Identity Mismatch Research Articles

Exploring Students’ Perceived Values, Cost, and Barriers for Inclusive and Diverse Entrepreneurial Ecosystems

Student innovation competitions and programs (ICPs), including hackathons, start-up competitions, and customer discovery labs, have had a transformative impact on the higher education entrepreneurial ecosystem. They have also facilitated students’ experiences in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM). However, there is a disparity in the number of underrepresented students and dominant student groups participating in STEM fields. While research supports the benefits of ICP participation, literature discussing students’ perceptions of these programs remains limited. This study addresses three research questions about participation motivation (perceived values and associated costs), participation barriers, and differing perceptions among groups. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 38 students (25 females/13 males, 17 participants/21 non-participants). The analysis focused on the Situated Expectancy-Value Theory (SEVT) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The research findings contribute to fostering diversity and inclusion within educational or professional environments by uncovering values (e.g., acquiring professional skills) and costs (e.g., opportunity costs) that students associate with motivation to engage in ICPs. Institutional and individual barriers were identified, including limited program awareness, lack of diversity, and identity mismatch. Therefore, the study intends to inform STEM educators and ICP organizers, foster inclusivity and diversity in the entrepreneurial ecosystem, and offer guidance for interventions.

The Development of Various Methods for Object Tracking and Classification in Thermal Videos

Nowadays, thermal cameras play a major role because of its temperature-based photography in many applications such as video surveillance, monitoring electronics/electrical machines, forest monitoring, monitoring babies/adult patients, and suspicious object detection. Tracking pedestrians in thermal video is a major task for such applications. Thermal cameras usually create images based on temperature emitted by the object only and not on the lighting conditions and outdoor environment conditions. But still thermal images have constraints like no texture or colour information, more number of dead pixels, low resolution, and noticeable visual colour patterns in case of any temperature variations. So the challenge in tracking pedestrians in thermal videos is tracking objects/pedestrians throughout the video without an identity switch by overcoming these constraints which may mislead the tracking process. To overcome these constraints, the proposed system uses tri feature matrix (TFM) as an object descriptor which is used to uniquely identify and represent objects in thermal images. TFM is represented in more compact way as a triple matrix. It is a simple and accurate descriptor suitable for tracking objects in thermal video sequences without an identity switch. The proposed Pedestrian tracking system uses most of the advantages of thermal cameras by overcoming challenges in thermal videos effectively based on a novel descriptor TFM. The proposed system is evaluated with various data sets, and the results are analysed using true positive, true negative, false negative, false positive, accuracy, precision, recall, F-score, global identity mismatch (GMME) and track matching error (TME). The performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F-score, GMME and TME are computed as 99%, 100%, 99%, 99%, 2.3%, and 2.1%, respectively. From the observation, it is found that the performance of proposed TFM-based system is significantly improved. The experimental result shows that the proposed system achieved more accurate tracking compared to the conventional methods

High-Fidelity Face Reenactment Via Identity-Matched Correspondence Learning

Face reenactment aims to generate an animation of a source face using the poses and expressions from a target face. Although recent methods have made remarkable progress by exploiting generative adversarial networks, they are limited in generating high-fidelity and identity-preserving results due to the inappropriate driving information and insufficiently effective animating strategies. In this work, we propose a novel face reenactment framework that achieves both high-fidelity generation and identity preservation. Instead of sparse face representations (e.g., facial landmarks and keypoints), we utilize the Projected Normalized Coordinate Code (PNCC) to better preserve facial details. We propose to reconstruct the PNCC with the source identity parameters and the target pose and expression parameters estimated by 3D face reconstruction to factor out the target identity. By adopting the reconstructed representation as the driving information, we address the problem of identity mismatch. To effectively utilize the driving information, we establish the correspondence between the reconstructed representation and the source representation based on the features extracted by an encoder network. This identity-matched correspondence is then utilized to animate the source face using a novel feature transformation strategy. The generator network is further enhanced by the proposed geometry-aware skip connection. Once trained, our model can be applied to previously unseen faces without further training or fine-tuning. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in face reenactment and show that our model outperforms state-of-the-art approaches both qualitatively and quantitatively. Additionally, the proposed PNCC reconstruction module can be easily inserted into other methods and improve their performance in cross-identity face reenactment.

