation» in the 1920th. From the beginning of the regime’s foundation in the 1920th, repressive authorities were trying to control the intellectuals. For this «seksots» were used, and people recruited among intellectuals or «inserted» there. From 1923 and beyond this system was evolving – informers were reporting as to the political views of professors and students, packages of information were formed about those, where notes of informers were saved. PolitBureau CPU has been considering multiple cases against Ukrainian intellectuals and their representatives. In 1923–1925th there were forced resignations of directors and employees of the most important museums of soviet Ukraine. In that period resigned the director of the All-Ukrainian museum named after T. Shevchenko M. Bilyashivskii, Arts Museum of VUAN M. Makarenko, Poltava regional museum M. Rudnytskiy, D. Yavornytskii in Katerynoslav was under pressure as well. The grounds for dismissal were connected to unproper performance of duties: unproper storage of artifacts, and mismanagement. Also, the ground of insufficient «proletatrisation of museums» was used – thus the dismissals were on ideological grounds. In the middle of 1920th there were a couple of types of pressure on museumists and archaeologists: administrative, criminal, and ideological, which are not uncommon in the repressions period. All that took place when the web of informers among the intellectuals was formed with the aim of control and influence. Key words: archaeologists, museumists, 1920th, soviet regime, М. Makarenko, D. Yavornytskii, M. Bilyashivskii, M. Rudnytskiy.

Ethnicity, Archaeology and Nationalism: Remarks on the Current State of Research

While in the modern world, ethnicity has become the politicization of culture, the old controversy over the relation between ethnicity and archaeology refuses to die. The first studies of that relation dealt primarily with what made the historical interpretation of the archaeological material dependent upon the political situation. Soon, the emphasis shifted to the link between archaeology and the beginnings of nationalism, especially the influence of Romanticism, the rise of the culture-history paradigm, and of the historical interest in ethnogenesis. Now, the emphasis is more on the role of archaeology in the shaping of social memory as past that may be used politically. This study focuses on the new trends in this research field, particularly those concerned with the social mobilization by means of the ancestors’ myths, with pseudo-archaeology, and the staging of historical authenticity through heritage tourism. The second part of the article highlights differences between approaches to ethnogenesis in the European and American archaeology and illustrates the latter by means of three key studies by Christopher Stojanowski, Scott Ortman, and Laurie Wilkie. To judge from the titles of the publications that came out in Eastern Europe and the United States over the last year, several common trends are apparent, along with significant divergences. Archaeology is increasingly perceived as the most important, if not the only way to understand the ethnicity of immigrants in the (medieval) past. Archaeologists have taken a front seat in all debates about ethnic identities. Instead of state authorities or the ideological pressure of various political regimes, the emphasis in Eastern Europe is now on individual archaeologists, the role of their life experience and of their education in the ethnic interpretation of the archaeological record. Meanwhile, in the Unites States, it is the ethnic identity of the archaeologists themselves that has now come under lens. In other words, agency is restored to archaeologists, who are now regarded as much more capable of original work and decision making than before. Finally, gender perspectives are now applied to the study of the relations between ethnicity, archaeology, and nationalism. In both Eastern Europe and the United States, there is a conspicuous interest in women archaeologists.

Childhood in the memoirs of Russian female historians of the second half of the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries

The present paper studies ego-documents of Russian female historians written in the second half of the 19th and the early 20th centuries, with a focus on the works of N.I. Gagen-Thorn, E.V. Gutnova, M.M. Levis, V.N. Kharuzina, S.V. Zhitomirskaya, E.N. Shchepkina, and N.D. Flittner. How do these authors, in their childhood descriptions, discuss their professional choices? By producing ego-documents, the female historians wanted to preserve their memory of childhood events in the form of a new historical source. In so doing they followed the principles that they also adhered to when wri- ting historical essays. At the same time their texts are very subjective: each reflects the respective researcher's personal experiences. Each text is unique, and there are few overlaps with the memoirs of other female historians of their time, or with those of younger colleagues. In many ways, the women were influenced by authors of the Russian memoirist tradition; they often adhered to self-censorship (even when there was no clear ideological pressure from society). As a result, the narrative about childhood turned into a narrative about the prerequisites for the self-identification of women as scientists. Memories became a form of self-representation, and this conditioned the selective nature of childhood narratives; later success in the profession was projected back onto childhood memories. The childhood narratives of Russian female historians differ from texts of their male colleagues: women preferred to describe their impressions with references to material artifacts and to everyday rituals, writing carefully about their emotional experiences. One of the most important subjects in these womens memoirs and diaries was when they for the first time experienced the gender conflict in their lives: when they understood that their scholarly ambition runs against the common attitudes about gender attitudes that they had internalized in early childhood.

