Ideological Codes Research Articles

Representasi Feminisme dalam Serial Film The Queen’s Gambit: Analisis Semiotika John Fiske

Gender inequality is a serious problem in the world that gives rise to feminist thought. Mass media such as series represent the reality of life to convey messages such as the issue of feminism. The Queen's Gambit is a series that tells the story of Beth Harmon, an intelligent woman who takes part in a chess match between men. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with the collection of observational data as primary data, interviews and documentation as secondary data. This study uses John Fiske's semiotic analysis by analyzing reality and representation to get the ideology of feminism in the main character of this series. The results of the study there are five scenes that represent feminism. The results of this study indicate the reality code in this series through appearance, costume, make-up, behavior, environment, speech, gesture, and facial expressions. Code representation such as camera, lighting, editing, music, sound effects, narration, conflict, character, action, and dialogue, as well as ideological code, there are feminist ideologies such as women's intellectuality, women's rights and responsibilities, women work to achieve transformation, rejection of women's existence under men, and women's representation in achieving social transformation in society.

Transphobic Truth Markets: Comparing Trans-hostile Discourses in British Trans-exclusionary Radical Feminist and US Right-wing Movements

British “Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminist” (TERF) discourse has often been contextualised in fringe radical feminist thought, but its similarities to and alliances with right-wing trans-exclusionary movements in the US are notable (McClean, 2020). To understand the place of TERF discourse in an international wave of trans-hostility, it is necessary to understand how it converges with and differs from explicitly conservative counterparts. I place TERF discourse in comparison to trans-exclusionary discourses of the American Right (AR) using a Critical Frame Analysis, investigating the extent of shared themes and the role of ontological discourses across cases. I find that TERF and AR discourses converge heavily on frames and have a shared ontology, but draw on different repertoires to bolster their claims. Combining Harsin’s (2014) truth markets and Smith’s (1995) ideological code theory, I show how an ideological-code-like structure demonises and ontologically delegitimises trans people, demonstrating how reactionary frames can be granted cross-ideological appeal.

Идеологические и культурные коды в аспекте формирования провокативного рекламного контента (на примере рекламы Benetton)

This article is devoted to determining the role of cultural and ideological codes in advertising communication and studying the peculiarities of their use in advertising Benetton brand products. The relevance of the study is determined, in particular, by the fact that the specifics of the perception of the advertising message, including the reduced attention of recipients to the advertising text, become the cause of provocative creative decisions, which are based on a deep analysis of consumer behavior, their habits and stereotypes. The authors note that in the professional activities of advertisers, the work with ideological and cultural codes is carried out in two ways: the advertising message is based on existing stereotypical mental attitudes or contradicts them. The material of Benetton brand advertising texts through semiotic analysis examines the company’s communication policy, built on a provocative appeal to cultural and ideological semiotic codes. With the help of trigger messages and visual images built on the use of idiologmes, religiogemes, mythologemes, culturemes, Benetton advertisers have created a semiotic basis for identifying the brand that is relevant to the general public. It is also noted that as a result, the brand has developed its own acutely social direction, which has become one of the main channels of communication with potential consumers of Benetton products. With the help of the social coloring of communications, non-standard solutions and the use of the laws of semiotics, the brand in question was able to achieve important economic and communication goals - to ensure differentiation against the background of competitors, to increase the loyalty of the target audience and its purchasing activity. The research material was more than 50 multi-code advertising messages - videos, as well as texts of printed and outdoor advertising. To achieve this goal, a descriptive and analytical method, semiotic and intertextual analysis were used.

