Ideological Contradictions Research Articles

Ideological segmentation of mass strata of the population under conditions of aggravated confrontation with the West (empirical analysis)

Using the data from surveys conducted by IS FCTAS RAS over a number of years, it is shown that despite the absence of the segmentation traditionally used for ideological structuring in the mass strata of the population, it still exists, but is based on different grounds. Moreover, the importance of ideological contradictions in the perception of Russians themselves has grown significantly over the past decade, and the majority of the country's citizens now have internally consistent ideological views. The comparative role of their various components changes over time under the influence of external events. The main line of demarcation in the ideological segmentation is the attitude to the West in modern conditions, which is based on different attitudes to the civilizational specifics of Russia and, in turn, influences their assessment of the vector of the country's development, their trust in the authorities, attitude to the special military operation, etc. It is also shown that in recent years, in the course of active crystallization and polarization of ideological views of Russians', an ideological majority and an ideological minority have been formed in the country, comprising almost two-thirds and about one-third of the population, respectively. The normative-value basis of the former is the recognition of the priority of state interests over human rights and the conviction that Western values are not suitable for Russians. The ideological majority is divided into a core and a peripheral group, which differ in the degree of consistency of their views and assessments, including those regarding to the special military operation in Ukraine. The ideological minority, which is characterized by the desire for Russia to adhere to the norms proposed by Western countries, is also heterogeneous. It includes, firstly, a group that is consistent in its negative attitude towards the current course of Russia, which makes up about a quarter of the population, and whose moods are primarily influenced by the unfavorable socio-economic situation these people are experiencing. The other group includes representatives who are loyal to the authorities and the course being implemented but would like Russia to follow the Western-oriented path in future. The normative value basis of the views of the members of the ideological minority is the recognition of the priority of human rights over the interests of the state.

The Broken Human–Object Continuum: The Technological Future and Socialist Contradictions in Rhapsody of the Ming Tombs Reservoir (1958)

Abstract The third section of Rhapsody of the Ming Tombs Reservoir (Shisanling shuiku changxiangqu 十三陵水库畅想曲, 1958), the first film in Mao-era China to include elements of science fiction, envisions a technologically advanced future in the year 1978. While seemingly aligned with the rapid industrialization goal of the Great Leap Forward, the film’s techno-fantasy attracted blistering criticism. Focusing on the overlooked historical debate that followed the release of the film, this article argues that criticism regarding the visualization of a technological future reveals how seemingly legitimate imaginations of a communist future reflect internal contradictions within the socialist present. Reading the film and the debate it sparked within the context of technological development in the late 1950s, this article identifies one locus of criticism: the human–object relationship. During the construction of the reservoir, the film shows a harmonious human–object relationship, but the futuristic part of the film depicts that relationship as profoundly alienated. I argue that this discontinuity does not betray ignorance of or an intentional departure from socialist ideology; rather, it reflects ideological contradictions between intellectual and manual labor, egalitarianism and class difference, industrialization processes and revolutionary agendas. In its rhapsodic depiction of advanced devices that consolidate the division of knowledge, the film unintentionally lays bare a fundamental conflict that was undermining the socialist system in the real world.

Reclaiming Power or Reinforcing Inequities: Exploring Egg Freezing Debates on Social Media

ABSTRACT In China, unmarried women are prohibited from egg freezing despite high demand and declining fertility rates. Within such a context, this article aims to examine public attitudes toward reproduction and egg-freezing on social media, with particular attention paid to how these discussions reflect the multi-level determinants influencing decision-making regarding egg-freezing practices. Within the context of Chinese gender ideology, we conducted a critical discourse analysis of 1,437 Weibo posts discussing egg-freezing. Our analysis identified four significant themes: reconstructing romantic relationships and family structures, conspiracy theories and distrust surrounding assisted reproduction, exposing and challenging reproductive policies within a patriarchal framework, and interconnections and stratification among women. Accentuated by the egg-freezing discourse, we argue that current Chinese women’s bodily autonomy is entangled with traditional norms and state control, underscoring the intricate interplay between individual choice and societal dynamics, as well as the ideological contradictions at the intersection of Western technological influence and Chinese societal structures. Furthermore, we illuminate the challenging landscape faced by online feminist movements within such a complex context. Our findings set the stage for shaping future initiatives focused on advancing reproductive justice and empowering fertility choices among Chinese women.