MUNDANE SCIENCE FICTION: LOSS OF DREAMS OR MATURITY?

The aim of the paper is to study the role of the mundane in contemporary culture based on the mundane science fiction (MSF). The term originated in 2004 thanks to «The Mundane Manifesto» by Geoff Ryman and his anonymous co-authors who argued for a focus on the modern science paradigm instead of dreams of outer space. The Manifesto outlines SF subgenre, where the setting is in the near future on the Earth or within the Solar System, excluding interstellar travel or contact with aliens. MSF suggests the believable use of technology and science, as it exists at the current time or a plausible extension of existing technology. There is a debate about the genre limits and its canonical works since it also covers cyberpunk, dystopia, etc. Remarkably, in the Soviet literature, such a genre called «near-future science fiction» existed in the 1940s and 1950s. It is a subgenre of «hard» SF focusing on the inventions useful for the national economy and lacking psychological depth of characters. This literature mostly had low artistic quality because of the Soviet ideological pressure and many limitations.The benefits of the paper are the following. First, the author distinguishes between two ma in approaches to SF, namely a more practical and literal reception and a more metaphorical reception. The former is characteristic of readers of realistic literature who try to find the true-to-life elements in SF blamed as escapism. The latter is close to the SF fans. However, blaming SF for escapism seems an excessive sociologizing of literature and ignoring the great role of metaphor in cultural development. Consequently, MSF is an effort to bridge a gap between SF and realistic literature. Second, the paper presents the first attempt to compare MSF to the Soviet «near-future SF». The author argues that since such a «near-future SF» occupies a niche in Western literature, it is a sign of the global changesthat are taking place during the lifetime of the current generation, bringing, in addition to progress, the acute threat of environmental catastrophe. Moreover, the role of neo Marxism, on the one hand, and technophobia, on the other hand, are emphasized. Third, for the first time the possible connections between MSF and the frontier myth important for the American national cultural mythology are studied. At the core of Kim Stanley Robinson’s novel «Aurora» (2015) and James Gray’s movie «Ad Astra» (2019), MSF is regarded as a rejection of the ideology «space: the final frontier». Both works shift the focus from the global to the personal, from the unusual to the mundane, from expansion and colonization to the internal problems. The author concludes that the anthropological turn occurs in SF as well: there is a loss of metaphor, allegory, and archetypal basis, an abandonment of escapism, Enlightenment utopianism, belief in progress, romanticism, and industrialism in favor of more realistic view on the future of humankind. Unfortunately, in many cases, «mundane» means not only «mature» but «boring» here, making SF more science than fiction.

Кримський ханат на сторінках «Українського історичного журналу»

The article analyzes the specifics of coverage of the history of the Crimean Khanate in the «Ukrainian Historical Journal» («UHJ») from 1957 to 2017. The author focuses on topics that were studied by historians of Crimea and makes an overview of the content and number of publications concerning specific periods of the existence of the UHJ. In particular, the main trends of articles on the Crimean Khanate during the Soviet period and after reestablishment of Ukrainian independence in 1991 are highlighted. So, the article shows the problem of the lack of research on the history of the Crimean Khanate in the Soviet Union because of the pressure of state ideology, which accused the Crimean Tatar people of collaborating with the Nazis during the Second World War. As a result, the history of Crimea was under a taboo, which negatively affected the scientific development of the mentioned topic. The article also demonstrates data about the main topics from the history of Crimea, about which scientists wrote in the indicated period. The author demonstrates that the study of the Crimean Khanate took place exclusively from the angle of its relationship with the Cossacks or the Moscow kingdom, namely through the prism of wars and confrontations of the 16–17th centuries. Then, an analysis of the changes in the problems of articles devoted to the history of Crimea caused by the reforms of the second half of the 1980s is carried out. in the USSR. The article notes a sharp increase in the number of publications that affect the history of the Crimean Khanate. After that, the author reviews publications of the 1990s and 2000s. The reasons for changes in the number of studies of this problem and their focus from the political history of Crimea to the history of everyday life, mentality, and religion are revealed. A quantitative analysis of publications is carried out, which demonstrates fluctuations in the interest of the scientific community in the subject of the Crimean Khanate. Based on the latter, the author demonstrates a surge in research related to medieval Crimea after 2014 caused by the occupation of the peninsula by Russia.