Breaking into the Middle of the Story: Reading Lydia Syson’s Mr Peacock’s Possessions as a Neo-Victorian Robinsonade

ABSTRACT This article analyses Lydia Syson’s Mr Peacock’s Possessions as a neo-Victorian Robinsonade. In order to assess the contemporary pertinence of the format, I organize my discussion around the notion of un/settlement, a concept which applies to both the frustrated process of colonial domestication of the island depicted in the novel and to the author’s project of writing back to the narrative and ideological codes of the Victorian Robinsonade. The term “un/settlement” is also useful to explore the novel’s engagement with the violent colonial history of the region, which resurfaces in the present forcing the characters (and the author) to recover and narrate those stories and thus settle their debt with that past. The article starts by contextualizing Syson’s novel in relation to a long tradition of castaway narratives, and then moves on to discuss the novel in the light of neo-Victorian and postcolonial preoccupations with the possibilities and limitations of historical revision and reparation.

Da’wah Bil Hal and Muslim Women’s Religious Humanist Ideology in Indonesian Film

This study aims to find out the overview of da'wah bil hal as an approach for proselytizing through actual actions or the role model from attitudes and behaviours represented in the religious film entitled "Merindu Cahaya de Amstel" by Hadrah Daeng Ratu. This research used the descriptive-analytic method to analyze the meaning of data in a movie using John Fiske's semiotic theory, which involve three levels, namely reality, including (1) appearance, costumes, environment, manner of speaking, gestures, and facial expressions; (2) representation, including, conflict, action and dialogue; and (3) ideology, the interpretations result of the fundamental level and representations categorized in social relations by ideological codes. The results showed that the da’wah bil hal approach in the movie "Merindu Cahaya de Amstel" was depicted through the appearance of the main character named Khadija, seen in her closed clothes (aurat). Besides, the way of speaking, gestures, and facial expressions revealed the personality of Muslims who are polite, helpful and have good respect for others. How Khadija's conflicts, actions, and dialogues are represented in this movie shows the characteristics of Muslims with a good character, balancing hablumminallah and hablumminannas, patience, devout worship, and always spreading usefulness. The practice of da'wah bil hal or proselytizing through the figure of Khadija, showed an ideology of religious humanism. The novelty of this research is the analysis of da’wah bil hal in a movie through the depiction of Muslim female characters applying Islamic values, including morals, trust, and worship.

Representasi Maskulinitas Toksik pada Tokoh Utama dalam Film "Seperti Dendam, Rindu Harus Dibayar Tuntas"

Toxic masculinity is interpreted from the character of masculinity in general but is carried out in a very excessive manner so as to harm others around him, as in this film which reflects the life of the male main character who always puts his emotions first and commits violence. John Fiske's semiotic analysis method with a qualitative approach through three levels of coding, namely the level of reality that can be judged from the environment and behavior, the level of representation that can be seen from the setting as well as the camera angle, and the level of ideology that can be judged from reality and representations that are described as ideological codes. The result of writing is that there are verbal and non-verbal signs such as facial expressions, gestures, conversations of the main character. The main character also seems to always prioritize emotion and violence in every problem solving, the opponent dominates the conversation, is more aggressive, rude, and wants to look macho to cover his shortcomings, which is a sign of the bad influence of masculinity domination that is forced, misunderstood and abused. As well as the ideology of individualism that does not care about its surroundings.

Becoming a ‘good producer’ in the agri-environmental project economy

Agri-environmental projects have been portrayed as tools for climate change adaptation and mitigation and to overcome processes of deforestation, soil erosion, issues of water availability, and biodiversity loss. This paper is concerned with the social organisation of knowledge around agri-environmental projects offered to farmers in the department of Caquetá in Colombia. Using Institutional Ethnography (IE), we start with the experiences and work practices of small farmers or campesinos to explore how these are coordinated with the work of other people also involved in the organisation of agri-environmental projects. We identified the ideological code of the ‘good producer’ and argue agri-environmental projects are part of the wider ‘project economy’; an institution that shapes campesinos’ practices. Our data shows that what is portrayed as solutions to achieve sustainable livestock, poverty reduction, and the halting of deforestation, end up eroding the trust and willingness to cooperate of those whose work is crucial to achieve the conservation goals these projects claim to promote. Our research contributes to the growing body of social studies about agrienvironmental systems and explains how such interventions reinforce neoliberal agendas that risk replicating modernising logics of productivity, accountability, and efficiency.