Understanding face matching.

Many security settings rely on the identity matching of unfamiliar people, which has led this task to be studied extensively in Cognitive Psychology. In these experiments, observers typically decide whether pairs of faces depict one person (an identity match) or two different people (an identity mismatch). The visual similarity of the to-be-compared faces must play a primary role in how observers accurately resolve this task, but the nature of this similarity-accuracy relationship is unclear. The current study investigated the association between accuracy and facial similarity at the level of individual items (Experiments 1 and 2) and facial features (Experiments 3 and 4). All experiments demonstrate a strong link between similarity and matching accuracy, indicating that this forms the basis of identification decisions. At a feature level, however, similarity exhibited distinct relationships with match and mismatch accuracy. In matches, similarity information was generally shared across the features of a face pair under comparison, with greater similarity linked to higher accuracy. Conversely, features within mismatching face pairs exhibited greater variation in similarity information. This indicates that identity matches and mismatches are characterised by different similarity profiles, which present distinct challenges to the cognitive system. We propose that these identification decisions can be resolved through the accumulation of convergent featural information in matches and the evaluation of divergent featural information in mismatches.

Two face masks are better than one: congruency effects in face matching.

Although the positive effects of congruency between stimuli are well replicated in face memory paradigms, mixed findings have been found in face matching. Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, face masks are now very common during daily life outdoor activities. Thus, the present study aims to further explore congruency effects in matching faces partially occluded by surgical masks. Observers performed a face matching task consisting of pairs of faces presented in full view (i.e., full-view condition), pairs of faces in which only one of the faces had a mask (i.e., one-mask condition), and pairs of faces in which both faces had a mask (i.e., two-mask condition). Although face masks disrupted performance in identity match and identity mismatch trials, in match trials, we found better performance in the two-mask condition compared to the one-mask condition. This finding highlights the importance of congruency between stimuli on face matching when telling faces together.

Spatio-Temporal association rule based deep annotation-free clustering (STAR-DAC) for unsupervised person re-identification

Multi-camera video surveillance environment has a variety of emerging research problems among, which person re-identification is the premier one. Unsupervised person re-identification has been explored less in literature than the supervised approach. Images acquired from the video surveillance systems are unlabeled, which denotes that it is naturally an unsupervised learning problem. The state-of-the-art unsupervised methods seek external annotations support such as incorporating transfer learning techniques, partial labeling of train images, etc., which makes them not purely unsupervised and unsuitable for practical real-world surveillance settings. Identity mismatch happens due to the similar costumes and complex environmental factors. To resolve this issue, we introduce a new framework named Spatio-Temporal Association Rule based Deep Annotation-free Clustering (STAR-DAC) which incrementally clusters the unlabeled person re-identification images based on visual features and performs cluster fine-tuning through the mined spatio-temporal association rules. STAR formulations leveraged upto 75% of images for reliable sample selection through cluster fine-tuning. STAR based fine-tune algorithm aims to attain ground-truth labels of an unlabeled dataset and eliminate cluster outliers to stabilize the evaluation. Experiments are performed on image and video-based benchmark person re-identification datasets such as DukeMTMC re-ID, Market1501, MSMT17, CUHK03, GRID and Dukevideo re-ID, iLIDSVid, ViPer respectively. Experimental results clearly show that the proposed STAR-DAC framework outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in case of large scale datasets with multiple cameras.