Laughing at Architecture: Architectural Histories of Humour, Satire and Wit

Laughing at Architecture: Architectural Histories of Humour, Satire and Wit

Пьеса Р. Ишмуратова «За десять лет» как свидетельство идеологического прессинга в литературе

The purpose of the paper is to show the consequences of the forcibly imposed method of socialist realism and how the change of the ideological vector of Riza Ishmuratov’s play “In Ten Years” influenced its characters’ personalities. The researcher uses a comparative analysis of two versions of the play as a decisive evidence of ideological pressure in literature. Scientific novelty lies in the fact that the first version of the play, which has not received attention of literary critics before, becomes the object of scientific research for the first time. As a result, the versions of the play written at different times clearly demonstrate how the Bolsheviks suppressed artists’ freedom of creativity in the 1920s-1930s, how their dictatorship in art and literature was established.

Discussions about Russian muslims future on the pages of the Crimean journal «Asri Musulmanliq» (1924–1927) (on the example of the publication of the Samara theologian-educator M.-F. Murtazin)

For the first time in Russian historiography, a Russian-language translation from Turkish (literary version of Ottoman) of a manuscript of an article by the Samara imam Mukhammet-Fatykh Murtazin (18751938), sent to the religious and educational journal Asri Musulmanliq (Modern Islam, published in Simferopol in 19241927) editorial board of the People's Administration of Religious Affairs of Muslims of Crimea (NURDMK). The article entitled Islam and Civilization was planned for placement in № 13 for 1926, its translation was carried out by an employee of the Eastern Department of the OGPU in Crimea and sent for approval of the text to the Eastern Department of the OGPU in Moscow. Murtazin's manuscript contains a number of reformist ideas, loyal to the current political moment. He tried to adapt the Islamic tradition to new reality. The article was not allowed for publication due to the desire of its author to present the priority of Islamic civilization over the European and American worlds, which, obviously, did not correspond to the ideological attitudes of the workers of the Soviet special services. The authors also draw attention to the course and nature of intense theological discussion and the development of renovationist thought in the Muslim world of the Soviet Union in the 1920-ies, a discussion that took place under censorship and the emerging ideological pressure.

Ideological Imperative of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in Activity of Universities in Slovakia (1948–1953)

The paper on the base of archive materials, published documents and scientific literature analyzes situation that occurred at Slovak universities after Communist coup in February 1948, with a focus on ideological pressure of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in this segment of society. The paper documents means that Communist Party of Czechoslovakia used to transform educational process and other activities in such a way that universities became subservient to communist ideology – the Marxism-Leninism. The paper is devoting attention to setting-up the Marxism-Leninism as the self-standing topic into academic program of universities.

