Ideological Opposition Research Articles

«ЧЕРВОНА» ОДЕСА ОЧАМИ Н. КАЗАНДЗАКІСА: ДОКУМЕНТАЛЬНО-ХУДОЖНІЙ ДВОСВІТ АВТОРА (на матеріалі тревелогу «Подорожуючи: Русія»)

The article explores the features of documentary works of art, in particular letters, articles, travel notes, newspaper publications, photo and video materials, which formed the basis of the travelogue «Travelling: Russia» by the Greek writer Nikos Kazantzakis. It describes his trips to the Soviet Union in the 20s of the XX century. A complex of themes and motives typical of travelogue, topos is considered, topographic plots focused on the presentation of facts and situations are highlighted. The subject of the image in travel notes and feature articles by N. Kazantzakis is practically everything that he sees and realizes / perceives and, of course, describes: topographic environment, the beauty of nature, mode of life, social relations and the psychology of people. The wandering figure, breaking away from usual life, overcoming the barrier of existence, which forces the author and readers to experience borderline states, ask extreme questions, seek for the answers, fulfilling the mission of the travelogue. Getting into other, unfamiliar conditions, the traveller either gets used to them, or evaluates them, transforming them for himself and for the others. Travelogue N. Kazantzakis «Traveling: Russia» does not always adequately reflect the real space of travel. The repeating routes of Greece – Odesa – Kiev trips by sea and further by rail receive different irradiation depending on optimistic (at the beginning of his philosophical and religious journey) or catastrophic with a touch of disappointment (at the end of his ideological search) premonitions of the author. So, the construction of the travelogue of the Greek writer was greatly influenced by previous trips to the same places. Nikos Kazantzakis often refers reader to facts of history, to cultural codes, to ideological oppositions, to personal memory. Oppositions Europe/Greece – Russia, Vienna – Odesa, Greeks – Russians / Ukrainians – Jews are interpreted nominally in the article, the main task of the writer seems to be a way out to the existential principles of the structure and transformation of person.

Russian Literary Classics (“The Power of the Earth” by G. I. Uspensky and “Bezhin Meadow” by I. S. Turgenev) in the Context of the Social Themes of Soviet Cinema of the 1930s

The article discusses the influence of the poetics of Russian literary classics of the 19th century on Soviet cinema of the 1930s, the collectivization of which was an acute social theme. It is emphasized that the visualization of the “dilapidated” village, against which the conflict unfolded in the films of A. P. Dovzhenko, “Earth” (1930) and “Bezhin Meadow” by S. M. Eisenstein (1935-1937), required aesthetically convincing artistic images that Soviet filmmakers found in the works of Uspensky and Turgenev. It is proved that the universal meanings of the classic literary work provided a high degree of artistic generalization, without which it would be impossible to create a socialist myth of a bright future. It is alleged that allusions to the “power of the earth” formulated by the Assumption mythology have expanded the image in the film “Earth”, where the struggle with the fists appeared as one of the episodes in the universal plot about the principle of being. The function of quotes from Turgenev’s Bezhina Meadows is commented on: they translated the collision of the collective farm drama in the film of Rzheshevsky-Eisenstein into the category of mysteries about the resurrection. The authors of the article come to the conclusion that contact with cinema revealed a common feature of Russian classics - the presence of a mystery plot plan that ensures the integrity of Russian culture with a sharp ideological opposition of its creators.

A Report on “East and West—International Conference on Mei Lanfang, Stanislavski, and Brecht,” Beijing, China, October 2018