Em busca de si: construção identitária no poema "Marabá", de Gonçalves Dias

Este trabalho consiste em promover uma leitura hermenêutico-discursiva do poema “Marabá”, do escritor romântico brasileiro Gonçalves Dias. Nesse poema, o eu lírico (a índia Marabá) vivencia um conflito em sua comunidade ao ser rejeitada por seus pares em função de sua origem miscigenada: ela é filha de indígena com europeu. A fim de compreender esse descompasso identitário no poema, esta leitura mobiliza alguns conceitos tais como heterogeneidade discursiva (BRANDÃO, 2004), fronteira (AUGÉ, 2010), sujeito (TOURAINE, 2004), identidade (HALL, 2006), cuidado de si (FOUCALT, 2006) e cidadania (MANZINI-COVRE, 2007). Busca-se então pormenorizar a angústia de uma persona que foi destituída de sua condição de ser-no-mundo, na medida em que não é reconhecida pela imagem que construiu de si e para si. Pontua-se, portanto, como esses elementos – heterogeneidade discursiva, fronteira, sujeito, identidade e cidadania – colaboram para a construção identitária de Marabá.

Pedestrian tracking in thermal videos using TFM (tri-feature matrix)

Nowadays, thermal cameras play a major role because of its temperature-based photography in many applications such as video surveillance, monitoring electronics/electrical machines, forest monitoring, monitoring babies/adult patients, and suspicious object detection. Tracking pedestrians in thermal video is a major task for such applications. Thermal cameras usually create images based on temperature emitted by the object only and not on the lighting conditions and outdoor environment conditions. But still thermal images have constraints like no texture or colour information, more number of dead pixels, low resolution, and noticeable visual colour patterns in case of any temperature variations. So the challenge in tracking pedestrians in thermal videos is tracking objects/pedestrians throughout the video without an identity switch by overcoming these constraints which may mislead the tracking process. To overcome these constraints, the proposed system uses tri feature matrix (TFM) as an object descriptor which is used to uniquely identify and represent objects in thermal images. TFM is represented in more compact way as a triple matrix. It is a simple and accurate descriptor suitable for tracking objects in thermal video sequences without an identity switch. The proposed Pedestrian tracking system uses most of the advantages of thermal cameras by overcoming challenges in thermal videos effectively based on a novel descriptor TFM. The proposed system is evaluated with various data sets, and the results are analysed using true positive, true negative, false negative, false positive, accuracy, precision, recall, F-score, global identity mismatch (GMME) and track matching error (TME). The performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F-score, GMME and TME are computed as 99%, 100%, 99%, 99%, 2.3%, and 2.1%, respectively. From the observation, it is found that the performance of proposed TFM-based system is significantly improved. The experimental result shows that the proposed system achieved more accurate tracking compared to the conventional methods.

Colorful Reflections: Skin Tone, Reflected Race, and Perceived Discrimination among Blacks, Latinxs, and Whites

How do Black, Latinx, and White people who believe they are mistaken as a member of another racial group perceive the amount of racial discrimination they experience, and what role does skin tone play? Using the Texas Diversity Survey (TDS), I analyze the amount of discrimination Black people, Latinxs, and Whites report when they believe others do not see them as their self-identified race. The data show that skin tone is connected to racial identity mismatch for all aforementioned groups. In addition, Latinxs with lighter- or darker-skin who believe others see them as Latinx report more racial discrimination than medium-skinned Latinxs who believe strangers do not see them as Latinx; Whites with darker-skin who believe others see them as White report less discrimination; and age is one of the most significant predictors of discrimination for Black and White respondents. I suggest that the Black-White binary continues to divide Black and White people across identity measures and emphasizes how racial identity is quite complex for Latinxs. The inter-related nature of these concepts means that if we better understand one aspect, we have a more accurate conceptualization of race in the twenty-first century and are closer to exposing the various factors connected to racial discrimination, particularly as the percentage of racial minorities in the USA increases. This timely work has implications for racial discrimination among relatively stable groups (Black and White people) and the largest and fastest growing minority group in the USA (Latinxs).

MarioNETte: Few-Shot Face Reenactment Preserving Identity of Unseen Targets

When there is a mismatch between the target identity and the driver identity, face reenactment suffers severe degradation in the quality of the result, especially in a few-shot setting. The identity preservation problem, where the model loses the detailed information of the target leading to a defective output, is the most common failure mode. The problem has several potential sources such as the identity of the driver leaking due to the identity mismatch, or dealing with unseen large poses. To overcome such problems, we introduce components that address the mentioned problem: image attention block, target feature alignment, and landmark transformer. Through attending and warping the relevant features, the proposed architecture, called MarioNETte, produces high-quality reenactments of unseen identities in a few-shot setting. In addition, the landmark transformer dramatically alleviates the identity preservation problem by isolating the expression geometry through landmark disentanglement. Comprehensive experiments are performed to verify that the proposed framework can generate highly realistic faces, outperforming all other baselines, even under a significant mismatch of facial characteristics between the target and the driver.