Ramaz Kobidze – “From Prison to Prison”- about the "Stalinist Cohort"

Documentary prose with a direct description of the author's contemporaneous epoch-making problems, historical-political events or the development of public thought is always the subject of the reader's interest. Although for works of the documentary genre, to some extent, the subjectivism of the narrator is not foreign, at least its main dignity is the real beginnings.The book of memoirs "From Prison to Prison" by Ramaz Kobidze, one of the victims of the "Stalinist cohort" is very interesting.The author of the book pays special attention to the necessity of documentary prose before recollection. He considered it obligatory not only for writers, but also for state figures, to keep the last few years for the production of documentary-type works, namely memoirs. In his view, if a statesman did not leave a documentary-type work to his descendants, it would always be a cause of unrest, strife, and sometimes even civil war.From the title, a very interesting documentary based on Ramaz Kobidze's "From Prison to Prison" memoirs prepares the reader to get acquainted with and understand the work of the "Stalinist cohort", the victim of which was the author of the work as a member of the "Secret Anti-Soviet Youth Organization".In addition to the specific facts of political persecution in the Book of Memoirs, which not infrequently took place not only in the life of the writer, but also in the lives of his friends and relatives, they also provide you with inspiring images of cruelty and disorder typical of the Stalinist regime.Ramaz Kobidze's book of memoirs "From Prison to Prison" is an extremely interesting source for studying not a single important event of Soviet existence. It contains a number of cases of ideological pressure typical of the Stalinist regime, which zombified a large part of the intellectual community at the time, made them worthy representatives of the "Stalinist cohort." And they destroyed a large part of the Georgian intelligentsia, but the "Soviet generation intelligentsia" was trained, raised and handed over the future of the country.

The Rise of Translation Studies in Bulgaria

This article sets out to outline the evolution of the Translation Studies in Bulgaria from 1970 till the beginning of the 21st century. It aims to provide a brief overview of some pioneering articles, the studies that marked the development of translation theory from 1970 to 1990 and some works from the post-totalitarian period. In 1976 the Publishing House Narodna kultura lays the foundation stone for Translation studies, creating the collection “The Art of Translation”. From the 1970s, the Theory and Practice of Translation are included in the courses offered by the Faculty of Western Languages of Sofia University. If the key word defining the translating activity in Bulgaria from the Second World War to the 1990s is confinement, the one that qualifies its state at the beginning of the 21st century is openness. Very controlled in the years 1970 – 1990, the translatological reflection frees itself from the ideological pressure at the turn of the 20st and 21st centuries.

Old Ageing

Aging, Duration, and the English Novel examines the intimate bind that exists between duration and the conventions of realism in the English (primarily Victorian) novel. It explores this through representations of old age, although the title reveals a fascination with the process of ageing as a verb, rather than old age as a static phase of life. Jewusiak argues that the ‘Victorian novel … constructs a modern sense of duration by grafting the biological process of aging onto the era’s most elongated form’ (p. 1). Simply put, it recognises the novel as a potentially embodied form which readers mine for its replication of the experience of biological ageing. The study challenges accounts of narrative duration by theorists such as Gérard Genette and Nicholas Dames, which conceptualise it as a deep, background rhythm. Instead, Jewusiak attends to the ways ageing is represented as a surface detail, with writers tending to represent it in shorthand – for example years of ageing are compressed in a wrinkle or a grey hair. The novel’s ‘temporal realism’, as Jewusiak defines it, demands a sense of correspondence between narrative and real time – thus we have to see characters age. But in a politicised reading of the abasement of old age in an increasingly industrialised society, Jewusiak argues that a formal disappearance of ageing from the novel parallels the ideological pressure to identify as young (p. 3) and the emergence of a class of elderly men and women as a social problem (p. 5).

The Philosophy of the “Late” Era of the UkrSSR: Specificity of Criticism of Bourgeois Theories (a Case Study of the Books by Larysa Levchuk)