A REPORT ON “EAST AND WEST— INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MEI LANFANG, STANISLAVSKI, AND BRECHT,” BEIJING, CHINA, OCTOBER 2018 DA LIN Mei Lanfang Memorial Museum “East and West—the International Conference of Mei Lanfang, Stanislavski and Brecht,” hosted by the Mei Lanfang Memorial Museum (Mei Lanfang Jinianguan 梅蘭芳紀念館), took place on October 22 through 24, 2018, at the Tibet Hotel (Xizang dasha 西藏大廈) in Beijing. This conference was held to explore the historic meeting and communication among these three great theater practitioners, and reevaluate the significance of Mei Lanfang’s (1894–1961) performances in a global perspective. Thirty papers were presented at the conference by scholars from mainland China, Denmark, Italy, Japan, Russia, Singapore, South Korea and the US. The whole text of eighteen papers and the abstracts of the rest were printed and distributed in a bound volume at the conference. Papers were written in Chinese, English, and Italian, and presentations and discussions were simultaneously interpreted in the three languages. Three major themes emerged in the conference papers: (1) exploration of the theory of the “system” (tixi 體系) in Mei Lanfang studies and Chinese theater studies in general; (2) new discoveries of historical documents concerning Mei Lanfang in Chinese and other languages; and (3) reflections on Mei Lanfang in cross-cultural dialogue. The first group of papers is mainly concerned with the systemization of Mei’s performances in relation to Chinese opera. This focus is rooted in an attempt to postulate a comprehensive and theoretical framework of Mei Lanfang studies, as proposed in the paper by Mao Zhong 毛忠 (Mei Lanfang Memorial Museum) who stressed Mei’s own innovation based on accumulation of his predecessors’ practices. Some scholars were inclined to evaluate Mei’s artistry within a system of Chinese opera, such as the paper presented by Tseng Yong-yih (Zeng Yongyi 曾永義, Shih Hsin University) on general attributes of Chinese opera as a virtual, symbolic, stylized art that inspired Western drama practitioners and theorists, such as Stanislavski and Brecht. Ma Guojun 麻國鈞 (Central Academy of Drama) offered a similar insight into an examination of Mei as a legendary performer of female roles (dan 旦), and suggested that a more comprehensive study should be made in an expanded scope of Asian classical theaters, many forms of which use a system of role types (hangdang zhi 行當制). Chang-Sook Lee (Seoul National University ) approached the “system” of Chinese opera with respect to a sense of “stylization ” (chengshi 程式), as manifested in Mei’s performances, with which actors can CHINOPERL: Journal of Chinese Oral and Performing Literature 37. 2 (December 2018): 157–160© The Permanent Conference on Chinese Oral and Performing Literature, Inc. 2019 DOI 10.1080/01937774.2019.1594020 create characters’ spiritual expressiveness that transcends time and space, and make these characters always comprehensible to the audience. Wang Ankui 王安奎 (China Art Academy) dealt with macroscopic and microscopic understandings of a “system,” the former referring to the aesthetic philosophy about a performing art and the latter denoting specific practices including both composition and training. He suggested Mei Lanfang studies should extensively explore the macroscopic system to make possible communication between the performing arts of China and those of the West. An interesting debate took place between Zhou Huabin 周華斌 (Communication University of China) and Sun Huizhu 孫惠柱 (Shanghai Theatre Academy). Zhou traced the proposition of “three systems of Stanislavski, Brecht and Mei Lanfang” back to an article by Sun in 1982, and attributed the origin of this categorization to the post-World War ideological opposition between socialist and capitalist countries, as well as a patriotic promotion of Chinese culture. Zhou called for a modification of this categorization considering that the meaning of “system” has changed in a globalized context in the twenty-first century. In response, Sun confirmed the early origin of “system” from the field of Russian theater and pointed out that approaches and methods are more commonly used to refer to one’s distinctive theatrical style in Western scholarship, instead of “a system” which usually denotes an organized set of ideas and practices imposed upon practitioners. Additionally, Sun enhanced his current argument that Mei’s creativity encompassed the areas of singing, acting, playwriting, and theatricalization, therefore it is more appropriate to understand Mei’s style in a systematic way than it...

The Israeli academic elite and the 1977 upheaval: from political criticism to counter-hegemonic identity

ABSTRACTThis article analyses the reactions of Israel’s academic elite to the 1977 political upheaval. Some of Israel’s leading scholars in humanities and social sciences framed the new political situation as a grave ideological and moral crisis, reflecting the triumph of fundamentalist, nationalist, emotional and messianic trends over the rational, moderate, responsible political tradition that they had favoured and claimed to represent. The political change triggered a heated debate about the role of intellectuals in the ideological rehabilitation of the Labour party, as well as on the critical function of universities in the political arena. In the wake of what it perceived as a sharp deviation from the proper development of the traditional Zionist programme, the academic elite came to be perceived, in its own eyes as well as those of the public, as a faithful representative of the ‘old regime’, as an opponent to the new governmental elite and, for the first time, as an ideological opposition to Israel’s political hegemony.