The market value of sustainable practices in the luxury industry: An identity mismatch and institutional theoretical perspective

Shareholders of luxury firms uphold a view of identity mismatch between being luxury and sustainable. We examine the associated market value with sustainable practice adoption of luxury firms from an institutional theoretical lens and an identity mismatch perspective. Based on 289 announcements made by public luxury firms, results from event study show that the stock market reacts negatively to the announcements of sustainable practices. Nevertheless, the negative effect attenuates in more recent year announcements, and more profitable and smaller luxury firms. Our results alert managers to better align their sustainability goals with luxury firms' identity and the ever-changing environment.

Blurring of colour lines? Ethnoracially mixed youth in Spain navigating identity

ABSTRACT The recent rise in Spain of mixed unions between people born in different countries has brought about a significant increase in the number of multiethnic and multiracial individuals in the country. However, no research currently exists in Spain on the life experiences and identity processes of these mixed-parentage youth. Drawing on 124 in-depth interviews, this article examines the narratives of ethnoracially mixed descendants from diverse backgrounds in Catalonia, Spain. Our results show that identity processes and experiences of being mixed are very heterogeneous and multifaceted, and that some individuals have more choices, versus constraints, when navigating mixedness. A crucial factor affecting these outcomes is visibility – i.e. visible markers of difference from the native society, such as phenotype, language, or religious affiliation. We find that while ethnoracially mixed individuals who have more outer characteristics shared with the native majority population can develop more advantageous, symbolic, and malleable identities, individuals whose heritage involves an ancestry that is negatively minoritised within the country of residence experience greater identity mismatch, stigmatisation, and discrimination. This finding is at odds with the ‘postracial’ or ‘colour-blind’ future that might ostensibly be heralded by an ever-growing Spanish population of mixed individuals.

Understanding employee sabotage while serving refugees: the case of Syrian refugees in Turkey

PurposeService providers can potentially play a critical role in responding to the global refugee crisis. However, recent evidence suggests that local service employees’ negative and inappropriate behavior is hindering efforts to alleviate the problems faced by refugees. As a response to the call to action to engage with the global refugee crisis in service context and adopting the transformative service research perspective, this paper aims to understand service employees’ motivations to engage in sabotage when they interact with refugees in service settings.Design/methodology/approachThis paper focuses on the case of Syrian refugees in Turkey as a context. Using a netnographic study, this study analyzes comments by Turkish service employees in different social media groups and newspapers’ online platforms to reveal the motivations of those employees to engage in sabotage behavior.FindingsThe findings of this study revealed employees use five emerging themes as potential motivations to justify their sabotage behavior when serving refugees: perceived scarcity of resources, perceived fairness, perceived identity mismatch, perceived role of government and perceived role of other nations.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study have implications for service organizations, communities and governments to manage, change and even remove some of those perceptions that lead to employee sabotage resulting in increased suffering of refugees.Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study to examine the employee sabotage behavior in the context of serving refugees.

The persistent low-prevalence effect in unfamiliar face-matching: The roles of feedback and criterion shifting.

In visual search, relatively infrequent targets are more likely to be "missed," a phenomenon known as the low-prevalence effect (LPE). Across five experiments, we examined the LPE in unfamiliar face matching, focusing on the roles of feedback and criterion shifting. Across experiments, observers made identity match/mismatch decisions to photograph pairs, and we manipulated target (i.e., identity mismatch) prevalence. Experiment 1 established the necessity of feedback for the LPE; observers were only sensitive to prevalence disparities when provided trial-level feedback. In Experiment 2, target prevalence affected decision criteria, without concomitant effects on perceptual sensitivity. In Experiments 3 through 5, we adopted a "retraining" paradigm, in which observers encountered blocks of high-prevalence targets midway through four 50-trial face-matching quartiles. High-prevalence targets were visually obvious (Experiment 3) or less obvious (Experiments 4 and 5). Whereas observers in equal-prevalence conditions remained unbiased throughout the experiments, those in low-prevalence conditions adopted conservative criteria by the second quartile. This criterion shift was largely resistant to "unbiasing" efforts. Only Experiment 5, which used an 18-item retraining block, revealed a successful (albeit slight) third-quartile liberal criterion shift, but observers were strongly conservative again by the fourth quartile. We discuss the applied and theoretical consequences of these results. (PsycINFO Database Record