The nation’s Attitude towards the Main Social Contradictions in Russian Society: Current State, Dynamics, Factors

The special military operation on the territory of Ukraine has become the main catalyst for certain significant changes now occurring in the public mind. Tensions between Russia and Western powers have reached their highest point in the country’s modern history. Given the circumstances, what contradictions do the Russian people consider to be the most pressing and fundamental? Have their overall views changed compared to previous years? What factors primarily influence how the contradictions within Russian society are perceived? In order to answer these questions, the article presents an analysis of changes in the attitude of Russian people towards contradictions of various nature, based on data from nationwide surveys conducted by IS FCTAS RAS in 2005, 2015 and 2023. Groups of contradictions were analyzed that differ in terms of the dynamics of popular attitudes towards them for the time period in question. It is shown that in 2005–2015 Russian people were most upset on account of economic contradictions. However by 2023 ideological contradictions came to the forefront, which in no small part contributed to the emergence of a new contradiction that can be considered the most crucial one of that particular year, referring to the divide between supporters and opponents of Russia’s policy towards Ukraine. Residents of Moscow and St. Petersburg more often than not would take a very particular stance in regards to contradictions within Russian society from 2005 to 2015, as well as young people under the age of 25 and citizens who considered their financial situation to be subpar. In the summer of 2023, financial status of citizens in their subjective understanding still had a serious impact on how the severity of the key contradictions in Russian society was perceived. However, we can now add worldview factors to the list of important determinants influencing attitudes towards them, such as: specific political views, attitudes towards the main power structures, primarily towards the President and the State Duma.

ТЕОРІЯ МУЗИЧНОЇ ОСВІТИ: ПОСТНЕКЛАСИЧНИЙ ЕТАП

The article examines the importance of considering a person as the main subject of educational processes and the process of personality formation through a valuable approach to the surrounding world, oneself and others. The author claims that human knowledge, unlike natural sciences, is subjective, individual and filled with existential meanings and values. However, the current education system is often incompatible with the culture and does not contribute to the formation of a "worldview". The article emphasizes the ideological contradiction between the technocratic (scientific) paradigm of education and the idea of education as a humanistic and cultural phenomenon. The sphere of education reacts most sensitively to crisis processes of both a global and local nature, and reveals its own signs of a crisis that was formed as a result of the gap between the technocratic, scientific world and the world of culture, the world of humanitarianism itself. It is substantiated that progressive trends in the development of the world community caused the formation of a human-centered educational paradigm of the new post-industrial society. This direction fully corresponds to the paradigm of both global and national dimensions of social progress, which is normatively established in many international documents and legal acts of the UN, EU, UNESCO, etc. It was found out that it is generally recognized in the scientific discourse that there is currently a transition of humanity from one system of values that was established in the European culture of the New Age, which raised the status of scientific and technical achievements of humanity to a higher pedestal of knowledge, rejecting at the same time value consciousness at the gates of culture, to a new system of values that is commensurate with man, his humanitarian nature and human existence. This is connected with the establishment of the value system of post-non-classical science and culture, so the task is to understand the value matrix of post-non-classical culture, singling out those values that are commensurate with the humanitarian essence of a person.

Отражение пост-экономических проблем в научно-фантастических сериалах «Звездный путь» и «Вавилон 5»

The article examines “Star Trek” and “Babylon 5” as components of American political culture and collective memory, focusing on their portrayal of economic issues. It aims to analyze how economic ideas are depicted in science fiction films and how they are absorbed into mass culture to fit the needs of a consumer society. The study draws on interdisciplinary historiography and economic theory, integrating insights from economic and cultural anthropology as well as sociology. Its novelty lies in analyzing how economic and social issues are perceived and how alien economic development is portrayed in the visual narratives of science fiction series. The analysis focuses on how these series represent economic experiences and social contradictions, such as inequality and development disparities in American society. It also explores the political and ideological dimensions of the economy as a driver of social and cultural transformation, particularly amid economic globalization and growing criticism of capitalist rationality. Additionally, the study considers how economic development is understood through collective memory, with socio-economic traumas from modernization and globalization intensifying inequality and disparities. The study further explores how “Star Trek” and “Babylon 5” shape perceptions of economic issues in U.S. society by promoting the idea of a socially responsible economy. The author argues that these series envision a post-capitalist economy grounded in humanism, progress, and development. In conclusion, the findings suggest that “Star Trek” and “Babylon 5” serve as cultural mechanisms for the assimilation and reevaluation of economic concepts, addressing collective traumas and ideological contradictions as society balances social responsibility with market dynamics.

EPISTEMOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF TRANSFORMATION OF ANTI-CORRUPTION LEGAL REQUIREMENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF UKRAINE'S EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

The article reveals the epistemological context of transformations of anti-corruption legal requirements in the conditions of European economic integration of Ukraine. It has been established that the elimination of the dominance of human defects by the tools of legislation and law enforcement practices becomes effective when the reproducible knowledge reflects the scientific awareness. The subject of knowledge is the whole complex of issues of fostering the manifestation of good virtues and their suppression. Otherwise, both economic reproduction and economic progress are excluded. For Ukraine, both processes now depend on an understanding of the respective progressive solutions that the highly developed nations of the EU have to offer. In fact, integration into the EU is historically determined and currently historically inevitable, and therefore requires meaningful dynamic transformations of domestic legislation. The most urgent direction of these transformations requires interdisciplinary knowledge related to the fight against corruption and its minimisation. It has been established that the epistemological context of the creation and application of anti-corruption legal norms consists of scientifically proven, comprehensive knowledge about the mechanism of neutralisation of corruption by means of coercion and stimulation. The methodology of gaining knowledge through human consciousness involves the use of logical resources, namely 1) rational conclusions of formal logic; 2) contradictions and patterns of dialectical logic; 3) actions and events of historical logic; 4) artefacts of art logic. The truth of knowledge, verified by these means of reasoning and empirical experience, is then partly expressed by mathematical and linguistic symbols, and the rest is conveyed in an intuitive way. The understanding of that which does not fit into the forms of words and numbers is done mentally and sensitively. At this point, it should be emphasised that the praxeological dimension of pure epistemology requires taking into account the characteristics of the cognitive subjects of a specific social community. This requirement extends the scientist's sphere of responsibility beyond epistemology and involves mastering knowledge of its historical determinants. It is concluded that the teleological attitudes of the Ukrainian nation include the study of the values of European nations, which have united for the purpose of economic well-being. Integration into the EU requires knowledge of the mechanisms for combating human vices, eliminating corrupt distortions and using human virtues in EU structures. Regional civilisational stratification persists due to both intra-national and international dishonesty. Accordingly, global integration based on fundamentally unified legal standards requires the elimination of counterproductive factors at both levels of social communication. The focus of attention on good virtues is determined differently from the existing configuration of national associations. Economic and other issues of cultural heritage are first a consequence and then a cause of the manifestation of good virtues. At the same time, military alliances confirm the deep ideological contradictions of nations. This shows the denial of the possibility of creating a global union of nations based on the manifestation in legal reality of the good virtues of its members. It is on the basis of the legal manifestation of the degree of virtue that nations and their associations are formed in the modern world.

Understanding gendered transnational education mobility: Interview with Fran Martin

In this interview, Fran Martin discusses gendered transnational education mobility in relation to research methodology, the contradictions of neoliberal ideology, and the social implications of ethnographic research. Challenging stereotypical and often biased portrayals of Chinese international students in the Anglosphere, Martin argues for the importance of attending to the irreducible details of individual life experiences and explains how to employ affective methods to convey these details to readers. Calling for attention to gender as a key perspective in understanding education mobility, she discusses how the global neoliberal discourse underpinning this form of mobility can be restricting and empowering at the same time. She also reflects on the ways in which researchers could engage with social and policy realities and contribute to improving international students’ well-being.