Islamists and the state: changing discourses on the state, civil society and democracy in Turkey

ABSTRACTOnce an oppositional ideology in the 1990s that united Muslim intellectuals around a radical critique of the state based on the ideals of democracy, civil society and pluralism, how has Turkish Islamism transformed into a state-centric and conservative world-view? This paper aims to document this transformation by scrutinizing the writings of a group of intellectuals in the context of (I) the 28 February 1997, military memorandum and the subsequent events which culminated in the AKP’s first electoral victory in 2002; and (II) the series of trials that started in 2008 known as the Ergenekon trials through which the AKP gained the upper hand in Turkish politics. In so doing, the paper problematizes the prevalent narratives on the relationship between Islam, on the one hand, and democracy and civil society, on the other, that miss how formulations and articulations of Islamism evolve in changing political contexts.

Perlawanan Ideologi Moderatisme Melawan Hegemoni Radikalisme Dalam Novel Tuhan, Izinkan Aku Menjadi Pelacur! Karya Muhidin M. Dahlan (Tinjauan Sosiologi Sastra: Hegemoni Gramsci)

This research entitled "The Resistance of the Ideology of Moderatism Against Hegemony Radicalism In God's Novel, Allow Me to Become a Slut! The work of Muhidin M. Dahlan (Review of Sociology of Letters: Hegemoni Gramsci) ", focuses attention on the existence of two ideological oppositions in God's novel, Allow Me to Become a Whore! the work of Muhidin M. Dahlan. God's novel, Allow Me to Become a Whore! recounts religious organizations Jamaah Daulah Islamiyah who want to rule over the government of Indonesia and want to realize his ideals to establish Daulah Islamiyah Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that the ideology of moderateism that Kiran fought against the hegemony of radicalism Jamaah Daulah Islamiyah organization, although he must make strong resistance and protest against the organization.

Persuading Policy Makers

Interest groups persuade policy-makers by publicly providing information about policies − e.g. through commissioning scientific studies or piloting programs − or about constituents’ views − e.g. through opinion polls or organizing manifestations. By understanding these public lobbying activities as public signals whose informational content can be strategically manipulated, this paper studies the strategic use of these tools in order to persuade a policy-maker. A game between a policy-oriented interest group who can design a public signal and an electorally accountable executive who can implement a policy is used to analyze the equilibrium public signal and policy, the underlying persuasion mechanism, and the consequences for voters. This paper finds that, even when an interest group always wants the same policy regardless of the state of the world, it can succeed at changing policy in its preferred direction and voters can sometimes benefit from the group’s activity. Furthermore, voters may be best served by a worse (less able or more cynical) policy-maker. This is because a-priori a worse policy-maker will tend to herd on the prior relatively more than a better policy-maker; this will force interest groups to release greater amounts of information in order to change the policy-maker’s mind, which increases the probability that the voters’ best policy is implemented. Ideologically biased policy-makers are not totally undesirable either, for they induce similar incentives to interest groups of opposite ideology.

Exhibition as Diplomatic Tool

The article presents a chronology of exhibitions and related public and political events from the seventies in Hungary centred around the theme of peace and solidarity, transcending the ideological and rhetorical opposition so often drawn between state- and self-organised culture in Eastern Europe. It demonstrates how the approach of exhibition history can be used to get a better understanding of cultural events as intersections between artistic concepts and social-historical-political situations. The chronology sets out from the case study of a Peace cycle created in 1950s by Gyula Hincz, an artist using a moderately modernist artistic language of socialist humanism. The work is connected to the emergence of the international Peace Movement and cultural diplomacy after World War II, but was also featured later in an international solidarity exhibition in Beirut in 1978. The article reviews the ambivalent and geopolitically changing relationship between engaged art and modernism through the evolution and transfiguration of the iconography of peace and solidarity from the Peace Doves to situational exercises on otherness by such neo-avantgarde artists as Miklós Erdély and Tamás Szentjóby.

The Gender and Sexuality of Armenia

The Gender and Sexuality of Armenia

Revisiting Coca-Cola's “Accidental” Entry into Communist Europe

This article focuses on the puzzling circumstances that led to the production of the first bottle of Coca-Cola in Eastern Europe—in Bulgaria in 1965. The curious story line is revisited because, while opposition to the expansion of the iconic drink after World War II particularly in Eastern Europe, has been well studied, more has come to light about the economic activities and intentions of the Bulgarian Communist Party. A central argument is that the ideological opposition of communist parties across Europe held less power than did local economic interests. What looked like the surprising “breakthrough” of Coca-Cola instead fit a general strategy to intensify trade with the West. The article broadens the understanding that local actors contributed to the cracking of the Iron Curtain at least as much as did the “irresistibility” of Western culture.