The article examines the specifics of philosophical criticism in the period of the “late” UkrSSR Western concepts of philosophy, psychology, and arts using Larysa Levchuk’s books “Art in the Struggle of Ideologies” and her “Psychoanalysis: From the Unconscious to ‘Fatigue of Consciousness’”. The specific involvement in the Soviet philosophical discourse of the theoretical achievements of psychoanalysis in all its forms is shown, as well as the acquaintance of the Soviet reader with the ideas of the cult artists of the West with the help of these books. Among the representatives of “neorealism”, which played a significant role in the development of art, especially in Italy and France, L. Levchuk focuses on the works of R. Guttuso, C. Levy, V. Pratolini, R. Rossellini, V. de Sica, A. Fougeron, and others.The book “Art in the Struggle of Ideologies” was published in 1985, when at the official level it was not so much about “perestroika” but “acceleration of socio-economic development”. The book is written from the standpoint of “philosophical socialistic realism”, when the presentation and conclusions are adjusted to the externally set ideological pattern, although it differs in professionalism and breadth of coverage. The author’s application of the theory of psychoanalysis in the study of the phenomena of Western art deserves special attention. The book “Psychoanalysis: From the Unconscious to ‘Fatigue of Consciousness’” was published in 1989, at the peak of perestroika. It is built on the same typological material (only with the involvement of a much wider range of ideas and sources) and testifies the author’s free possession of this material, its statement introducing the readers to the range of problems stated in the book.The conclusions indicate that the introduction of concepts of Western philosophical thought and the names of Western artists in the intellectual circulation of society of the UkrSSR expanded its worldview, creating a sense of richness and diversity of artistic and philosophical life abroad. The removal of ideological pressure in the midst of perestroika showed that some philosophers of the Soviet era were freely oriented in the global philosophical, culturological, and psychological thought.The study of the past, including the philosophy of the USSR, is a necessary condition for creating a holistic picture of that era and clarifying a number of current trends.

Digging deeper: German academics and universities under Nazi tyranny – A comment

In their interesting case study about Handelshochschule Leipzig under the Nazi regime, published 2020 in Accounting History, Detzen and Hoffmann focus on inaugural speeches and other material that emphasize the more formal and political perspective of the business school’s management. They identify an increasing political pressure and influence of Nazi ideology with impact on several accountability dimensions. This case study also provides useful starting points for further and deeper research efforts. There is more to say about German academics and universities during that time in general, and about Handelshochschule Leipzig in particular. In this comment, I raise more thoughts and open questions especially with regard to the individual situation of professors, the impact on teaching and research, the role of other university groups such as students, as well as further accountability issues with the question of complicity at an individual as well as institutional level. I provide a set of complementary missing pieces that qualify as suggestions for future research in this important and still relevant topic area.

"Holy Russia" In English Literature: Concept Development during the 1870S–1910S

The idea of Holy Russia is one of those most significant spiritual phenomena of Russian culture which are difficult to define. The issues addressed in the article are of particular relevance due to the growing scholarly interest in the identification of the concept of Holy Russia and its place in the national cultural identity. The study aims to reveal the content of the concept in the first half of the 19th century in different discourses of the Russian culture and to define the specific features of two early stages of its perception in the English literature. The methodology chosen by the author corresponds to the complexity of the research objectives: interdisciplinary in nature, it combines the method of comparative conceptology with the methods of comparative literary criticism and theoretical concepts of imagology.The article demonstrates that the concept of Holy Russia receives new impulses for development within the framework of Russian culture in the 19th century. That was a period of intensive search for a national idea and ideology, a unique "Russian spirit" and the national character of the Russian people — search that was oriented in the direction set by the concept of Holy Russia. Reflections on Holy Russia for the first time became an integral part of Russian historical, political and philosophical discourses; in literary texts, they not only correlated with new motives of personal responsibility, prayer aspiration and the national ideal, but also partly lost their axiological uniqueness.The article proves that the content of the Russian concept of Holy Russia was in stark contrast to the content of the concept of Holy Russia emerging in the British culture around the 1870s. Initial interpretation of the latter was largely determined by the nature of British-Russian political relations. In the context of Russophobic sentiments in Britain, the term "Holy Russia" was originally interpreted in English journalism and literature (Swinburne, 1884) as a smokescreen, hiding the murderous tyranny of the tsarist regime.The article describes the significant changes that the concept of Holy Russia was undergoing by the end of the 19th century, which was partly due to the ideological pressure of the Russian political emigration on the English intellectual elite. Thus, for example, F. Adams in his poem ‘Holy Russia’ portrays the Russian people very sympathetically, in the allegorical image of a woman tormented by a powerful snake and, at the same time, illuminated with spiritual light and belief in the possibility of liberation from terrible bonds. Each of the main versions of the Holy Russia concept, formed in the English culture by the 1910s, finds its reflection in the novel "Joan and Peter" by H.G. Wells.The materials analysed in the article can have practical implications for historical, literary and cultural research on the Russian culture and the Anglo-Russian cultural and literary ties.