WORLD CUP 2022 IN QATAR AS A STIMULUS OF SOCIO-POLITICAL DISCUSSIONS OF ARAB INTELLECTUALS

The author analyzes the information discourse of the World Cup 2022 in Qatar through the prism of the liberal Arab media. It is assumed that the Qatari Championship turned out to be both a sporting and political event. The article highlights the main problems that formed the information agenda, as well as the vectors and trajectories of the interpretation and perception of the Championship by liberal analysts and experts. It is assumed that the Championship stimulated political and ideological contradictions between Arab experts. The author believes that Arab analysts formally used sports events to actualize the political, social and economic problems and contradictions of the Middle East in the information discourse. It is shown that the Championship underlined political contradictions, visualizing the lines of ideological demarcations between Arab intellectuals, who used sports as an information occasion for discussing political problems actively, including authoritarianism, democracy and human rights. The article analyzes the main vectors and trajectories of the politicization and ideologization of sport in the liberal segment of the Arab information discourse. The author presumes that the reaction of political elites to criticism of the liberal media was minimal, as the economic effect outweighed the reputational losses from liberal accusations. Therefore, it is shown that the reaction of the liberal media to the Championship 2022 in Qatar had a limited effect, contributing to the visualization of the liberal trend in the modern Arab world, highlighting the political and economic contradictions between the Arab states.

The evolution of Israel-Soviet relations in the late 1940s – early 1950s: politics and ideology

The presented scientific article is devoted to the interesting and multifaceted topic of international relations, which, at the current historical stage, does not have unambiguous assessments in both domestic and foreign historiography. The article examines the process of evolution of interstate relations between the USSR and the State of Israel, which appeared on the political map of the world after the Second World War. Chronologically, the article covers the time period from the end of the Palestine War of 1948-1949 to the official termination of diplomatic relations between the studied countries in 1953.The Soviet Union tried to use the change in the geopolitical situation in the Middle East as an opportunity to expand its own political influence in the region, which was especially relevant in the conditions of increasing confrontation in the «Cold War». The article focuses on tracking and analyzing the main domestic and foreign policy factors of Israel and the USSR, which led to the crisis of bilateral relations. Ideological contradictions and anti-Semitic policy in the USSR played an important role in this process.It was established that the Israel-Soviet relations of the studied period were a complex mixture of ideological orientations, pragmatic economic and political interests, and geopolitical priorities of both countries. Historical experience has shown sharp ideological contradictions between Zionism and communism. Israel’s claims for emigration of the Jewish population from the USSR and, finally, the pro-American orientation of the Israeli leadership, has become incompatible with the normal development of bilateral relations. Beginning with mutual interest and support, Soviet-Israel relations in the late 1940s and early 1950s suffered a political fiasco.

Islamic State of Indonesia in modern Indonesian memorial culture

The purpose of the article is to analyze the peculiarities of the perception of the Islamic State of Indonesia (1949–1962) in modern Indonesian memorial culture and historical collective memory. It is assumed that the ideological contradictions and methodological difficulties of localizing the history of Islam in the culture of memory of Indonesia are aggravated by the collective traumas of mutual violence and mistrust between secular nationalists and their Islamic opponents. The novelty of the study lies in the analysis of the attempts of the Indonesian society to form a compromise canon of the culture of historical memory as a space for dialogue and development of the images of the Islamic State, which was previously the object of negative mythologization, which led to its marginalization in the collective historical memory. The author analyses 1) the features of the imagination of the Islamic State in the politics of memory, 2) the prospects and contradictions of integrating the history of the Islamic State into the historical imagination of the memorial culture of Indonesia, 3) attempts to revise the history of the Islamic State in the context of the development of the memorial culture of modern Indonesian society. The results of the study suggest that Indonesian society is active in its attempts to use the mechanisms of historical politics to form a new image of the history of the Islamic State, seeking to build a compromise version of the memorial culture, which would include secular and religious versions of historical memory.

Old Believers as a (f)actor in the transformation of contemporary Russian historical policy and memorial culture

The features of development and the main vectors of the transformation of historical memory of the Old Believer segment of modern Russian society are analyzed. It is shown that the Old Believer intellectuals are active in the formation of their own versions of the collective historical memory. The author analyzes the perception of community experience by Old Believer intellectuals in collective memory, constructed the concepts of "self" and "sacrifice". The grand narrative used in writing the history of the Old Believers is analyzed also. It is considered how the culture of memory of the Russian Old Believers actualizes the political and ideological contradictions of society, actualizing collective historical traumas and images of the Other in the memorial spaces. It is shown that the model of the collective memory of the Old Believers stimulates the development of the politics of memory in a religiously-centric coordinate system, where the Church itself and its figures are imagined as the main participants in the historical process, becoming objects of memorial reflection and symbolic canonization in the identity of the Old Believers.