The Ideological Factor in Mykhaylo Semenko’s Creative Work: The Collapse of an Illusion

The aim of the paper is to systematize M. Semenko’s views and attitudes as well as his personal standpoint as for the role and significance of the ideological factor in his creative work, drawing upon the theoretical and creative heritage of the founder of Ukrainian futurism.Research methodology. A range of known publications concerning the issue of the «creative work-ideology» written by famous philosophers, aestheticians, art historians of the USSR epoch are reviewed. They greatly contributed to the development of ideological aspect within the socialist realism art. In addition, a set of works by contemporary Ukrainian culturologists are studied which reveal the transformation in comprehension of ideology from 1846 to interpretational changes in modern culturology.Results. The objective set goes far beyond M. Semenko’s personality, as it reflects the situation which a number of talented Ukrainian creators faced. It was an ideological struggle, ideological opposition within the country that designated the tragic end of both their creative work and the lives. During the years after 1917 October coup M. Semenko was convinced that it was he and his followers who were the founders of the great process — uniting the supporters of Communist culture around the idea they shared. The reality was far from their romantic expectations as the only repressive function of «Leninism ideology» was consequently and steadily introduced.Novelty. An attempt is made to reveal the important aspects concerning M. Semenko’s attitude to the ideological issues and their potential within the process of radically new model of art. The research into M. Semenko’s theoretical heritage and the ways of his creative self-realization are considered as the upcoming trends of further cultural studies.The practical significance. The material in this article can be used in further scientific and theoretical comprehension of the phenomenon of «ideology» and its impact on the literary creative work of Ukrainian avant-garde representatives. The obtained results make it possible to apply in lectures on aesthetics, cultural studies, theory and history of art for the students of humanities and creative and artistic higher educational establishments.

Globalization and Alternative Thinking: on the Need to Direct the Society Towards Responsible Co-Participation and Cooperation

Contemporary world has become a global ecumene. The theory of globalization as approached by R. Robertson invokes the world conceptualization which assumes reducing the tension between the dichotomous tendencies. Unification and diversification are complementary processes, they are mutually influential and essential for the contemporary stage of development of the global society. The paradigm of globalization on the social and cultural plane is revealed in the binary scheme of extremes, such as: decontextualization and recontextualization, decomposition and recomposition, deteritorialization and re-teritorialization, transculturation and internalization. The contemporary anti-globalist movement is a reflection of ideological opposition. The criticism of globalization remains in close connection to an increasingly lively discussion regarding alternatives to globalization. Specificity of the quality of global cultural ecumene reveals the need to shape and improve the orientation towards responsible participation and cooperation in the changing and co-dependent global society.

‘Lock Her Up’: Harassment and Violence Against Women in Alberta Politics

Since the ‘Orange Wave’ of the 2015 election in Alberta, women within and outside of the NDP caucus have experienced incredible levels of harassment from both ideological opposition and within their own parties. This harassment occurs towards the government demonstrative of the most success in formal representation women have ever had in Albertan politics. This uptick in the frequency and severity of harassment online, in protest, and in traditional political channels such as party leadership contests lead some to question the role Alberta’s political culture played in it’s occurrence, and the impact such a culture may have in the future. Examined using theory of gendered electoral violence and in the larger context of women’s political leadership in Canada, this paper proposes that a further critical eye should be turned towards this phenomenon rather than including it as a part of the job of doing politics as a woman.

Overcoming Barriers to Transnational Organizing Through Identity Work: Finnish–Estonian Trade Union Cooperation

This article analyses a project by Finnish and Estonian unions to adopt ‘organizing model’ strategies through establishing the transnational ‘Baltic Organising Academy’. Initially aimed at Estonian workplaces, successful campaigns inspired Finnish unions to copy the model in Finland. This cooperation was originally motivated by labour market interdependence between the two countries, and the failure of past social-partnership oriented union strategies in Estonia. The willingness of Finnish and Estonian unions to commit resources to transnational cooperation around an ‘organizing model’ marks a dramatic departure from the unions’ previous strategies. This change was accomplished by transnational activists who have developed and raised support for the adoption of an ‘organizing model’ in the face of structural challenges and ideological opposition by some union officials. The project’s transnational organizing exemplifies one possible solution to union weakness in Eastern Europe, and underlines the importance of ‘identity work’ in building transnational trade union coalitions around organizing.