A Neurophysiological Investigation of Non-native Phoneme Perception by Dutch and German Listeners.

The Mismatch Negativity (MMN) response has often been used to measure memory traces for phonological representations and to show effects of long-term native language (L1) experience on neural organization. We know little about whether phonological representations of non-native (L2) phonemes are modulated by experience with distinct non-native accents. We used MMN to examine effects of experience with L2-accented speech on auditory brain responses. Specifically, we tested whether it is long-term experience with language-specific L2 pronunciations or instead acoustic similarity between L2 speech sounds that modulates non-native phoneme perception. We registered MMN responses of Dutch and German proficient L2 speakers of English to the English interdental fricative /𝜃/ and compared it to its non-native pronunciations /s/ (typical pronunciation of /𝜃/ for German speakers) and /t/ (typical pronunciation of /𝜃/ for Dutch speakers). Dutch and German listeners heard the English pseudoword thond and its pronunciation deviants sond and tond. We computed the identity Mismatch Negativity (iMMN) by analyzing the difference in ERPs when the deviants were the frequent vs. the infrequent stimulus for the respective group of L2 listeners. For both groups, tond and sond elicited mismatch effects of comparable size. Overall, the results suggest that experience with deviant pronunciations of L2 speech sounds in foreign-accented speech does not alter auditory memory traces. Instead, non-native phoneme perception seems to be modulated by acoustic similarity between speech sounds rather than by experience with typical L2 pronunciation patterns.

“Learn what we’re going through”: attitudes of older powered chair users towards mixed reality games that involve power mobility

Older powered chair users' perceptions on and attitudes towards mixed reality and modern facilitating technologies, such as tablets and smartphones, was explored to inform the design of mixed reality games that involve power mobility. Eleven older powered chair users (aged 55 and over) were interviewed in focus groups about their knowledge of, adoption of, experiences with, attitudes about, preferences for, and interest in these topics. Questionnaire and interview data were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Findings suggest that community-dwelling older powered chair users are a technologically forward group that use or are interested in trying new technologies and interaction paradigms, with key barriers being identity mismatch, affordability, and social acceptability. Although they did not see their use of powered chairs, new technologies, and digital entertainment as an integrated system, participants were receptive to the idea of synchronizing assistive and non-assistive technologies for the purpose of social entertainment, advanced training, and/or promoting understanding and empathy in others. In particular, the concept of a game-based mixed reality platform designed around performance mastery for older powered chair users and empathy training for able-bodied friends and family members was well-received. Initial resistance due to identity mismatch or lack of knowledge was mitigated through explanation and examples.

DNA comparison between operative and biopsy specimens to investigate stage pT0 after radical prostatectomy

The aim was to eliminate, by DNA comparison, any identity mismatch between operative and biopsy specimens and to analyse the determinants of all pT0 prostate cancers occurred in a single institution. All prostate pT0 cases in a single institution over 20 years were investigated. None of the patients had been diagnosed after a transurethral resection of the prostate nor had they received neoadjuvant hormonal treatment. The biopsies performed in other centres had been referred for a centralized pathologic re-analysis. DNA analysis was performed in samples from operative and biopsy specimens, and pairs of tissues were blindly constituted. Correct matching was verified in each pair and compared to the original database in order to comment on the occurrence of identity mismatches in the series. Nineteen patients (0.77 %) had been diagnosed as having pT0 prostate cancer among the 2,462 RP procedures performed over 19 years. The biopsy re-analysis invalidated the initial diagnosis of prostate cancer in one biopsy set performed elsewhere. Among 12 entirely processed cases, the biochemistry procedure evaluated as "very unlikely" the occurrence of an error in tissue identification in the biopsy setting, during the surgical procedure or the pathological analysis. No identification error of tissue samples was established in this first verified pT0 series. Although it must be suspected, specimen identification error was not a cause for pT0 prostate cancer. Only after a full pathological and DNA verification, the pT0 stage remains a sole entity, unexplained in most cases.

