Ideological Bias Research Articles

Setting limits to tolerance: An experimental investigation of individual reactions to extremism and violence

Tolerating others' opinions, even if disliked, is a cornerstone of liberal democracy. At the same time, there are limits to political tolerance as tolerating extremists and groups who use violence would threaten the foundations of tolerance itself. We study people's willingness to set limits to tolerance in case of violence and extremism (scope of tolerance)—under different conditions regarding ideological groups (left-wing, right-wing, religious) and offline/online contexts of free speech. Using data from a large-scale survey experiment conducted in Germany, we show that citizens clearly set limits to tolerance of different groups, especially if the latter have violent intentions, and that people tend to be more tolerant online than offline. Moreover, we find that citizens are more tolerant toward groups that are closer to their own ideological stance. However, violence disrupts such an ideological bias as respondents across the ideological spectrum exhibit low levels of tolerance toward violent groups—irrespectively of their political stance. Our findings highlight the importance of situational factors as foundations of judgments on the limits to tolerance.

Maghrebians (or Mauri) speak Magharibi, not Arabic

After defeating and pushing aside the Carthaginians, the Romans named the territory of north Africa Mauretania and its population, Mauri . Later on, historians have had to reflect on the origin of the term mauri to designate the population or Mauretania to name the territory. Besides the signification of the Latin/Greek word « mauri » which means « black », it is admitted, as well, that the word Mauri is a transcription, into the Latin alphabet, of a punic word meaning « the west » or « the westerners ». If the latter meaning is 2000 years old, the other approbation is relatively modern and suspected of ideological biases. The punic word maġaribis, transcribed mauri/ma’ari/mahauri , really makes sense since it means the west in Punic - the 15 century-long North African lingua franca .

Wikipedia’s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust

ABSTRACT This essay uncovers the systematic, intentional distortion of Holocaust history on the English-language Wikipedia, the world’s largest encyclopedia. In the last decade, a group of committed Wikipedia editors have been promoting a skewed version of history on Wikipedia, one touted by right-wing Polish nationalists, which whitewashes the role of Polish society in the Holocaust and bolsters stereotypes about Jews. Due to this group’s zealous handiwork, Wikipedia’s articles on the Holocaust in Poland minimize Polish antisemitism, exaggerate the Poles’ role in saving Jews, insinuate that most Jews supported Communism and conspired with Communists to betray Poles (Żydokomuna or Judeo–Bolshevism), blame Jews for their own persecution, and inflate Jewish collaboration with the Nazis. To explain how distortionist editors have succeeded in imposing this narrative, despite the efforts of opposing editors to correct it, we employ an innovative methodology. We examine 25 public-facing Wikipedia articles and nearly 300 of Wikipedia’s back pages, including talk pages, noticeboards, and arbitration cases. We complement these with interviews of editors in the field and statistical data gleaned through Wikipedia’s tool suites. This essay contributes to the study of Holocaust memory, revealing the digital mechanisms by which ideological zeal, prejudice, and bias trump reason and historical accuracy. More broadly, we break new ground in the field of the digital humanities, modelling an in-depth examination of how Wikipedia editors negotiate and manufacture information for the rest of the world to consume.

Giving Voice to Problematic Silences that Limit Demographic and Ideological Diversity in Accounting Education

ABSTRACTConventional accounting pedagogies, certification structures, and publishing protocols are infused with biases that limit the parameters of discourse. Hirschauer’s (2006) ‘silence of the social’ and Bailey’s (2006) three characteristics of implicit religion—personal commitment, integrating foci, and intensive concerns with extensive effects—are used to give voice to structural elements in accounting pedagogy, certification programs, and publishing regimes that discourage ideological and demographic diversity. The author provides examples of how one might modify management accounting classes to (1) address demographic and ideological biases in conventional curriculum materials and (2) encourage critical thinking about issues that have do not have the objective answers favored within assurance of learning programs and certification exams. The paper concludes with seven suggestions for additional research and conversations that are needed to better understand and address indirect mechanisms that quietly perpetuate the profession’s problematic track record on diversity and inclusion.

