Ukrainian Identity Research Articles

THE SACRED HERITAGE OF THE GALITIC METROPOLITAN: HISTORICAL-CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS AND PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS

Formulation of the problem. The relevance of the article is determined by the specificity of the study of the sacred heritage of the Galician metropolis, because it was thanks to the center of the metropolis that it was possible to preserve the national and religious identity. The purpose of the article is to determine the role of the Galician Metropolis in preserving the historical memory, cultural and religious identity of Ukrainians. The novelty of the article is determined by the fact that, for the first time, the national peculiarities of the sacred heritage of Galicia, their influence on the value-moral potential and anthropological peculiarities of the formation of religious objectification of the Western region of Ukraine were deeply investigated. Today, when Ukraine is facing new challenges of the cultural, historical, religious, philosophical, political, and economic dimensions, it is very important to show the role of valuable, sacralized, transcendent factors in the formation of national sakrumy through the study of the problems of spiritual heritage. This article asserts that the worldview and mental core of Ukrainian national culture is visualized in sacred places, which are the basis of spirituality and value identity of the region. It was found that they have not only an original, unique cultural content and form, but also their own spiritual territory, where they affirm and reveal the traditional values of the metaphysics of culture, where a person correlates himself with fundamental spiritual values, the Absolute, with higher meanings, national shrines.

HISTORICAL STAGES OF FORMATION OF THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL VALUES AS A COMPONENT OF UKRAINIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY

The article highlights the main historical stages of the formation of the system of political values as a component of Ukrainian national identity. It is indicated that political values are the basis of the formation and implementation of the national development strategy, the ideology of state formation, state policy, adoption of laws and management decisions. It is emphasized that an important historical stage in the formation of political values was the period of the Cossack state, founded in the first half of the 16th century, which had a significant impact on the formation of national identity. This state was based on such values as freedom, fraternity and equality, Orthodoxy, dignity, respect for the opinion and will of the community, faithfulness to one's word and duty. Attention is focused on the fact that the 20th century was an important stage of Ukrainian state-building, when the Ukrainian people tried to build their state and actively developed their national self-awareness and political values. M. Hrushevskyi, P. Skoropadskyi, S. Petlyura, S. Bandera, Yu. Shukhevich and others should be named among the key political figures who influenced these processes. Each of them had slightly different ideas about the state structure of Ukraine, but they all aspired to its independence and sovereignty. It is indicated that the political values formed in different periods of the formation of Ukrainian statehood reflected the important principles that formed the Ukrainian ethnic group and its culture, and also contributed to the preservation of Ukrainian identity and national consciousness. It is on these values that modern Ukrainian society, which strives to preserve and develop its culture and national identity, is based. It is these values that the servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine profess today, who have absorbed the best experience of the Ukrainian people's liberation strugg le for their freedom and independence.

Dialogue of the forever living (diary entries of Oleksandr Dovzhenko and Yevhen Sverstiuk in the context of the 20th – 21st centuries)

In the proposed philosophical-Ukrainian studies, and therefore – literary studies as an integral part of Ukrainian studies, the study examines the understanding of the deep beginnings of the tragic history of Ukraine and Ukrainianism. The constant principles of the spiritual-intellectual and all-time-essential Resistance defined by him in the totalitarian realities of the 1930s–50s, which were unprecedentedly cruel to Ukrainians, are outlined. The phenomenon of O. Dovzhenko as a visible confirmation of such Ukrainian spiritual-intellectual and material Resistance is undeniable. Philosophical and Ukrainian studies and reflections of Ye. Sverstiuk, in which the phenomenon of O. Dovzhenko’s resistance to the foreign Ukrainian identity of the reality of Moscow-communist totalitarianism is thoroughly and uncommittedly studied, is a visible testimony of this. In the same way, Dovzhenko’s memories-visions-reflections, which are studied in this studio, are prognostic-perspective for Ukraine and Ukrainianness. Dovzhenko’s diary visions – «dreams» often not only stated the Ukrainian realities of the occupation-imperial context, but also worldview and artistically preceded the works of world-famous creators of dystopias such as George Orwell with the dystopia novel «1984» written in 1949. Dovzhenko’s «Dream», recorded in a diary entry dated August 16, 1945, is not only a direct reference to Shevchenko’s classic poem «Dream», in which the axiological philosophy of «dreams and dreams» was manifested on a large scale long before Z. Freud, but is dystopian in by its nature. The phenomenon of Dovzhenko as a transcendental artist-thinker who overcomes the borders and transience of eras can be traced in the proposed studio in view of his perspective worldview and worldview. Ye. Sverstiuk’s ideas, revealed in his diary entries published in 2018 under the telling title «Eternal Longing for the Real», not only comprehensively update O. Dovzhenko worldview and poetic universals, but also excavate their meaning in the still-unexplored expanse of Ukrainian studies. The dialogue between O. Dovzhenko and Ye. Sverstiuk continues, and the contextually determined remarks in this dialogue are, at first glance, unexpected statements from the memoirs of the Ukrainian state-builder, historian, minister of foreign affairs of the Hetmanate era, D. Doroshenko, and, quite unexpectedly, a letter from a friend of A. Tolstoy, the author of the novel «Peter the First» by A. Radin, dated 1933, in which he testifies that only participation in the productions of the then half-repressed Ukrainian director Les Kurbas in Moscow theaters can save the theatrical life of Russia. This cultural context is also a powerful and still unexplained universe of continued dialogue between the eternally living. But also in this dialogue of the eternally living Poets – artists-thinkers of the 20th century – V. Svidzinskyi and V. Symonenko participate. Their conceptual visions are immanently consonant with the comprehensive Ukrainian-centric and Ukrainian-scientific creative semiospheres of O. Dovzhenko and Ye. Sverstiuk.