Long-term information and distributed neural activation are relevant for the “internal features advantage” in face processing: Electrophysiological and source reconstruction evidence

In face processing tasks, prior presentation of internal facial features, when compared with external ones, facilitates the recognition of subsequently displayed familiar faces. In a previous ERP study (Olivares & Iglesias, 2010) we found a visibly larger N400-like effect when identity mismatch familiar faces were preceded by internal features, as compared to prior presentation of external ones. In the present study we contrasted the processing of familiar and unfamiliar faces in the face-feature matching task to assess whether the so-called “internal features advantage” relies mainly on the use of stored face-identity-related information or if it might operate independently from stimulus familiarity. Our participants (N = 24) achieved better performance with internal features as primes and, significantly, with familiar faces. Importantly, ERPs elicited by identity mismatch complete faces displayed a negativity around 300–600 msec which was clearly enhanced for familiar faces primed by internal features when compared with the other experimental conditions. Source reconstruction showed incremented activity elicited by familiar stimuli in both posterior (ventral occipitotemporal) and more anterior (parahippocampal (ParaHIP) and orbitofrontal) brain regions. The activity elicited by unfamiliar stimuli was, in general, located in more posterior regions. Our findings suggest that the activation of multiple neural codes is required for optimal individuation in face-feature matching and that a cortical network related to long-term information for face-identity processing seems to support the internal feature effect.

Memory load affects object individuation in 18-month-old infants

Accurate representation of a changing environment requires individuation—the ability to determine how many numerically distinct objects are present in a scene. Much research has characterized early individuation abilities by identifying which object features infants can use to individuate throughout development. However, despite the fact that without memory featural individuation would be impossible, little is known about how memory constrains object individuation. Here, we investigated infants’ ability to individuate multiple objects at once and asked whether individuation performance changes as a function of memory load. In three experiments, 18-month-old infants saw one, two, or three objects hidden and always saw the correct number of objects retrieved. On some trials, one or more of these objects surreptitiously switched identity prior to retrieval. We asked whether infants would use this identity mismatch to individuate and, hence, continue searching for the missing object(s). We found that infants were less likely to individuate objects as memory load grew, but that infants individuated more successfully when the featural contrast between the hidden and retrieved objects increased. These results suggest that remembering more objects may result in a loss of representational precision, thereby decreasing the likelihood of successful individuation. We close by discussing possible links between our results and findings from adult working memory.

Perverted Conditionality: The Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and Serbia

The accession strategy based on the conditionality principle has turned out to be the European Union (EU)'s most successful external governance tool. It provides the civilian power EU with the means to Europeanize the continent, that is, to project her identity beyond the borders, making acceding countries similar to herself. Yet, the South-East European (SEE) enlargement currently suffers from defections, fake compliance, and blockades. The case of Serbia is particularly interesting, since Serbia holds the key to providing peace and stability to the entire region. The research question therefore reads: To what extent has the EU's conditionality strategy been effective in the Serbian case? The theoretical argument is based on identity theory. In this perspective, the EU's (problematic) behaviour vis-à-vis Serbia stems from her uneasiness to come to terms with the 'near other' of the Western Balkans. Conversely, Serbia still struggles to find her place in Europe. In order to highlight this identity mismatch, the negotiations on the Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) will be examined in detail. It will be demonstrated how the Kosovo question and the war criminals' affair overshadow Serbia's accession. The hypothesis is that the EU's conditionality strategy is overstrained since the EU pursues too many different goals and the EU's inconsistent rhetoric resonates badly in the Serbian discourse. As a consequence, the conditionality principle has degenerated to a policy of farce.