Covid-19, cultural policy and the Irish arts sector: continuum or conjuncture?

ABSTRACT One of the sectors most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, in Ireland as elsewhere, was the subsidised arts sector. In this article we examine one key aspect of this situation: the supports for artists. Specifically, we consider whether these supports are consistent with pre-pandemic policies in Ireland. We offer an overview of both the impact and responses to COVID-19 on the sector, and the historical narratives within Irish arts policy that informed those responses. In considering the range of instrumental policy developments within the Irish state and their relationship with the status of the artist, we question whether the introduction of the Basic Income for Artists (BIA) scheme constitutes a change or a continuum in policies articulating the relationship between the state and the arts. Using Hall’s idea of conjuncture as a tool for analysis, we argue that the different social, political, economic, and ideological contradictions brought together by COVID-19 have resulted in a strategic policy focus on the ambiguous category of “the artist” and that a number of the policy contradictions that the BIA scheme attempts to resolve are of no intrinsic concern to artists.

“Research shows”: Authoritative discourse in dual language bilingual education across two school districts

In this article, we synthesize ethnographic data from two studies in US school districts that were implementing dual language bilingual education (DLBE) programs in order to remediate the standardized test scores of students from Spanish‐speaking families. While educators in both districts commonly cited “the research” to justify DLBE implementation, our ethnographic exploration of local research discourse highlights some ideological contradictions within DLBE that are often obscured by advocacy imperatives.

Political and Ideological Legacy of Ethiopia’s Contested Nation-Building: A Focus on Contemporary Oromo Politics

Ethiopia’s nation-building is rife with accusations and claims of past atrocities and injustices from the time of Emperor Menelik’s southward expansion to recent political discourse since 2018. This article attempts to capture these complexities embedded in the making of the modern Ethiopian state, critiquing both modernization and colonial theses used to explain this process, with an emphasis on Oromo politics, the legacy of political and ideological contradictions in these endeavours. Its analysis, how production and reproduction of Ethiopia’s past has led to deep-seated divisions and complicated sense of common citizenship as a precondition for establishing stable democracy.

:The Masses Are Revolting: Victorian Culture and the Aesthetics of Disgust

:<i>The Masses Are Revolting: Victorian Culture and the Aesthetics of Disgust</i>

Восприятие Чемпионата мира по футболу 2022 г. в Катаре в арабской либеральной аналитике как форма политики памяти

Introduction. The author analyzes the informa- tional discourse of the World Cup in Qatar through the prism of collective historical memory. It is assumed that the Qatari Championship turned out to be both a sporting and political event. The article highlights the main problems that formed the information agenda, as well as the vectors and trajectories of the interpretation and perception of the Championship by liberal analysts and experts. Goal. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main directions of the liberal perception of the World Cup in Qatar in the information discourse of “Al-Araby Al-Jadeed” through the prism of the historical politics of memory. Methods. The author uses the methods proposed within the memorial turn in modern interdiscipli- nary historiography, which make it possible to iden- tify and systematize the features of the transfor- mation of the collective historical memory of Arab societies through the prism of sports, actualised by the 2022 World Cup in Qatar. Scientific novelty. The article is one of the few at- tempts to interpret the historical politics of memory in modern society in the context of the perception of sports as an element of the memorial culture and historical experience of the Arab societies of the Middle East. Results. The article analyzes the main vectors and trajectories of the use of sports for the politiciza- tion and ideologization of historical memory. It is assumed that the Championship stimulated political and ideological contradictions between Arab experts on the issues of collective historical and political experience, as well as its reflection in memorial cultures. The author believes that Arab analysts formally used sports events to update the political, social and economic problems and contradictions of the Middle East through the prism of historical memory, visualizing the trauma of the colonial and orientalist heritage. Conclusions. It is shown that the Championship ac- tualized political contradictions in the perception of current historical experience, visualizing the lines of ideological demarcation between Arab intellectuals who actively used sports as an information occa- sion for discussing the problems of historical poli- tics and the politics of collective memory, including the perception of the place and role of authoritari- anism, democracy and human rights in contempo- rary memorial cultures. The author believes that the reaction of the elites to the attempts of the liberal media to turn sport into a space for memo- rial conflicts and wars of memory was minimal, as the elites were focused on maintaining control and receiving economic dividends from the World Cup. It is shown that the politicization of sports has become the contribution of modern liberal media to the aggravation of wars of memory as a form of memorial conflicts in the Arab world.