FORMATION OF THE UKRAINIAN NATION: ETHNOCULTURAL TRADITIONS AND HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES

Ukraine's frontline position between the West and the East influenced nation–building. The modern civil nation in the country is formed on the basis of Ukrainians, who are an ethnic majority, although there are minorities. The task of the study is to consider this basis for the formation of the nation and the circumstances of its formation. Themethodology is the concepts of nation–building, which combines moderate primordialism and constructivism, and frontier theory. Results. Ukrainians are a nation with an ancient agricultural culture, which determined the specifics of life, holidays and ceremonies, oral art, worldview of the people. In the twentieth century, as a result of the modernization of society and negative Soviet practices, many ancient elements of culture are a thing of the past. But a number of traditions have retained functionality (in construction, agriculture, clothing, food), and some have become national symbols (embroidery, jewelry, traditional cuisine, kobza culture, etc.). The Cossacks greatly influenced the formation of the Ukrainian nation. Cossacks – originally a frontline society, during the Cossack Revolution in the middle of the XVII century won the position of social elite in the newly created state of the Zaporozhian Cossack Army (autonomy within the Russian Empire). The heroics of the Cossack struggle formed the basis of Ukrainian identity, and the Cossack subculture became dominant. The ethnonym «Ukrainians» is the name of the population of the Cossack region, whose dialect formed the basis of the Ukrainian literary language. With the decline of ancient Russia, Ukraine was part of several states and was united in the middle of the twentieth century as part of the USSR. Only since 1991 has a modern state project been implemented in Ukraine. Nation–building began in the nineteenth century and came to an end with independence. The brake factors were the colonial legacy and the influence of the former metropolis. Being on the border between East and West, Ukraine made the final choice in favor of the latter during the revolutions of 2004 and 2014 and the large–scale Russian–Ukrainian war. Ethnic minorities rallied around Ukrainians, which was facilitated by the legal consolidation of European rights and freedoms, as well as religious tolerance. During the Revolution of Dignity in 2014, all denominations, except the UOC–MP, supported the idea of Ukraine's independence. The Ukrainian language is recognized by the only state majority of the country's population, which is an additional factor in uniting the Ukrainian nation in the conditions of Russia's political leadership's inclusion of all Russian–speakers in the «Russian world».

What Have We Learned about Ethnonational Identities in Ukraine?

AbstractAmong various features of Ukrainian society that the world has started paying more attention to since the beginning of Russia’s full-blown invasion in February 2022, many commentators have pointed to a surprisingly strong and encompassing national identity. However, scholars of Ukrainian language and identity matters had for years demonstrated an increased civic attachment of Ukrainian citizens, including Russian speakers, and its greater salience compared with ethnic, linguistic, and regional identifications. This article seeks to highlight the main accomplishments and challenges of research on Ukrainian ethnic and national identity. It focuses on a gradual shift from the essentialist understanding of ethnicity as embodied in bounded groups to the interest in individuals’ contextually determined identifications by categories with a changing meaning. Another prominent part of the analysis is the relationship between Ukrainian ethnic and national identity and the amalgamation of these two apparently distinct phenomena into what I propose to call ethnonational identity.