CHARLES BURNETT’İN KOYUN KATİLİ FİLMİNDE ÖTEKİLİK

Charles Burnett’in yazıp yönettiği, Hollywood’un da sınırları içerisinde bulunduğu Los Angeles’ın başka bir bölgesi olan Watts’a ışık tutan Koyun Katili (Killer of Sheep, 1977), hikâyesinin ortaya çıkış fikrinden oyuncu seçimine kadar son derece etkileyici ve bir o kadar da gerçekçi tarzıyla sinema tarihindeki yerini almıştır. Umudun ve gerçekliğin çarpıştığı sahneleri, bu sahnelere eşlik eden müzikal zenginliği ve yaşama dair meselelerin işleniş biçimi ile film, seyirciyi anlatılan hikâyelerin bir paydaşına dönüştürmektedir. Bir mahalleyi ve bu mahallede ikamet eden bireylerin hikâyelerini ve gündelik hayat dinamiklerini odağına alarak Burnett, Kuzeyin hikâyesine aşina olanlara Güneyin hikâyesini, oldukça özgün ve bir o kadar da düşündürücü bir biçimde aktarmaktadır. Bir bağımsız sinema örneği olarak Koyun Katili filmi, Hollywood sinemasının dışında, hâkim anlatı tekniklerinin uzağında bir anlatı biçiminden yararlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Charles Burnett’in Koyun Katili filmi ötekilik fenomeni özelinde eleştirel bir bakış açısı ile ele alınmaktadır. Film, dönemin hâkim ideolojik kodlarına ışık tutması, bu kodları zaman zaman yeniden üreten Hollywood sinemasının dışında yer alan Siyah Bağımsız Sinema örneği olması bakımından çalışma kapsamında seçilmiştir. İdeoloji ve sinema arasındaki ilişki ve sinemanın bu anlamdaki dönüştürücü etkisi düşünüldüğünde hâkim anlatı biçimlerinin dışında bir anlatı biçimi ve tekniği ile Burnett, izleyiciye gerçeklikleri başka yönüyle sunmaktadır. Koyun Katili filmi ötekiliğin gündelik hayat içerisinde deneyimlenme biçimlerini yansıtarak, ötekilik fenomeninin sınıfsal, ırksal, mekânsal ve cinsiyetçi pratiklerini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu makalede başka bir anlatı türü olan bağımsız sinema özelinde ötekilik fenomenine odaklanılarak, “öteki” sinema, “öteki” mekân ve “öteki” kadınlık deneyimleri üzerinde durulmakta ve bu deneyimler betimsel analiz yöntemi ile tartışılmaktadır.

Voloshinov-Bakhtin’s Sociological Method in the Science of Language (on the example of the book “Marxism and the Philosophy of Language”)

This article discusses the attributes of the sociological method of V.N.Voloshinov (M.M.Bakhtin) on the example of the book “Marxism and the Philosophy of Language”. Analysis was conducted in the context of the early works of the Soviet philosopher, while taking into consideration their study by Yu. Davydov, S.G. Bocharov’s recollections of Bakhtin, as well as the author's previous article on a related topic. It is substantiated that Bakhtin's worldview evolved over time, with him having been influenced in parallel and in sequence by the ideas of the most prominent German philosophers of the first quarter of the 20th century: G.Simmel, G.Cohen, E.Cassirer, E.Husserl, M.Scheler and others. The desire to develop an independent system of views, starting from the phenomenological sociology of Scheler, led Bakhtin in his work “Problems of Dostoevsky's Creativity” to the idea of human consciousness’ “dialogism” being a member of society (an individual). In the work “Marxism and the Philosophy of Language”, Voloshinov-Bakhtin “materialistically” interprets Cassirer’s “philosophy of symbolic forms” and comes to the idea of “inter-individuality” of the ideological code environment (inter-subjectivity) as a fundamental socio-cultural phenomenon that should serve as the basis for understanding both individual consciousness and all forms of human culture.

