Victim Identification Research Articles

The Anthropological Process of Identifying Missing Persons as a Teaching Method for Increasing Awareness in Legal and Forensic Dentistry in the Republic of Cyprus

Forensic Odontology is a critical field within forensic science, with significant importance in legal contexts and the identification of victims in mass disasters or cases of abuse. This article focuses on the efforts made by the European University Cyprus (EUC) School of Dentistry to raise awareness among dental students regarding legal and forensic dentistry practices. Through voluntary visits to the Anthropological Laboratory of the Committee on Missing Persons (CMP) in Cyprus, students gain firsthand experience and insights into anthropological analysis for identifying missing individuals. These visits provide students with practical application opportunities, emphasizing record-keeping practices, oral tissue morphology analysis, and unique aspects of restorative work during identification processes. Feedback from participating students highlights the value of experiential learning in increasing awareness about forensic odontology’s importance and relevance in real-world scenarios. The initiatives undertaken by the EUC School of Dentistry contribute to enhancing legal and forensic dentistry awareness among future dental professionals in Cyprus.

Summary of the Ciivise report "Violences sexuelles faites aux enfants: on vous croit" (Sexual violence against children: we believe you)

Following the publication of La Familia Grande in early January 2021, a book in which Camille Kouchner recounts the incest suffered by her brother, a wave of testimonies broke out on social networks under the #MeTooInceste tagline. On January 23, 2021 the President of the Republic, Emmanuel Macron, made a commitment to victims of incest by creating the Independent Commission on Incest and Sexual Violence Against Children (CIIVISE). The commission's mission was to gather testimonies from incest victims and make recommendations to improve the identification and care of victims of intra-family sexual violence.

Pemenuhan Hak Korban Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual dikaitkan dengan UU TPKS

Sexual violence is an act carried out through coercion that aims to fulfill the desires of the perpetrator regardless of the status of the relationship with the victim. Cases of sexual violence certainly have a negative effect on the victims. News about sexual crimes can easily be disseminated, especially since the world has entered the 4.0 era where all information can be easily disseminated using the internet and technology. So based on this, many of the victims are silent about the incident that happened to them because they are afraid that the negative impact will spread widely so that the victim will get ostracized in society. The purpose of this journal is to analyze the fulfillment of the rights of victims of crimes against sexual violence associated with the Law on Crimes of Sexual Violence. This journal method uses a qualitative type. The results of the analysis of this journal are that Law Number 12 of 2022 Articles 66-70 describes the rights of TPKS victims. Some of the rights of victims that are used as a scope include protecting victims from criminal prosecution, protecting against loss of access to politics, education, job transfers, and jobs, protecting victims from law enforcement officials if there is an act of demeaning officials, keeping the victim's identity confidential, protecting victims from violence or the perpetrator's threats, protection information is properly provided in accessing it, and provides protection facilities as well as information about victims' rights.

Association between forensic DNA and odontology in human identification during mass disaster: a systematic review

BACKGROUND: According to the literature, forensic odontology is one of the most effective and affordable scientific techniques for identifying victims of mass disasters. This research methodically reviews the role and function of forensic odontologists in several global mass disasters. Forensic DNA in odontology is associated with the importance of its application in the identification of humans of mass disasters. As the crime rate continues to rise, the field of forensic medicine has evolved significantly. Forensic dentists play a pivotal role in various areas of crime scene investigations, thereby helping solve innumerable mysteries. AIM: The study aimed to increase the body of knowledge for future research on forensic odontology by conducting a systematic review search to investigate possible forensic DNA in odontology associated with the importance of its application in the identification of humans of mass disasters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect, were analyzed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) quality scale. The literature search, conducted until February 2024, informed important research choices. RESULTS: A total of 16 (100%) studies related to forensic DNA of mass disasters were identified. Of these, only seven (43.75%) articles related to dental DNA were included in this review. Of the 4,808 articles obtained, 138 duplicates or irrelevant articles were eliminated. Following a full-text review, seven studies were selected based on eligibility criteria. The highest percentage of victims was identified using dental DNA. In a few studies, some samples were insufficient for complete DNA profiling due to factors such as the method of DNA extraction. CONCLUSION: Forensic odontology has played a significant role in the identification of victims of several mass disasters around the world. Although teeth are an excellent source of DNA for humans, future studies with larger sample sizes, appropriate control groups, and standardized techniques of DNA extraction need to be conducted.