News Framing on the America-Iran Feud in the Coverage from Two American Online Newspapers

News media framing has been explicated as a way to construct social realities by persuading readers with the schematics of differently construed proceedings and events. Hence, this study engages in a critical discourse analysis examining the social representation of America and Iran in the coverage from two American online newspapers, namely The New York Times (NYT) and The New York Post (NYP). Since the United States has incited decades of simmering conflict with Iran that involves a global concern, this study also illustrates the polarisation of ideologisation in the coverage in relation to the two newspapers’ political leanings. The findings disclose a disparity of representation of social agents and ideological bias between the two news outlets, with the NYT presenting a balance of positive and negative ‘Us’, while the NYP exhibiting a prejudiced and one-sided ideology towards Iran. Consequently, this study sheds light on the critical role of news framing and highlights academically a systematic analysis of online news coverage considering their political dependency.

Realtime user ratings as a strategy for combatting misinformation: an experimental study

Because fact-checking takes time, verdicts are usually reached after a message has gone viral and interventions can have only limited effect. A new approach recently proposed in scholarship and piloted on online platforms is to harness the wisdom of the crowd by enabling recipients of an online message to attach veracity assessments to it. The intention is to allow poor initial crowd reception to temper belief in and further spread of misinformation. We study this approach by letting 4000 subjects in 80 experimental bipartisan communities sequentially rate the veracity of informational messages. We find that in well-mixed communities, the public display of earlier veracity ratings indeed enhances the correct classification of true and false messages by subsequent users. However, crowd intelligence backfires when false information is sequentially rated in ideologically segregated communities. This happens because early raters’ ideological bias, which is aligned with a message, influences later raters’ assessments away from the truth. These results suggest that network segregation poses an important problem for community misinformation detection systems that must be accounted for in the design of such systems.

Beyond the descriptive-prescriptive cline: Encoding language ideology in in Hobson-Jobson, a Victorian dictionary of Indian English.

This paper considers the presence of language ideology in dictionaries through both prescriptive bias and descriptive procedures. To that purpose, it examines the example provided by Hobson-Jobson, a dictionary of Indian English first published in England in 1886, and it investigates how this work encodes imperialistic language ideology. Two major tenets of Victorian language ideology are considered in particular – standard British English superiority and the global status of English – and shown to be overtly or covertly reflected in both the paratexts (title, preface, introductory remarks) and lexicographic text (word list, definitions and translated illustrative quotations). Ideological stance is thus identified in both prescriptive and descriptive procedures, and Hobson-Jobson is thus shown to be a good example of how the ideological bias in dictionaries extends beyond the descriptive-prescriptive cline.

The Scientific Shortcomings of Postcolonial Theory

In the social sciences, there is a trend towards normative, identity based and activist understanding of science. This trend is particularly evident in the rise of postcolonial theory. This paper critically engages with its impact in International Relations. Postcolonial theory aims to challenge established methodologies and arguments in all social science disciplines but shows little interest in rigorous research and the production of scientific knowledge. This paper highlights the most fundamental flaws of postcolonial theory, such as ideological bias, the application of blurred and one-sided concepts, the preference for anecdotal evidence over empirical evidence and ignorance of the major social and political trends of our time. Subsequently, it is argued that postcolonial theory contributes to a distorted perception of reality. Perhaps, this article can stimulate a debate about the function and scientific nature of social sciences at a time when feelings and emotions, not facts, increasingly dominate academia.

Неизвестный Головницкий. Творческий поиск в станковых произведениях скульптора

The article analyzes the formal stylistic characteristics of the easel works of the National Artist of the Russian Federation, academic, Lev Nikolavich Golovnitskiy (1929–1994). Our study allowed us to identify the variations in the sculptor’s compositional genius reflected in the easel art genre. This field was not subject to political and ideological biases, allowing artists to experiment with form and sculpture. We noted a constant cycle of themes characteristic of Golovnitskiy: vast human and civilian themes, heroic deeds and events of the time. We analyzed easel works stored in Russian museum collections. Photographs of Golovnitskiy’s unpreserved easel works are introduced into the literature for the first time. These rare images confirm the breadth of the sculptor’s knowledge in creating forms and are close, stylistically, to the modernist pursuits. Complex methods of analysis allowed us to determine that Golovnitskiy actively used graphic techniques and methods of styling, generalization, and intercompositional rhythmic constructions. The article stresses the importance of studying the artist’s sketches alongside his sculptures, as many graphic and rhythmic findings are reflected in the plastic medium. Specialattention is paid L.N. Golovnitsky’s work as a mentor, having trained well-known Buryat sculptor, B.D. Namdakov, using his own unique approaches to compositions.