The Rise of the Nostalgic Spy Thriller: Globalizing the Neo-Cold War Narrative of Totalitarian State Socialism in the TV Series Deutschland (2015–2020)

ABSTRACT This article examines the portrayal of German Democratic Republic (GDR) socialism in the TV series Deutschland, the first foreign-language show to premiere on a U.S. network. Paving the way for the globalization of Germany’s TV industry, the series exemplifies the rise of the nostalgic spy thriller. It employs the aesthetic and ideological codes of a genre rooted in the 1960s to evoke the time period and ideological certainties of the Cold War from a contemporary perspective. Deutschland focuses on the Stasi’s division of counterintelligence to portray the GDR as a totalitarian regime, run by corrupt elites, which subjugated its population and supported terrorism and illegal arms trading. The series employs the conventions of “historical event TV” and re-created historical settings to claim veracity and authenticity for plotlines that invoke sensationalized coverage of Cold War conflicts and distorted allegations against the GDR. Deutschland dismisses GDR efforts to create and globalize an alternative system, based on principles of anti-imperialist solidarity with the global South, and caricatures postsocialist nostalgia as an elite sentiment for the re-creation of totalitarianism. The series contributes to neo-Cold War imageries that evoke a past of Western superiority over European state socialism, which has little to offer to a future post-neoliberal world.

Provincial victorians: global capital and literary taste in colonial Odisha

ABSTRACT Published in 1902, Fakir Mohan Senapati’s famous novel Six Acres and a Third sets up a parallel between the import of English commodities and English literary taste into Odisha in late nineteenth century. The paper takes this parallel as its point of departure to explore colonial Odia discourses on political economy and literary criticism, and goes on to study how they construct Odisha as a peripheral space. The paper finds that the public discussions on economy and literature shared a common ideological code. This code preferred to engage with history, whether economic or literary, by turning it into a moral question. This ideological code deeply informed the peripheral middle-class imagination, which often spoke for a working alliance between educated middle orders native aristocracy and colonial state for the sake of economic and literary progress in the region. The paper concludes by showing how this code was at work in Fakir Mohan, in his responses to colonialism, and in his engagement with a fundamental problem of the peripheral space, that of redundant capital. ‘Provincial Victorians’ refer to Fakir Mohan and several other public intellectuals of his generation who came to see themselves as inhabiting the economic and literary peripheries of the Victorian world system.

Teachers’ representations of genders and sexualities in primary school: the power of curriculum and an institutional ideological code

Texts such as curriculum and policy documents work in complex ways to coordinate teachers’ work and approaches to diverse genders and sexualities. Although it might be assumed that official, mandated curricula determine teachers’ curriculum choices, little is known about the extent of textual influences on how teachers represent genders and sexualities in primary schooling. This institutional ethnographic study investigated how the Australian national curriculum coordinated teachers’ curriculum decisions in one Australian primary school. Drawing on the work of Dorothy E. Smith, we found that teachers and school leaders use multiple institutional texts to guide curriculum choices. Although diverse genders and sexualities are visible in the Australian Curriculum (minimally so), we found curriculum and related policy texts were shaped by an ideological code that conceals diverse sexualities and genders. We argue that dominant hetero-cis-normative practices embedded in chains of texts remain powerful, shaping representations of genders and sexualities in primary schooling.

The standard school-ready child: the social organization of ‘school-readiness’

This article offers new insights into our understanding of the formation, textual mediation, and reproduction of perceptions of children’s ‘school readiness’ in kindergarten and its consequences for teachers’ assessment of minority-language children’s ‘readiness’. Building on Danish Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) teachers’ accounts of assessing minority-language children’s ‘lingual readiness’, this current research identify key characteristics of ‘the standard school-ready child’, which functions as an ideological code and shapes replicable understandings of what constitutes ‘school readiness’ in institutional discourse and assessment materials. This code departs from Danish majority-class culture in its structuring of normalcy and deviance embedded in the language assessment materials issued by the Danish government. By departing from the standard school-ready child in their assessments of minority-language children’s school readiness, ECEC teachers unintentionally reproduce and legitimise stratified educational outcomes for native-majority children and children from disadvantaged and low-income immigrant backgrounds.