The Need for Demonstrable Knowledge of the Origins of National Culture on the Example of Vasyl Krychevsky's Design Projects

The aim of the study. In the terrible times of the Russian invasion, which aims to erase the existence of the Ukrainian state even in a theoretical aspect, the issue of national Ukrainian identity comes to the fore with ultimate certainty. The enemy with inhuman cruelty not only kills peaceful Ukrainians, bombs cities and villages, but also tries to destroy cultural assets by destroying museums, schools, and cultural institutions. Only a deep knowledge of the origins of one’s national culture, their research, rethinking and transformation into the latest ideas in art, design and architecture can bring a modern Ukrainian artist to the heights of patriotic consciousness and a worthy level of artistic contribution. A look at the creative and life path of V. Krychevsky becomes evidence of the need to study the roots of national culture in the field of architecture, design of spaces and objects of graphic design of ornament, form-making on the example of his research in these areas. Research methods. Art history analysis of existing materials related to V. Krychevskyi and the application of research results for the understanding of modernity. Scientific novelty. This edition is a synthesis of biographical information about the artist with the personal impressions of the authors of the article from communication with people who were in direct contact with V. Krychevsky at work and in everyday life. The article also gives a holistic view of the combination of three directions of intellectual work in the personality of V. Krychevsky: research, artistic design, and scientific. It is such a synthesis of knowledge, skills and worldview stability that withstands the test of socio-political cataclysms, which gives an opportunity to show talent and create significant projects for the development of Ukrainian identity. Conclusions. As a result of the full-scale invasion of Russia, the idea of the need to create cultural products on a national basis, including design sphere, became more relevant than ever during the independence of Ukraine. This issue has been constantly raised in scientific and popular publications, as well as in individual projects, but not so massively and not so consciously aware of the depth of the need for knowledge about national heritage and such an approach in one’s creativity. The life story of V. Krychevsky is proof of the spiral development of history and the need to know the roots of the national code for a reasoned position about one’s own culture, statehood and will for the whole world. The artist’s creative and life path, the core of which was confidence in the necessity of knowledge of one’s cultural and historical origins and the implementation of these principles, is an extremely relevant example for artists and ordinary citizens in our difficult time, when imperial Russia is trying to destroy Ukrainian identity.

Ukrainian Symbolism in the Design of Stage Projects of the War Period

The purpose of the article is to clarify the peculiarities of the use of Ukrainian symbols in the design of modern stage projects of a patriotic direction, in particular those that have taken place during the armed aggression of the Russian Federation in Ukraine since 2014. The research methodology involves the use of semiotic analysis to determine the semantics of images based on Ukrainian symbols; as well as art historical analysis to identify design techniques and tools that achieve the transformation of the symbolic content of a stage project. The scientific novelty of the article is to identify the figurative specifics of the use of Ukrainian symbols in the design of the identity of stage projects implemented during the armed aggression of the Russian Federation. The polysemantic nature of images based on national symbols and their ability to undergo laconic transformations, which allows transforming the meaning of antiquity into modern meanings, are revealed. Such signs acquire a new meaning and expressiveness in the current context, the context of an armed war that encroaches on the very existence of the Ukrainian state. Conclusions. The results of the study show actual changes in the design of stage projects during the military aggression by the Russian Federation. Directors and artists are increasingly turning to Ukrainian symbols based on folk archetypes and ethnic motifs. This can be observed both in the graphic conceptual design and in the emotional messages of the images based on the symbols of Ukrainian identity. It was found that each graphic element has its own meaning and associations that can be used to convey certain emotions and moods. The study found that the use of Ukrainian symbols in stage design can be an effective tool in the struggle for national identity and a sense of national dignity in times of war. Ukrainian symbols are again gaining popularity and demand not only on the territory of the Motherland, but also far beyond its borders. This trend indicates a change in the consciousness of Ukrainians and the value of the unique sacred heritage.

How Does Jewish Identity Relate to Modern-Day Ukrainian Identity?

How Does Jewish Identity Relate to Modern-Day Ukrainian Identity?