Catholics and Anti-Catholicism in Chosŏn Korea by Don Baker with Franklin Rausch

Reviewed by: Catholics and Anti-Catholicism in Chosŏn Korea by Don Baker with Franklin Rausch Deberniere Torrey Catholics and Anti-Catholicism in Chosŏn Korea. By Don Baker with Franklin Rausch, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2017, 312p. One of the most remarkable and controversial documents from late Chosŏn was an appeal for aid written by a Catholic fugitive in 1801 during the first of several large-scale persecutions of Catholics. This letter, which ''allows us to hear the voice of a resister unfiltered by state interpretation'' (p. 101), was composed by Hwang Sayŏng on a length of silk for easy smuggling to its intended recipient, the Bishop of Beijing. Until recently, English translations of the Silk Letter were available only as excerpts or in abridged form.1 When the Academy of Korean Studies asked Don Baker to produce an authoritative English translation, Baker took the opportunity to apply his expertise on Catholicism and late Chosŏn society to the production of a volume that showcases not only this much-awaited translation, but also a discussion of the circumstances leading to the persecution of Catholics, and a translation of A Conversation on Catholicism by Ahn Chŏngbok, an intellectual leader concerned about the spread of Catholicism.2 Franklin Rausch assisted with the translations and with background research for this invaluable contribution to Korean studies and comparative philosophy and religion. The violence aimed at Catholics in Korea for almost a century beginning in the late 1700s indicates that the rise of Catholicism was seen as a greater threat to society than any previous domestic social development in Chosŏn. Following its indigenous birth in the 1780s, the Catholic movement faced censure and the killing of a few of its lay leaders. But the full ferocity of its enemies was unleashed in 1801, when the political aims of a new regime became enmeshed with ideological opposition to Catholicism, and Catholics became the objects of a year-long series of arrests and executions that nearly decimated their leadership. During this persecution, the arrest and interrogation of Catholics was placed indirectly under the Ministry of War, ''implying that the Catholic community was a threat to national security'' (p. 96). [End Page 173] The question of how Catholicism came to be perceived as such a threat is addressed in Part One of Catholics and Anti-Catholicism in Chosŏn Korea, where Baker offers a five-chapter analysis of the religious, social, and political factors relating to this conflict, and shows how the early years of the movement unfolded. In this, he returns to themes explored in earlier publications, expanding on them and linking them to broader contextual elements, such as the law enforcement system, factionalism, and social structure, among other subtopics. Baker's examination of these elements through the lens of the conflict with Catholicism is worth reading not only for what it reveals about the history of Catholicism in Korea, but also for the insights it offers into late Chosŏn society. For instance, in showing why King Chŏngjo was unable to stop harsh anti-Catholic rhetoric prior to his death in 1800, Baker draws attention to the unique situation of the Chosŏn kings having to deal with a Censorate that functioned to keep them accountable to Confucian protocol. Indeed, the primary criticism of Catholicism was that its teachings threatened the foundations of Confucian morality, despite the fact that, as Baker convincingly argues, the first Korean Catholics adopted Catholicism for its potential to make them better Confucians. Although Catholicism eventually found more followers among members of the lower classes, these first converts were young scholars who felt that the Neo-Confucianism of their schooling could not help them achieve moral perfection. Instead, they found hope in Jesuit texts from China, which introduced an omniscient creator involved in human affairs. They felt that accountability to this God would help them overcome moral frailty, as would the rituals of the Church, which they adopted even before the arrival of missionaries. Readers of Baker's Korean Spirituality (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2008), will recognize this analysis, which, in Catholics and Anti-Catholicism, is supplemented by details about the individual players...