The ambivalence of assessment — Language assessment of minority-language children in early childhood education and care

ABSTRACT Language development in early childhood education and care (ECEC) has received increased policy attention in the past 20 years. Yet, few empirical studies have explored language assessment from the standpoint of ECEC teachers. Transnational organizations, such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), have increased their influence over national ECEC curriculums, stressing early intervention/readiness-for-school approaches to assist vulnerable groups in society. In contrast, the Nordic social pedagogy field perceives early intervention policies a threat to child-centered, playful approaches to learning. Based on interviews with 11 Danish and 11 Norwegian ECEC teachers in Copenhagen and Oslo municipalities, three main forms of ambivalence are identified: (1) ambivalence toward the ‘ready-for-school’ discourse, (2) ambivalence toward professional autonomy and discretion, and (3) ambivalence toward integration policy and the ideological code of ‘the standard child.’ The study recommends a more inclusive understanding of the implications of ‘adequate language proficiency’ and ‘school readiness.’

CYBERCRIME REPRESENTATION IN THE FILM “UNFRIENDED: DARK WEB”

This study aims to analyze cybercrime actions on dark web sites in unfriended films: dark web. How to reveal the 'form' of cybercrime contained in a dark web site linked in a film. By using John Fiske's semiotic analysis, this study tries to enlighten people's thinking through signs of reality, representations, and themed ideologies to be more careful in using the virtual world as a daily activity. The paradigm used in this study is the constructivism paradigm in forming a framework for understanding cybercrime acts in the object of this study. The methodology used is a qualitative approach. The results of this study are films that are now being used for industrialization and commercialization. The results of this study also show the fact that reality, namely, behavior, expressions, sounds and so on. Then there is a representation of a representation consisting of technical codes in a film show, such as camera, lighting, editing, music and sound as part of the description of the situation and storyline. And finally there are elements of ideology, namely, ideological codes, such as individualism, feminism, liberalism, capitalism, race, class, materialism, which are in the film.

STYLISTIC FEATURES AND IDEOLOGICAL CODES OF MODERN URBAN MURALS: THE CASE OF IVANO-FRANKIVSK CITY

The article presents the analysis of artistic murals in the environment of modern cities, drawing on examples from Ivano-Frankivsk city, author’s reflections as well as on published sources. Particular attention is paid to stylistic features and ideological codes of the wall paintings. The paper deals with traditional, conceptual and religiously-themed murals, illuminates issues of their correlations with urban spaces, highlights main modern styles and artistic practices used in the process of mural design. The research reported here contributes to the urban studies and understanding of effective forms of art integration into environments of modern cities.Keywords: mural, urban environment, artistic practices, wall painting, visual space.

Women's Work and The Library: Ideological Shaping of the Academic Librarian as the Alt-academic

Overwhelmingly, librarians working at Canadian universities are considered academic staff, if not faculty. However, the role and fit of the academic librarian within the academic enterprise is overshadowed and frequently misunderstood. As alt-academics, librarians' expertise and contribution to the university's academic mission is often sidelined: the nature of the work too frequently viewed through an organizational rather than an academic lens and characterized as preoccupied with a structured set of regularized responsibilities. Drawing on the findings of my doctoral research, an institutional ethnography of librarians' work experiences as academic staff, this article argues that social relations such as those that construct work value are historically rotted and ideologically determined. I propose that our speech, text, and talk, indeed our social consciousness, is permeated by two ideological codes—women's work and the library—that structure librarians' labour in a particular way. Ultimately, I link the devaluation of librarians' work to the necessary gendered exploitation of labour that happens within a capitalist mode of production.