Ukrainian Identity Development in the Education System in the Conditions of Martial Law in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the actual problem of modern Ukrainian pedagogy – the national identity development. The purpose of the article is to identify the peculiarities of the national identity development in education in the conditions of war and to suggest the ways to strengthen this process. 
 The research methodology is systemic, activity, cultural, axiological approaches. Research methods are: theoretical analysis of sources, generalization of experience, synthesis. 
 Results. The Ukrainian identity is the result of national-patriotic education and a component of national security. The peculiarities of the national identity development in the Ukrainian system of education in martial law are revealed: the need for simultaneous development of Ukrainian and European values, attention to the value of life and continuing education in war, respect for human rights. The ways to strengthen the national identity development in the education system include are: official restoration of educational function of teachers in all regulatory documents; emphasis on education which is based on national and European values; teaching educators to perform their new functions – security function, information function, social assistance, social education of parents and the community; official clarification in regulatory documents of the definition of educators’ security function; normalization of the definition of a safe educational environment in martial law; introduction of the Declaration of School Safety into the education system, the Ukrainian Charter of a Free Person into the education system; the participation of students in volunteer activities; compliance of all stages of the educational process with the idea of national identity formation. 
 Conclusion. The peculiarities of the national identity development and the ways to strengthen the national identity development today are very important. The prospects for further research are to identify the effectiveness of new ways of the Ukrainian identity development.

THE STRUGGLE OF THE TOTALITARIAN REGIME AGAINST THE ETHNIC IDENTITY OF UKRAINIANS BY MEANS OF ATHEISM IN THE EDUCATIONAL SPACE IN THE 20S AND 30S OF THE 20TH CENTURY

The Muscovite Empire has been waging a war with Ukrainian identity for centuries, which prompts our people to fierce resistance. The Soviet authorities tried to impose a new type of identity on us, to educate the youth in respect for everything Russian and disdain for everything native. The policy of unification and Soviet identity was actively pursued. Today, the educational space of Ukraine is freed from the Moscow yoke and at the same time tries to weaken the influence of globalization processes. Ethnic identity is a component of national identity. Ethnic identity is the sphere of the sacred, which is manifested in the concepts of family, family, lineage, native house, native land, song, word, dialect, community, tradition, rite, ritual. Atheistic upbringing in education destroyed the sphere of the sacred, destroyed the cultural, and especially folklore memory of the people. All educational disciplines were filled with anti-religious content. The nationally conscious intelligentsia resisted militant atheism in the field of education. The main blow of the anti-religious work was directed against the Ukrainian family, against family holidays. Teachers intensified their atheistic work during major holidays: so-called “Saturdays” were necessarily organized on major Christian holidays. Today, society has entered into a duel for independence. And in this struggle, a prominent place belongs to educators. The experience of the past should serve us in the present.
 Keywords: atheism; identity; ethnic identity; Ukrainization; atheist upbringing; communist education; pedagogical intelligentsia; family values; Cordocentrism; Sophianism; atheism.

Syncretism of Church Burial and Ritual Music and Folklore Elements in Orthodox Tradition

The purpose of the article is to discuss the mutual influence of funeral and ritual music and folklore ritual traditions of Ukrainian Orthodoxy. The specifics of the development of folk beliefs, customs and church ritual, and burial music are investigated. It is indicated that Orthodox sacred music developed in interaction with centuries-old folk melos and became the basis for the development of church musical culture. The study aims to identify the relationship of burial ritual music and folklore elements in church chants of the Orthodox tradition, to outline the phenomenon of church burial and ritual music as a specific way of spiritual communication, catharsis, emotional and figurative assimilation, and reflection of personal worldview. The research methodology comprises the general scientific methods of analysis: historicism, systematisation, comparison, and generalisation of the problem under study. Scientific novelty of the research lies in clarifying the fixation and elaboration of the Orthodox taphological repertoire; in the study of the mutual influence of folk household and burial beliefs, customs and church ritual, and burial music of Orthodox Christians on the cultural identity of Ukrainians, their worldview, and national genotype. Conclusions. In the musical burial ritualism of Ukrainians, the symbiosis of customs, beliefs, and church rites is still clearly traced. All of them are aimed to convert an Orthodox Christian to a righteous, sinless life, to the hope of forgiveness and remission of sins, and to giving peace to the soul after death in anticipation of the Kingdom of Heaven, eternal life. They also intend to cleanse the living space from negative action, to ensure the successful transition of the soul of the deceased to the Kingdom of God, to protect living relatives and to unite the living and the dead from the family in Holy Communion (Eucharist). The Orthodox musical and aesthetic tradition states that the soul’s prayer of the deceased is strong and effective in God. Consequently, Christians have a firm belief that the souls of the dead pray for their living descendants of each kin, and the mission of the living is to pray for the eternal peace of their souls and the universal resurrection in the Kingdom of Heaven. If we are to achieve a fullness of synergistic communion with the Lord, we must not only rely on God's help, but also make our spiritual contribution through spiritual effort and compassionate strain, kenosis, self-sacrifice, and personal predestination to the Good. The phenomenon of church burial and ritual music appears as a specific way of spiritual communion, emotional and figurative mastering and reflection of the worldview of an Orthodox Christian, which gives rise to an ethno-national type of a person’s musical and aesthetic thinking, and cultural self-identification. With the help of church chants, including pure funeral and ritual songs, Ukrainian musical culture became the personification of religious and aesthetic ideals, and mental-ideological attitudes of Orthodoxy. This influenced the processes of national identification and left a characteristic imprint on the ethno-national mentality and spiritual and musical culture of Rus-Ukraine throughout the centuries.
 Key words: Ukrainian Orthodox tradition, burial and ritual music, church chants, ritual folklore.