Five Journeys to North-Eastern China by Inoue Yasushi (1977–1980): Ancient Towns of the Great Silk Road in Retrospect

Japan-China cultural ties in the late 1970s and early 1980s received a powerful impetus for development against the background of deepening interstate relations in 1970s. In this period, it had begun the turn of Chinese foreign policy towards increasing ties with market economy countries. Traditionally, cultural transfer from China to Japan was a mainstream in the interrelations of the two countries, but during 20th century political relations and cultural dialogue experienced a series of dramatic changes. After the end of World War II, despite ideological contradictions, cultural contacts between China and Japan expanded steadily. This article aims to study the travels of prominent and award-winning Japanese novelist Inoue Yasushi to northwest China in 1977–1980 as an attempt by Japan to expand its participation in Asian affairs and to consider in detail the multi-ethnic and multicultural China. To view and understand real China. The main source of the analysis and reconstruction of the travel route is a travelogue “My travel notes to Western Regions” (Watashi no seiki kiko:, in 2 vols) published in 1983. This study summarizes information about Inoue Yasushi’s travels to the Chinese part of Turkestan, clarifies the gradual deepening of cultural dialogue between Japan and China and examines the images of the ancient cities of the Great Silk Road, which the writer, known for his loyalty to China, created through a nostalgic “view into the past” in order to explain the cultural unity and specifics of the region as part of China.

Влияние конфликтов в мировой политике на ценности современного общества

In the article, the author considers the topic of the impact of conflicts in international politics and how events in the world affect the values of society. The world is familiar with conflicts since the emergence of life on earth. The reasons for the conflicts were religious, cultural, ethnic, territorial, and ideological contradictions. In the history of international relations and political science, one of the long-standing contradictions was the bipolar world, in which the acute problems of two ideologies arose: communism and capitalism. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of newly independent states influenced a change in values in society, a change in a new world order, and the emergence of new conflicts not only of political, but also of cultural, economic, and gender nature. The political interests of states and the active participation of society in the formation of new value orientations lead to a conflict of interest in which conflicts arise. The purpose of the article is how conflicts in world politics affect the values of society and how this affects international relations.

Revision of Ataturk’s Legacy in Modern Turkish Historical Politics

The author analyzes the features and directions of development of revisionism in the modern memorial culture and historical policy of Turkey. It is assumed that the historical memory in its revisionist version reflects the main trends in the transformation of collective ideas about the past, including the images of the Ottoman Empire and Atatürk’s policies. The article highlights the main problems that form the information agenda of modern Turkish historical revisionism as a form of memory politics. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main directions of development of historical revisionism in the modern memorial culture of Turkish society. The author uses the methods proposed in the framework of the memorial turn in modern interdisciplinary historiography, which make it possible to identify and systematize the features of the transformation of the collective historical memory of Turkish society through the prism of historical revisionism. The article is one of the few attempts to interpret the historical politics of memory in modern Turkish society in contexts of the development of revisionism, focused on the revision of the legacy of the Ottoman Empire and the modernization policy of Atatürk. The article analyzes the main vectors and trajectories of the use of historical revisionism as one of the components of modern Turkish memorial culture. It is assumed that the policy of the ruling elites stimulates the processes of moderate re-Islamization of Turkish society, which inspires a revision of the collective ideas about the Empire and a revision of the interpretations of authoritarian modernization, proposed earlier in the political tradition of Kemalism. Modern ruling elites stimulate political and ideological contradictions between Turkish experts and intellectuals concerning collective historical and political experience of the Empire and the Republic, which is reflected in memorial cultures that have different ideological foundations. It is shown that modern historical politics actualizes the situation of parallel co-development of various memorial cultures based on mutually exclusive images of the Empire and the Republic. The author believes that the political elites of Turkey are forced to maneuver between the Kemalist and revisionist versions of historical memory. It is shown that revisionists are forced to take into account the norms of the Kemalist memorial canon, which does not allow them to radically revise the foundations of memorial culture, dismantling the cult of Ataturk and turning imperial images based on the neo-Ottoman ideology into the basis of the dominant memorial culture.