La construcción ideológica de la Restauración en Nueva España (1814-1816)

La vuelta de Fernando VII en 1814 a la península y el golpe de Estado por el que procedió a anular la Constitución de Cádiz no supusieron, a ambos lados del Atlántico, un retorno a la situación previa a la crisis de 1808. Este trabajo examina dicho problema en el virreinato de la Nueva España desde el ámbito de los discursos para el periodo que transcurre entre 1814 y 1816. Para ello se relacionan tres perspectivas. En primer lugar, se confrontan algunos de los distintos proyectos que se plantearon dentro del absolutismo para efectuar la Restauración. Seguidamente, examinamos aquellos componentes teóricos que los intelectuales de la contrarrevolución utilizaron para legitimarla. Este proyecto fue un constructo que devendría utópico, basado en la estabilización del tiempo histórico y el regreso al orden natural perdido por los efectos de la revolución. Finalmente, se atiende al reto que supuso el mantenimiento del conflicto con los insurgentes para completar dicho ciclo restaurador. El conjunto de autores y documentos examinados revela la capacidad de los realistas contrarrevolucionarios para adaptar sus discursos y ofrecer argumentaciones sólidas y novedosas a la hora de enfrentarse a sus contrarios y diseñar alternativas de gobierno plausibles. El rastreo de las cosmovisiones compartidas y de los códigos ideológicos con los que se orientaron algunos de los actores permite una aproximación novedosa a un periodo complejo que continúa quedando ensombrecido entre los dos momentos que han merecido una especial atención por parte de la historiografía; esto es, el estallido de la rebelión de Hidalgo en 1810 y la consumación de la independencia en 1821.

The Cold War regime of translation in Trinidad and Okinawa: Samuel Selvon’s A Brighter Sun and Sadao Shinjo’s tanka poems

ABSTRACT While the processes of decolonization in the Pacific and the Atlantic regions have been separately analyzed, this paper finds connections between these processes by examining how British and Japanese colonial regimes were reinforced by the US empire and the military, respectively. Here, Naoki Sakai’s concept of translation as the process of creating cofigurative relations can be reframed as the Cold War regime of translation: namely, translating everything suspicious into communism and simultaneously anti-Americanism. This framework, all-encompassing and nebulous enough to arbitrarily create enemies within and without national borders, has served to strengthen the complicities among the empires such as Britain, Japan, and the US during and after the WWII. While the networks of surveillance in the colonial regions were instrumental in enhancing these complicities, the term “anti-Americanism” used by the occupiers at the height of the Cold War has undermined the voices from below and diminished the international nature of democratic movements. Samuel Selvon’s A Brighter Sun (1952) demonstrates how deeply the construction of the US military bases in Trinidad affected its community in the early 1940s. Sadao Shinjo, a tanka poet in Okinawa, highlights the liminality of ideological and racial codes in the US-occupied Okinawa. His works records the presence of the colored GIs in Okinawa in the late 1960s, who participated in the local demilitarization movement. The two instances above stretch the limit of collaborative governance, questioning racialized and gendered selves under duress amidst the Cold War regime of translation.

„Spomenici su prošlost i budućnost.”

Na temelju novije literature koja se bavi proučavanjem kulture sjećanja i izvora iz različitih fondova pohranjenih u Arhivu Jugoslavije u Beogradu ovaj rad želi dati prilog raspravi o socijalističkim spomenicima za vrijeme Federativne Narodne Republike Jugoslavije / Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije prikazom nekih političkih i administrativnih mehanizama njihova financiranja unutar socijalističkoga sustava, a razmatra se i pitanje odnosa prema spomenicima i kulturi sjećanja s aspekta vlasti, tj. iz perspektive države i državnih institucija u tom razdoblju. Posebna pozornost dana je, kako je često nazivan, „najpoznatijem partizanskom spomeniku na prostoru bivše SFRJ”, skulpturi „Bitka na Sutjesci” kipara Miodraga Živkovića na Tjentištu iz 1971. godine.