Vyraz ukrainskoi identychnosti v sakralnii kulturi mista Vinnipeh

The expression of Ukrainian identity in the sacral culture of the city of Winnipeg has been studied. It is noted that religious identity became the basis for the preservation of Ukrainian national identity in the diaspora. With the support of the church, Ukrainian emigrants did not fall into despair, did not succumb to assimilation, instead persistently and creatively built a matrix of Ukrainian spiritual identity: professed dogmas of faith, participated in religious rites and rituals; studied their history, preserved the memory of outstanding Ukrainians, cultivated Ukrainian traditions and customs, literary and artistic heritage, traditional crafts, sacred culture, symbols; developed the educational environment, public, social activity. It is established that the church performed the function of social control in the lives of the laity and at the same time nurtured Ukrainian value markers of identity, first of all: a positive, respectful attitude towards the priest, family, and co-religionists. It played an important role in uniting the Ukrainian community. It is emphasized that it is in the sacred culture that the mentality of the people, its worldview, world perception, features of the national character, ideals, aspirations, tastes, and understanding of the beautiful are most fully revealed. The form of sacred buildings not only symbolized the elements of the Christian faith but also served the informative function of recognition and identity. It is noted that the uniqueness of Ukrainian sacred construction in Winnipeg is that the design, construction, interior, and exterior decoration of churches was mainly carried out by highly professional Ukrainian emigrants, who, among other things, faced difficult tasks of implementing not only the generally accepted principle «the church is a symbol of faith, a work of art», but also the consideration and embodiment of Ukrainian tradition in modern style buildings. In practice, when building churches, Ukrainian emigrants, on the one hand, resorted to simplifying the architectural forms of their idealization, on the other hand, their stylistic diversity is impressive. Churches were usually built according to the architecture of the Eastern Christian Church in Ukraine, by imitating and creatively interpreting two versions of the main European styles of church construction: Old Byzantine (X–XI centuries) and Ukrainian Baroque (XVII–XVIII centuries). Key trends of sacred architecture presented in Winnipeg are highlighted. Samples of architectural solutions, sacred buildings, key features, and symbolic meanings are highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the participation of architects and artists from Ukraine in the implementation of the construction of the sacred space of Winnipeg. It is established that the problem is quite deep and involves further scientific understanding of the practical role of the sacred space as centers of cultivation of the national spirit, preservation of traditions, educational, linguistic environment, and historical memory.

Релігійні фактори в формуванні українського національного руху наприкінці XIX – у перших десятиліттях ХХ ст.: роль православного та греко-католицького духовенства