The labelling of ultra-processed foods, ideological biases and false consciousness. A historical narrative of the experience in Colombia

The labelling of ultra-processed foods, ideological biases and false consciousness. A historical narrative of the experience in Colombia

A REVIEW ARTICLE: USE OF SENTIMENT ANALYSIS IN SOCIAL MEDIA

As a result of the growth of online social networking platforms and applications, a sizeable amount of user-generated text content is created daily in the form of comments, reviews, and short text messages. Users can write messages, share them, and add images and videos to social networking sites like Twitter, Facebook, and others. Consequently, a significant volume of sentiment-rich data is generated. Sentiment analysis then comes into play in this scenario, which evaluates opinions as positive, neutral, or negative by extracting, recognizing, or representing them from various sources, including social media, news, articles, and blogs. This study aims to analyze the results from different sentiment analysis models and technologies that combine natural language processing. Case studies of various industries that can benefit or have been benefiting from sentiment analysis are also discussed to provide an approachable pathway for anyone who wishes to go more deeply into this field. For example, the business world has used it to learn what customers think of a certain company or brand. The impact of profanity on how readers interpret tweets and other social media messages are studied in sociology and psychology. Political scientists are trying to anticipate election results based on tweets to evaluate answers, among other things, and to look for trends, ideological bias, and opinions. Researchers have previously evaluated numerous models using well-known techniques like Naive Bayes, support vector machines, etc., and the findings have been compared with promising outcomes.

Analysis of Core Discourse and Discourse Framework on Public Opinion of US-Proposed Human Rights Issues in Xinjiang from the Perspective of Cognitive Communication

With the rise of China in all fields, US with ideological bias has waged a public opinion war against China and seized the international public opinion field through a series of means, trying to win the support from homeland and international community, then to curb China’s development and undermine China’s international image. In order to understand its internal mechanism, it is necessary to analyze the construction mechanism of public opinion discourse from the two dimensions which are core discourse and discourse framework, and meanwhile extract China’s core discourse based on the discourse framework recognized by the international community, aiming to effectively counter the American discourse hegemony, contribute more discourse framework to the international community, and promote the fair distribution of international discourse power. By taking the public opinion on Xinjiang’s human rights issues released by international mainstream medium dominated by US as an example, this paper will study the intervention process of core discourse and discourse framework, and analyze discourse construction logic where concepts hidden behind the discourse provide value support.

The Covid-19 app that lasted two weeks: how technology may embody controversial public policies for health care and why we should worry about it

Abstract This paper describes the case of a Brazilian government app (TrateCov) that was deployed for only 2 weeks during the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant. TrateCov was intended as a decision support tool to assist health care professionals with the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. After the tool was inadvertently released on a public Web site, it became accessible to anyone with an Internet connection, raising the risk of inappropriate self-management. Moreover, experts and journalists quickly spotted that almost all symptoms entered into the app resulted in a diagnosis of COVID-19, along with a recommendation to use the same ‘Covid kit’ of unproven drugs favored by leading politicians, and in the same doses for adults, children, and pregnant women. The institutional and social backlash was immediate, forcing the Brazilian Ministry of Health to take TrateCov offline. The case illustrates the potential for weak evidence and ideological bias to infiltrate digital health technologies, creating risks for patient safety and diversion of resources, thus emphasizing the importance of good governance at all stages of the innovation lifecycle. The speed of public health crises presents particular challenges for managing this phenomenon, calling for anticipatory steps to avoid such risk as part of responsible pandemic prevention strategies

«ВОГНЕМ І МЕЧЕМ» ГЕНРИКА СЕНКЕВИЧА В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ КРИТИЦІ К. ХІХ – ПОЧ. ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ

The article analyzes the reception of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel “With Fire and Sword” in Ukrainian scientific and literary-critical publications end XIX – beg. XX century, as well as in the responses to these publications by Ukrainian, Polish and Russian researchers, publicists and journalists, who determined for more than a century the attitude of Ukrainians to the Polish writer and his work. The leading role in shaping the all-Ukrainian perception of the work was played by Volodymyr Antonovych’s article in “Kiyevskaya starina” (1886), which stated that “With Fire and Sword” is a novel negatively prejudiced against Ukrainians and this negation is due to historical, ethnographic, toponymic, etc. inaccuracies. Most Ukrainian reviewers of Antonovych’s article (unknown author in “Dilo”, I. Novytskyi in “Slovo”, unknown author in “Bukovyna”) and well-known Russian scholar A. Pypin supported the main provisions of the article by the Ukrainian historian. On the basis of these publications, a tradition was established to evaluate the novel “With Fire and Sword” through the prism of history, a “true”/“false” reproduction of the events of the past and, as a result, to avoid the novel by silence through the negative portrayal of Ukrainians, Cossacks and its leaders attributed to H. Sienkiewicz. He tried to find a compromise between the Polish chauvinistic-xenophobic interpretation of the novel “With Fire and Sword” and its Ukrainian interpretation in the spirit of V. Antonovych Olgerd Górka (1934), relying on “reliable” historical sources and his equally benevolent attitude towards Poles and Ukrainians, which he attributed to the Polish writer. Kharkiv professor Lev Shepelevych (1904) tried to be neutral in defining the achievements and shortcomings of H. Sienkiewicz’s novel in an article about the writer for the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. The collection on the life and work of the Polish novelist (1904), initiated by the well-known Odessa lawyer, literary critic and collector Alexander Femelidi, in which the author was not mentioned and which combined the repetition of the main provisions of the works of V. Antonovych, A. Pypin and, especially, L. Shepelevich, was initiated compilative. Instead, extremely negative were the assessments of the novel “With Fire and Sword” and Sienkiewicz’s work in the article by the Moskvophile Lev Burenin (“Galichanin”, 1904), who chose the devastating criticism of universally recognized authoritative writers as a way of self-affirmation in science and journalism. Most researchers noted the anti-Ukrainian ideological bias of the novel “With Fire and Sword”, which was compensated by the emotionality, plot intrigue of the work and high artistic skill of the author.

Excess Relative Risk of Mortality from Diseases of the Circulation System after Irradiation. Report 1. Overview of Reviews and Meta-analysis Declared Effects of Low Doses

A review of two reports is devoted to the problem of the significance of excess relative risks (ERR) per 1 Gy/Sv for mortality from diseases of the circulatory system for various exposed groups from the standpoint of epidemiology and in terms of the effects of low doses of radiation. Report 1 provides an overview of reviews and meta-analyses, together with key studies, on this topic. In most sources, 2005–2021 (publications by M.P. Little with co-workers, and others) reveals an ideological bias towards the effects of low doses of radiation (noted in the titles or summaries of almost all papers), and often there was a lack of understanding about the upper limit of this range accepted by international organizations for low LET radiation (up to 0.1 Gy according to UNSCEAR, ICRP, BEIR, etc.). In selected M.P. Little and co-authors sources for reviews and meta-analyses observed both absurd ERR values per 1 Gy and incorrect recalculations of the risk estimated in the originals at 0.1 Gy. Examples of the incorrectness of such estimations are presented, since ERR per 1 Gy calculated for ranges of lower doses may differ from those for high dose ranges by many times, and this is a systemic phenomenon, despite all the declarations of a linear non-threshold concept. Selection of sources for meta-analyses used by M.P. Little and other authors (2010–2020) violates the principles of homogeneity (groups with radiotherapy (including children with tinea capitis) are combined with miners, liquidators of the Chernobyl accident, etc.), representing an illustration of a meme of critics of meta-analytical approaches (“combination of apples and oranges”). The values of ERR per 1 Gy obtained as a result of meta-analyses for diseases of the circulatory system in general and for their individual types according to epidemiological risk scales (R.R. Monson scale, 1980; 1990) are either insignificant (ERR = 0–0.2), or, rarely, located on the border of weak associations (ERR = 0.2–0.5). An analysis of data from reviews and meta-analyses on the topic did not reveal sources that investigated effects limited to low dose ranges. In almost all cases, with some exceptions (miners with radon exposure, cohorts with absurd risks, etc.), the upper limit of the range for groups in the samples was either medium (0.1–1 Gy) or high (1 Gy). ) doses. An analysis of almost all publications on the topic of Mayak employees (T.V. Azizova with co-workers; 2010–2018; 31 sources) showed a lack of risk studies for groups with low doses of external exposure (up to 0.1 Gy), with the exception of works from 2014 and 2018, in which either reverse or weak effects were established in the absence of dose dependence. Thus, no samples in reviews and meta-analyses, as well as data for Mayak PA, provide material on the correspon-ding effect of low doses, despite the prevailing general idea of its “proof”. It was concluded that one should adhere to the statement of international organizations (USCEAR, ICRP, NCRP, BEIR, etc.) that the threshold for increasing mortality from diseases of the circulatory system is not less than 0.5 Gy, and then raise the issue of their radiation attribution for low doses impractical.