An identity perspective on coopetition in the craft beer industry

Research Summary: To further our understanding of how and why organizations engage in coopetition, we explore cooperative and competitive actions in the craft beer industry. Through an inductive field study, including interviews with craft brewery owners, we propose collective identity and collective norms play a critical role in the persistence of coopetition over time. Our process model suggests that (a) an oppositional collective identity, (b) the shared belief that a rising tide lifts all boats, and (c) the shared belief that advice and assistance should be paid forward, can lead to the persistence of coopetition beyond market category emergence. Managerial Summary: This paper develops a theory of how smaller, craft‐based organizations (i.e., “Davids”) encourage cohesion and cooperation amongst themselves when operating against an incumbent market of mass‐producers (i.e., “Goliaths”). An ideological opposition to existing players can lead to a shared belief that helping organizations like your own benefits everyone—the rising tide lifts all boats mentality. Similarly, when organizations first enter a market and receive help from established members, they can feel compelled to help others who enter the market after—the pay‐it‐forward mentality. Together, these mechanisms offer an explanation as to how and why coopetition might persist in a market category over time.

Engaging the primary care community to encourage appropriate prostate cancer screening.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer remains a controversial topic, particularly in the primary care community. Our multidisciplinary prostate screening panel at Duke University Health System, USA created a nuanced PSA screening algorithm, implemented it into the Electronic Health Record of Duke Primary Care, and conducted outreach meetings with primary care practices to support its rollout. Through this project, we identified areas of concern among primary care clinicians regarding PSA screening that we structured into two major categories: ideological opposition and logistical opposition. We outlined specific concerns in each major category and described how our team responded to those concerns. As communication between primary care clinicians and prostate specialists is vital to the success and safety of PSA screening programs, we hope that describing primary care concerns and our responses to them will help other health systems thoughtfully and efficiently implement appropriate PSA screening programs moving forward.

Why do South-east Asian states choose to suppress opium? A cross-case comparison

This paper compares the reasons given by three South-east Asian states (Laos, Thailand and Vietnam) for choosing to suppress opium production. While external pressure, often from the US or United Nations (UN)/League of Nations, is the most commonly identified reason in the literature, and was experienced in each case, it was not by itself sufficient to motivate states into action. All three cases were motivated by religious or ideological opposition to drug consumption or trade, rural development, state extension and concern for increasing domestic drug consumption. Apprehension about rising drug consumption often possessed racial or chauvinistic elements. The development of export commodities, environmental protection and national security were also identified in one or two cases. The paper concludes by hypothesising that economic and/or security considerations underlie all choices to suppress illicit drug crops.

Translation and Ideology: A Study of Lin Zexu’s Translation Activities

This paper describes a brief study of Lin Zexu’s translation activities from the perspective of ideology. Lin was not a translator himself, but an initiator and patron of translations. He organised translation activities with sources from foreign newspapers and books to help his anti-opium campaign and resistance to British invasion. Translations from foreign sources were not welcomed by the Qing government and translators were even regarded as traitors. Lin, however, had a contrasting attitude towards translation. To Lin, translation was a way to learn about the outside world and to learn from it. The Qing government, on the other hand, held the view that translations of foreign documents were of little use. The difference between Lin’s view and that of the Qing court can be seen as an ideological divergence between Lin and the government he served. This culminated in the expulsion of Lin from the government, his exile and the termination of his translation activities. This shows how a state instigated ideological position can predominate over an oppositional ideology – in this case to the detriment of the state.

Departure and Repatriation as Cold War Dissensus: Domestic Ethnography in Korean Documentary

Abstract This article examines autobiographic documentaries about families that expose “dissensus” in the mapping of transborder migration and diasporic desire that were the results of the Cold War in North Korea, South Korea, and Japan. Jae-hee Hong (dir. My Father’s Emails) and Yong-hi Yang (dir. Dear Pyongyang and Goodbye Pyongyang) document the ongoing Cold War in their fathers’ histories through their position as a “familial other,” who embodies both dissensus and intimacy. Hong reveals that anticommunism in South Korean postwar nation building reverberated in the private realm. Yang documents her Zainichi father, who sent his sons to North Korea during the Repatriation Campaign in Japan. The anticommunist father in South Korea (Hong’s) and the communist father in Japan (Yang’s) engendered family migration with contrasting motivations, departure from and return to North Korea, respectively. Juxtaposing these two opposite ideologies in family histories, as well as juxtaposing the filmmakers’ dissonance with the given ideologies in domestic space, provide the aesthetic form for “dissensus.” The politics of aesthetics in domestic ethnography manifests in that the self and the Other are inextricably interlocked because of the reciprocity of the filmmaker and the communist or anticommunist subject.