UKRAINIAN PHILOSOPHER AND EDUKATOR IVAN YAKOVYCH CHALENKO (1873-1937): A FIGURE ON THE BACKGROUND OF THE AGE

In the article, based on the analysis of a wide range of sources and literature, the process of formation and development as a researcher of ancient philosophical thought, linguist and teacher from Poltava I. Chalenko, a talented scientist, an outstanding personality who fell into the grindstone of historical events of the first half of the twentieth century. His life, work and scientific heritage provide an opportunity to clearly see what was the basis for the development of contemporary philosophical thought in Ukraine, how philosophical views were formed and directed in the face of continuous ideological change and what determined the preservation of the basic foundations of Ukrainian philosophy. Scientific works of I. Chalenko, which in Soviet times for ideological reasons were removed from bookstores and destroyed, contain many layers of information and original scientific conclusions, which provides an opportunity not only to include I. Chalenko to the circle of well-known specialists in the field of philosophy and its history in Poltava region, but also to emphasize the need to pay more attention to the scientific work of educators (philosophers, historians, philologists, etc.) who did not live and work in large university centers, such as Kharkiv, Kyiv, Odessa, but in small towns, where then also developed education and science. Attention is drawn to the fact that in 1918 I. Chalenko, who then held the position of director of the Teachers' Seminary, at the same time took an active part in the establishment of the Ukrainian University in Poltava, lectured on philosophy to students of its Faculty of History and Philology. Until 1927 he taught courses in philosophy, modern philosophy, philosophy of history, general scientific methodology, logic, history of pedagogy in various educational institutions of the city. In 1921 he was elected secretary of the newly formed Poltava Institute of Public Education. Since 1920 he has been the chairman of the pedrada of the Poltava Pedagogical School named after M. Drahomanov. In 1925, when, as a result of the educational reforms of that time, the pedagogical school was reorganized and transformed into the Poltava Pedagogical College, I. Chalenko became its director. For various «compromising», from the point of view of the Soviet regime, connections and pro-Ukrainian sentiments with the beginning of the processes of persecution of the Ukrainian intelligentsia in 1927, I. Chalenko was administratively expelled from Poltava region, and in 1937 he was physically destroyed. It is emphasized that the fate of the scientist was the same as the fate of many members of the national intelligentsia, who under ideological pressure from the totalitarian state continued to be moral leaders and educators, preserved and tried to expand national and cultural values.

“It Turns Out Glavlit Has Not Yet Signed Off on Ostrovsky Dictionary…” (Correspondence of N. S. Ashukin and S. I. Ozhegov 1940—1960s)

The little-known factsof the work of N. S. Ashukin, S. I. Ozhegov and V. A. Filippov on the original lexicographic edition of the 1940s — “Dictionary to the plays of A. N. Ostrovsky” is analyzed in the article. The connection between the socio-cultural situation in the country and the scientific research of those years is shown. Special attention is paid to the facts of ideological pressure on philological thought. The circumstances that hindered the publication of the Dictionary are revealed. For the first time, genuine letters from the participants in this project, telling about the ambiguous situation in Glavlit (Soviet Main Administration for Safeguarding State Secrets in the Press) and the intention of the authors to save the manuscript from death are published in the appendix. It tells about further attempts of scientists and their descendants to resume the preparation of the publication of the book in the 1960—1970s. The facts given in the correspondence are commented on from the standpoint of history and philosophy of science, the necessary references are indicated, possible comparisons are made with the events and persons mentioned in the letters. The presented fragment of the linguistic picture of the world is also considered in the key of the development of linguistic personality and its role in the era of dictatorship. Attention is drawn to the high historical value of the undertaken work and its place in the lexicographic tradition of the XX century. It is concluded that archival materials play a key role in reconstructing the real picture of the life and activities of Soviet scientists, supplement the chronicle of science with valuable observations and contribute to an objective assessment of the achievements of philologists, show their firm position in upholding the interests of science during the dominance of ideologization in society.