Empowering Salon Professionals: A Needs Assessment to Understand Training Preferences and Strategies for Addressing Sex Trafficking and Violence

ABSTRACT In some U.S. regions, laws mandate violence training for salon professionals, but Indiana has no current requirement. Our study surveyed 408 licensed salon professionals in Indiana to explore their experiences with violence and sex trafficking and their training preferences. Participants aged 18 to 70 came from all 92 counties, with most holding barber, cosmetologist, or massage therapist licenses. A significant majority (80.1%, n = 327) reported encounters with sex trafficking victims, and 88.0% (n = 359) noted interactions with intimate partner violence (IPV) victims. Barbers and instructors were more likely to encounter both IPV and sex trafficking victims compared to other professionals (χ2 = 7.45, p < .02; χ2 = 8.74, p < .01), while licensed estheticians and electrologists expressed significantly more uncertainty in responding to cases compared to non-licensed professionals (χ2 = 33.34, p < .001). Participants emphasized the need for mandatory violence prevention education covering intervention strategies, victim identification, resources, and safety plans. They also highlighted the importance of collaboration with state agencies, policymakers, and community partners. Longer-tenured professionals reported more frequent encounters with victims (F(2, 403) = 5.91, p < .01), reinforcing the need for ongoing, role-specific training to boost confidence in responding to suspected cases.

Tendons and table salt: A recipe to preserve human DNA

For disaster victim identification, hundreds of samples of human remains have to be extracted from human bodies rapidly for later DNA analysis, often in situation with high humidity, high temperature and no access to cooling facilities. Genetic typing of these samples may be challenging due to degradation of DNA. Until today, bone and teeth are the preferred biological matrix for genetic identification of decomposed human remains. However, processing these samples is time and cost consuming. To address the challenges associated with workload, finances, and sample preservation in the genetic identification of unknown dead bodies, we tested 44 hand and foot tendons from deceased with advanced post mortem changes as alternative DNA material. In addition, we examined commercially available table salt as potential preservation method with 10 tendons over a period of 12 months. The parameters external appearance, DNA quantity and quality have been analysed. Overall, 39 of 44 tendons examined yielded valuable DNA profiles with at least ten autosomal STR loci. Storage in table salt not only increased DNA yield but also resulted in high quality STR profiles of the preserved tendons throughout the study period of 12 months compared to storage without salt. According to the results of this study, we recommend hand and foot tendons as alternative DNA material from bodies with advanced post mortem changes. We particularly recommend commercially available table salt as a storage medium for the preservation of DNA samples. Under field conditions without cooling facilities and the need to store samples prior to DNA analysis table salt is a good storage medium: it preserves DNA and is easily available.

Protecting the identity of Rape Victims and the Exceptions to This Protection

Protecting the anonymity of rape victims is crucial for upholding their dignity and mental health. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS), explicitly forbids revealing information that identifies victims of rape under Section 72(1), aiming to reduce their risk of trauma and societal stigma. Nonetheless, there are designated exceptions under Section 72(2), such as for investigative reasons or with the victim's approval, where disclosure may be permitted to balance the need for privacy with the pursuit of justice. Concerns arise regarding this section that permits law enforcement to disclose identities in "good faith," as it could lead to misuse. While revealing identities may facilitate investigations, it must be approached cautiously to prevent further harm to rape victims. This analysis evaluates the safeguards in place for protecting the identities of rape victims under the BNS while addressing the circumstances that allow exceptions, underscoring the necessity for enhanced protective measures in the form of oversight by senior police officers or the judiciary. However, distinguishing unintentional errors from intentional breaches of a rape victim's identity is essential for protecting a police officer committing mistake in good faith.

Sex determination and odontometric dimensions - A study of a North Indian population.

Sex determination is an indispensable parameter in identifying unknown deceased individuals. It can narrow down the chances of possible matches by 50%, providing a crucial lead in personal identification. In cases of commingled, decomposed, fragmented, charred and unidentifiable corpses, the importance of dental morphometrics cannot be overlooked due to the resistance of teeth to post-mortem degradation. Addressing this quality of teeth, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a North Indian population to evaluate sexual variations in dental dimensions and to identify the most sexually dimorphic dental dimension. The study included 207 participants (114 females and 93 males) in the age group of 21 to 45 years. Dental casts were prepared after obtaining informed consent from the participants and ethical clearance from the institute's ethical committee. Six odontometric dimensions, namely incisor-incisor distance, inter canine distance, combined width of central incisors, inter-premolar distance, inter-molar distance, and dental arch height of each participant were recorded on the dental casts using standard procedures. Analysis of the data elucidated the existence of statistically significant sexual dimorphism in the dental dimensions of the participants. The results of the discriminant function analysis show a sex determination accuracy of 68.1%, with a cross-validation accuracy of 65.2%. The study found the incisor-incisor distance to be the most sexually dimorphic trait, making it the best predictor of sex in the present population. The results of the present study may be helpful in sex determination and personal identification from dental remains in medico-legal and disaster victim identification cases.

Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis of human nails: Implications for age determination in forensics.

A person's age estimation from biological evidence is a crucial aspect of forensic investigations, aiding in victim identification and criminal profiling. In this study, we present a novel approach of utilizing Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy to predict the age of donors based on nail samples. A diverse dataset comprising nails from donors spanning different age groups was analyzed using ATR FT-IR, with subsequent multivariate analysis techniques used for age prediction. The developed partial least squares regression (PLS-R) model demonstrated promising accuracy in age estimation, with a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) equal to 11.1 during external validation. Additionally, a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) classification model achieved high accuracy of 88% in classifying donors into younger and older age groups during external validation. This proof-of-concept study highlights the potential of ATR FT-IR spectroscopy as a non-destructive and efficient tool for age estimation in forensic investigations, offering a new approach to forensic analysis with practical implications.

Toward effective protection of victims of human trafficking in mixed migration flows: referral mechanisms shaped on individual need. The Italian experience and the European perspective

An overview of emerging trends on trafficking of human beings in Italy shows not only an extremely heterogeneous phenomenon but also a complex overlapping of experiences and need of protection of every single victim. In the context of mixed migration flows, persons reaching Italy through the Central Mediterranean and the Balkan routes have often experienced or are at risk of trafficking, and they also apply for international protection upon arrival. Legal categories such as “victims,” “asylum seekers,” and “refugees” are increasingly interconnected and not exhaustive in describing individual experiences and multifaceted vulnerabilities. Against this background, ensuring early identification and assistance for victims of trafficking among asylum seekers is extremely relevant. In Italy, this has led to the development of good practices aimed at implementing the coordination between the asylum and the anti-trafficking systems. In particular, specific Guidelines for Asylum authorities have been adopted to preliminarily identify potential victims of trafficking within the asylum procedure and enable their effective access to protection measures. To comply with specific provisions of the European Trafficking Directive and its transposition into the Italian legal framework, the Guidelines have created a referral mechanism among the asylum authorities and the anti-trafficking system that is unique in the European context. For this reason, the present contribution aims at describing this good practice, its implementation and effects—also at the juridical level—and its limits. Indeed, after the adoption of the instrument, a higher recognition rate of international protection for victims of trafficking has been registered in Italy, both at the administrative and judicial levels; asylum seekers and refugees have also increased their access to the specific protection program for trafficking survivors. In general, the system has strengthened its capacity to fulfill the legal obligation of identifying victims through a multi-agency approach. On the other hand, the ability to conduct screening and preliminary identification of victims of trafficking among asylum seekers is still limited to the “victim model” in terms of gender (women) and form of exploitation (sexual), and to certain stages of the asylum procedure (the first instance before the asylum authorities). With reference to this latter, a comprehensive protection response at the borders is missing despite the political debate on sea and land arrivals to Italy and the recent introduction of border procedures for the assessment of asylum applications. Given the geographical and political centrality of the south-Mediterranean situation in the current migration agenda, the goal of this paper is to analyze the Italian experience on referral mechanisms among trafficking and asylum as an experience that would help to shape future European prospects. The ongoing evolution of mixed migration flows—with particular reference to secondary movement across European countries—and the revised European Directive on trafficking in persons impose the promotion of a reflection on referral mechanisms with a transnational perspective enabling effective protection and the meeting of specific human rights.