MUSNAD AL-IMĀM ZAID IBN ‘ALĪ

A cross-ideological based literature review often cannot avoid bias. This will usually become more problematic when the researcher is completely at odds with the ideology of the literature being studied. This article will try to examine the Musnad al-Imām Zaid ibn 'Alī which comes from the Shi'a Zaidiah circle descriptively, regarding its authenticity, configuration, and characteristics. This work is still not getting enough attention. Although several figures have reviewed this book, the ideological bias of the reviewers is sometimes still very prominent. Although some scholars question its authenticity, in this article we will see that Musnad al-Imām Zaid ibn 'Alī is still open for further study and discussion. Differences in concepts and theories related to hadith between Sunni and Shi'i should not negate the existence of dialogue and discourse regarding the literature of the Shia. In general, the opportunity to study hadith in the Shia tradition is still very large and open.

Pragmatic functions of evidentiality in diplomatic discourse: Toward a new analytical framework.

This paper examines the pragmatic functions of evidentiality categories in diplomatic discourse by illustrating a new classification of English evidentiality. It adopts a data-based approach by analyzing a corpus of thirty English political speeches from three US presidents (including Bush, Obama, and Trump). The results show that: (i) Evidentiality can be classified into three categories: personal sources; shared sources and other sources. (ii) Besides the function of (de)legitimation, evidentiality can also be used to normalize the speaker's ideology. (iii) Shared sources of evidentials reflect the speaker's ideological bias, because they encode the speaker's presupposition of authority, facts, or shared knowledge. (iv) Personal sources of evidentials mean that the speaker is more willing to take verbal responsibility. (v) Other sources of evidentials reflect the speaker's lower responsibility for the information he/she offered. (vi) The use of the three evidential sources reflects the speakers' different responsibilities for their propositions and reveals their subjective or intersubjective stance.

Don't Tell Me What I Don't Want to Hear! Politicization and Ideological Conflict Explain Why Citizens Have Lower Trust in Climate Scientists and Economists Than in Other Natural Scientists

Studies suggest that citizens have higher trust in some groups of scientists than in others. However, we still know little about the causes of these trust gaps. The current study fills this knowledge gap by examining Norwegian citizens' trust in climate scientists, economists, and so‐called “less politicized natural scientists.” I argue that trust in climate scientists and economists is lower than trust in less politicized natural scientists because the former fields are politicized, while the latter are not. Politicization strengthens ideological conflicts between citizens' ideology and research produced by climate scientists and economists, which leads to lower trust in these groups of scientists. I test this argument by running regression analyses on data from a representative survey of the Norwegian population. The results support the argument: Citizens have significantly higher trust in less politicized natural scientists than in both climate scientists and economists, and these differences can be explained by ideological biases in trust. Citizens with a proeconomic growth ideology have significantly lower trust in climate scientists than in less politicized natural scientists, and citizens with a left‐wing economic ideology have significantly lower trust in economists than in less politicized natural scientists.

:Phoenicians and the Making of the Mediterranean

:<i>Phoenicians and the Making of the Mediterranean</i>

Challenges for the Construction of Environmental Journalism in Ecuador and the COP26 in Digital Media

The objective of this research is to analyze the role of two different digital media in the message development for care of the environment in Ecuador in the context of the United Nations Conference on Climate Change (COP 26). To address this qualitative research, we worked on a comparison of contents, complemented with text analysis and interviews with experts related to protecting the environment and journalists who generated content on this topic. In one case, the journalistic coverage had limitations, and, in the other, some superficial issues were addressed. In both cases, the wording was relatively complex, and each medium adapted the news to its ideological bias. It is necessary to change how journalism has been built; in other words, we need to “build” environmental journalism in Ecuador. Independent spaces for analysis, specialized personnel in topics related to this area, and professional training processes, research, and dissemination of content to raise citizens’ awareness of environmental issues are required.