Narrative exposure therapy for the treatment of trauma-related symptoms among adolescent survivors of sex trafficking: A pilot study

Background: India is home to 14 million survivors of human trafficking, with most being trafficked for sexual exploitation. Trafficking constitutes crimes that violate the rights of survivors, and despite its psychological consequences, there is little evidence-based guidance to meet the needs of these individuals. Aim: The current study aimed to examine the outcome of narrative exposure therapy (KIDNET) among adolescent survivors of sex trafficking in improving trauma-related symptoms, along with psychological distress, dissociation, depression, and anxiety. Methods: A pre-post study design was used with 20 adolescent female survivors of trafficking aged 13 to 17 years, with ten participants in the KIDNET group and ten participants in a waitlist control group. Trafficking Victim Identification Tool and Standard Progressive Matrices were administered as screening measures. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents, Kessler’s Psychological Distress Scale, Shutdown Dissociation Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire, and Beck Anxiety Inventory were administered as outcome measures. Fourteen sessions of KIDNET were conducted for the clinical group, while sessions were conducted for the control group post delivery of intervention for the clinical group. Results: Findings suggest an overall improvement in the severity of trauma-related symptoms in the KIDNET group, with significant improvement in psychological distress, depression, and anxiety. Conclusion: Results indicate that KIDNET may be a promising and acceptable treatment for adolescent survivors of sex trafficking, and this intervention module may be safely delivered in further randomised controlled trials to ensure that the holistic needs of this vulnerable group are appropriately addressed.

Forensic facial identification – reconstruction of facial geometry and shape from dental dimensions

Human identification has always remained as a main task of forensic anthropology and forensic science for various purposes. The purpose of human identification may vary from legal identity to disaster victim identification, from criminal identity to unidentified deceased identification. The condition, such as putrefaction, charring and mutilation of corpse always become an obstacle during the process of identification. Due to surviving nature of teeth, they may serve as evidence for identification in highly decomposed conditions. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 207 participants (93 males and 114 females) in the age range of 21 to 45 years with the aim of two-dimensional facial reconstruction. Dental casts, anthropometric facial measurements and facial photographs were obtained from the participants. Dental measurements were taken on the cast in the laboratory. Statistical analysis revealed a weak but statistically significant correlation between the dental and facial parameters. The geometrical faces and the shapes were reconstructed based on the dental dimensions. The reconstructed facial geometry and shapes were very similar to the true facial geometry and facial shapes of the individual. By improving identification of disaster victims and unidentified deceased, the results of the study can have considerable implications in forensic and medico-legal case-works.

The radiographic diversity of dental patterns among 7219 young individuals-a contribution to disaster victim identification.

The diversity of dental patterns is a fundamental topic in disaster victim identification. The current scientific literature, however, is scarce of data regarding young individuals. This study aimed to assess the radiographic diversity of dental patterns, considering missing, unrestored, and filled teeth in young individuals. The sample consisted of 7219 panoramic radiographs of individuals between 12 and 22.9 years. The permanent teeth, except third molars, were coded as missing, unrestored, or filled and odds ratios (OR) were calculated based on sex, dental arch, and age. The sex-combined sample had 1.116 distinctive dental patterns. "All unrestored" teeth was the most common pattern (OR: 0.437) followed by the sequence of unrestored teeth except restored mandibular first molars (OR: 0.021). Females had more distinctive dental patterns than males (p < .001), while males had more unrestored teeth (p < .001). In the age category of 12-12.9 years, the OR for finding a distinctive dental pattern was 11%, while in the age category of 22-22.9 years it increased to 58%. On the other hand, the OR for "all unrestored" gradually decreased according to age (74% in the younger category, and 23% in the older age category). The distinctiveness of dental patterns among young individuals is affected by the predominance of unrestored teeth. However, registering a single filled tooth in a remaining unrestored dentition can reduce exponentially the probability of finding an identical pattern of missing, unrestored and filled teeth.

Stature estimation in male and female populations of India and Nigeria depending on other anthropometric parameters using multiple regression analysis

In cases of mass disasters, accidents, or criminal investigations where the identity of victims is unknown certain basic anthropological parameters are helpful in ascertaining these like race, sex, age and stature. Estimating stature using multiple body measurements such as shoulder breadth, foot length, thigh length, and knee height is a common approach in anthropometry and forensic anthropology. The presence of sex and population differences in anthropometric indicators allows these measurements to be used not only to estimate the stature of an individual, but also to determine sex, different races or populations based on skeletal remains. The purpose of the study is to develop and practically verify the work of regression equations for estimating stature depending on other anthropometric indicators of men and women of two ethnically diverse populations. For this study, anthropometric data were gathered from two distinct population groups: Indian (n=102) and Nigerian (n=205). Basic demographic details along with measurements of shoulder breadth, sitting shoulder height, sitting foot length, sitting knee height, and sitting thigh length were obtained using standardized techniques as per the established anthropometric protocols. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate software packages such as SPSS, R, or SAS. The multiple regression method was used to estimate body length depending on other anthropometric indicators. As a result of the conducted multiple linear regression analysis, reliable relationships between stature and specific anthropometric measurements in Nigerian and Indian men and women were established. It was found that stature is highly likely to depend on knee height in a sitting position in Nigerian women (R2=0.531, p&lt;0.001), as well as hip length, foot length, and shoulder height in a sitting position in Indian men (R2=0.725, p &lt;0.001). Stature in Indian women reliably depends on hip length and foot length in a sitting position, and in Nigerian men - on hip length, foot length, shoulder width and shoulder height in a sitting position, but the regression equations have a coefficient of determination less than 0.5 (respectively, R2=0.463, p&lt;0.001 and R2=0.405, p&lt;0.001) and therefore do not have much significance for forensic purposes. Additional groups (30 people for each category) were used to test the obtained regression equations. The high correlation coefficients (0.6&lt;r&lt;0.75) observed in both test groups indicate the reliability of the regression models and the suitability of the selected anthropometric measurements for the estimation of stature in these populations. The obtained data emphasize the importance of taking into account factors specific to the population when developing regression equations for the estimation of stature and emphasize the usefulness of anthropometric measurements in predicting this indicator for different gender and demographic groups of the population, although their further verification on larger and more diverse samples is necessary.

A victim risk identification model for nature-induced urban disaster emergency response.

In recent years, nature-induced urban disasters in high-density modern cities in China have raised great concerns. The delayed and imprecise understanding of the real-time post-disaster situation made it difficult for the decision-makers to find a suitable emergency rescue plan. To this end, this study aims to facilitate the real-time performance and accuracy of on-site victim risk identification. In this article, we propose a victim identification model based on the You Only Look Once v7-W6 (YOLOv7-W6) algorithm. This model defines the "fall-down" pose as a key feature in identifying urgent victims from the perspective of disaster medicine rescue. The results demonstrate that this model performs superior accuracy (mAP@0.5, 0.960) and inference speed (5.1ms) on the established disaster victim database compared to other state-of-the-art object detection algorithms. Finally, a case study is illustrated to show the practical utilization of this model in a real disaster rescue scenario. This study proposes an intelligent on-site victim risk identification approach, contributing significantly to government emergency decision-making and response.

Age estimation of burnt human remains through DNA methylation analysis.

The identification of human fire victims is a challenging task in forensic medicine. The heat-induced alterations of biological tissues can make the conventional anthropological analyses difficult. Even if the DNA profile of the victim is achieved, it is possible that no match can be found in a forensic DNA database, thus hindering positive identification. In such cases, any information useful to nail down a possible identity should be collected, such as DNA methylation analysis which could provide useful investigative leads. In the present study, five age-related epigenetic markers (ELOVL2, FHL2, KLF14, C1orf132, and TRIM59) were initially analysed in blood samples of 72 living Italian individuals of known age, using a Single Base Extension (SBE) assay. An age prediction model was built by multiple linear regression including all the markers (Mean Absolute Error, MAE: 3.15 years). This model was tested on 29 blood samples collected during autopsies from burnt human remains, already identified through DNA analysis, providing a MAE of 6.92 years. The model allowed a correct prediction in 79.3% of the cases (95% prediction interval), while six cases were associated with inaccurate predictions (min-max prediction error: 9.8-37.3 years). Among the different sample variables considered to explain these results, only the DNA degradation index was a relevant factor affecting the reliability of the predictions. In conclusion, the SBE typing of blood from burnt remains proved to be a reliable tool to estimate chronological age of most of the samples, also in consideration of its cost-effectiveness and the availability of CE sequencers in every forensic genetics laboratory.

Contested Victimhood: (Un)Courting Victims of Terrorism in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Despite the growing number of victims of terrorism globally, research is scant about a class of victims who, in theory, epitomize Nils Christie’s concept of the “Ideal Victim,” deemed worthy of public sympathy and social support. The difficult experiences of terrorism victims in Israel, particularly in military court proceedings as documented through interviews, court transcripts, and observations, highlight how the politicization of terrorism exacerbates secondary victimization for terror victims and their families. We postulate that, in addition to the adversarial legal system constraints victims experience in legal proceedings, victim identity in Israel is culturally eschewed in favor of a national(ist) meta-narrative that valorizes strength and self-reliance. A militarized Israeli society asserting its superior might is a symbolic rejection of a helpless victim status, historically forced upon Jews facing persecution and terror. We conclude that terror victims’ treatment mirrors a given society’s image of itself.

The Texas Landscape: Accounting for Migrant Mortality and the Challenges of a Justice of the Peace Medicolegal System

Executive Summary This paper details the structural and resource challenges in Texas related to identifying migrant decedents, investigating their deaths, repatriating them, and adhering to legal and ethical requirements in addressing this humanitarian tragedy. While actors working on migrant decedent investigations in Arizona can map and provide accurate counts of migrant deaths, this is not yet possible for Texas cases. Texas’ mixed Medical Examiner/Justice of the Peace medicolegal system suffers from fragmentation across county jurisdictions, lack of resources, and minimal access to investigative tools for transnational families. These challenges produce a landscape where unidentified presumed migrants may structurally disappear (e.g., buried in temporarily marked graves as unidentified persons with no investigation or case tracking). The article highlights the work of Operation Identification (OpID), a humanitarian project formed to assist border counties with recovering, identifying, and repatriating migrant decedents. OpID’s extensive community outreach and collaboration with governmental and nongovernmental partners in the United States and Latin America have improved practices in some Texas counties. However, systemic change is still needed to address this humanitarian disaster. The article proposes that presumed migrant decedents be managed using a disaster victim identification (DVI) approach, which prioritizes identification, rather than how and why someone dies. It also proposes the establishment of regional Migrant Identification Centers (MICs) to streamline identification and repatriation efforts, while ensuring compliance with Texas law by Justices of the Peace (JPs). Centralization, the article argues, can lead to more accurate counts of migrant deaths and lay the groundwork for greater resources. The article also supports increased access to national databases including the National Combined DNA Indexing System (CODIS) and the National Missing and Unidentified Persons System (NamUs). It argues that transnational families of missing persons be afforded expanded access to investigative tools (e.g., NamUs)

CURRENT TRENDS IN FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Abstract Background: Forensic odontology is a subfield of dental science that includes the relationship between dentistry and law. Forensic odontology has played a key role in famous criminal cases. Forensic odontology plays a critical role in the identification of human remains of victims (mutilated, burned and decomposed), when fingerprinting and visual recognition, cannot be fulfilled. This review article was conducted to show the implications of forensic dentistry in criminal investigations. Aim: The purpose of this article provides an overview of the evolving trends in traditional methods and the latest concepts used in forensic dentistry. Methodology: The systematic review included articles from Google Scholar, Medline, Scopus, Web Of Sciences, PubMed was conducted. For Search the following keywords: Forensic odontology, dental records, identification of human remains Estimate Age, Sex assessment, Identification following mass fatalities, assessing bite mark injuries, civil cases involving malpractice, analyze bite marks. Results: Conducted a preliminary search and reviewed 82 titles and abstracts in this review and 27 full-text articles were selected of high methodological quality. Teeth are often resistant to decay even in major accidents, crimes, burials, or other severe exposures to the elements. Therefore, a person's dentition is useful for individual identification and comparison if records exist for this purpose. Various methods have been developed forensic dentistry to determine the age, gender, and ethnicity of an individual using dental tissue. The need for documented procedures and protocols is important for the dentist to In the case of victim identification disaster identification indicators (DVI), allowing for process auditing, they also serve to ensure identification reliability. Dental professionals play a major role in keeping accurate dental records and providing all necessary information so that legal authorities may recognize malpractices, negligence, fraud child abuse and also, identify an individual. In order to serve the forensic operation and the legal authorities, dentists should be familiar with the basics of forensic dentistry, which will create awareness for the preservation of dental data. Conclusion: Forensic dentistry (odontology) plays an important role in resolving dental malpractice or negligence issues, including evaluation, report writing, and/or testifying in court. Every dentist has a responsibility to understand the forensic activities related to their dental practice and should be aware of the available technologies and their use in forensic dentistry. The data collection methods and additional technologies used in forensic dental identification have undergone significant transformation. Artificial intelligence is a technology that is still evolving in forensic dentistry, and its usefulness depends on the specific use case and implementation. New research in forensic dentistry should be encouraged.

Modern Slavery, Victim Identification and the ‘Victimized State’

Modern Slavery, Victim Identification and the ‘Victimized State’