The purpose of the article is to study the role of the Orthodox and Greek Catholic clergy in the formation of the Ukrainian national movement at the end of the 19th – in the fi rst decades of the 20th century and determine the infl uence of religious factors on the development of Ukrainian national identity. Th e scientifi c novelty of this topic lies in an attempt to compare the infl uence of the leading Eastern Christian faiths on the formation of Ukrainian national identity at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. Th is topic focuses on the importance of the religious sphere in forming the Ukrainian people’s national consciousness and political activity during the period of politicization of its national movement. Th e methodologi- cal principles. Based on the analysis of rich literature on the history of religion, the author of the article used the methods of historical analysis and synthesis, as well as the comparative method and the method of systemic analysis, to consider the interaction of Eastern Christian denomina- tions and determine their infl uence on the national movement in Ukraine. Conclusions. Th e author analyzed the cultural, social, and political traditions that infl uenced the formation of the Ukrainian national movement and the specifi cs of the impact of the clergy of the mentioned denominations on this process. Th e article draws attention to the fact that the infl uence on the development of the Ukrainian national movement depended on local conditions caused by the political, cultural, and social features of certain territories of Ukraine. An important factor in the success of nation-building processes was the support of the Ukrainian national project by the clergy of the dominant faiths. On the territory of Halychyna, the support of the Greek- Catholic clergy was of great importance for the crystallization of Ukrainian self-awareness among the population. In turn, in Dnipro Ukraine, the Orthodox Church remained a bastion of Slavophilism and Russian nationalism for a long time, and only at the beginning of the 20th century did autocephalous ideas, supported by a small group of the clergy, begin to appear in its midst. Although the Orthodox clergy only partially supported the Ukrainian cultural and later political movement, the very fact of the participation of some of its fi gures in Ukrainophilism strengthened the Ukrainian identity among the parishioners. Th e importance of both confessions for developing the Ukrainian national movement determines the particular importance of their dialogue in modern Ukraine based on partnership relations and ecumenism.

Geographical and Mental Boundaries of Ukrainian Identity

The purpose of the research is to establish correspondence between the geographical and mental boundaries of the Ukrainian ethno-political identity. A theoretical and comparative analysis and generalization of historical, geographical, political and sociological theses and data have been applied. The research determines the external boundaries (between Ukraine and the surrounding countries) and internal ones (between the regions of Ukraine). It demonstrates the exceptional importance of the Ukrainian identity opposition to the Russian mental influences. Ukraine is divided into three main regions. Central Ukraine is a mental basis for the Ukrainian identity and political nation. Western Ukraine is notable for the highest level of national consciousness and Ukrainian patriotism. South-Eastern Ukraine is characterized by stronger competition of the Ukrainian and Russian values, but simultaneously by dominating Ukrainian identity.

ІНЦИДЕНТИ ТА КОНФЛІКТИ В ЖИТТІ ПОЛЬСЬКИХ ПАРАМІЛІТАРНИХ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙ НА ВОЛИНІ В 1921–1939 РОКАХ

The article attempts to outline the incidents and conflicts that took place in the life of Polish paramilitary organizations in Volyn in 1921–1939. It was established that the most common form of resistance to Polish immigrants by the local population was attacks on colonists' farms. It was established that a large number of incidents and conflicts among Ukrainian youth fell on the Rifle Union. It is noted that the Polish military emigrants themselves were often aggressors in relation to the local population. From the very beginning, the resettlement of military settlers to a «foreign» territory was strongly opposed by the Ukrainian peasantry, which rightly did not want to share the land with former Polish soldiers. According to the documents of the State Archives of the Rivne and Volyn regions, in the period of the 20s – 30s of the 20th century. A large number of displaced persons turned to the police and the army with a request to provide weapons (pistols, rifles and even grenades) for self-defense of themselves and their families. It is worth noting that the squatters often appealed to the district elders with complaints about the local voyts and soltis, who insulted and even harassed the squatters and their work. This does not seem surprising, because almost most of the positions in the villages and towns were held by Ukrainians, who made up the majority, and whose attitude towards the Polish military and civilian immigrants was extremely negative. As a form of resistance, raids by local peasants of the settlement farms were extremely common in the Volyn Voivodeship. Polonization, the eradication of Ukrainian identity, multiplied by colonialist treatment, created the basis for the superior behavior of representatives of Polish paramilitary organizations.

Ukrainian-turkish literature relations between the 16th - 20th Centuries Nadiia Senchylo-T

The article highlights Ukrainian-Turkish relationships in literature, originating from oral folklore, ballads, and historical songs since the 16th century to the present day. It emphasizes that literary communications between Ukraine and Turkey are primarily due to their close geographical proximity, intertwined geopolitics, and historical, economic, and cultural interrelations between both nations. Based on literary works, the article distinguishes key stages in Ukrainian-Turkish relationships in Ukrainian literature from the 16th to the 20th centuries and examines how individual and group-based Ukrainian identities in Ukrainian folklore of the 16th-17th centuries were formed in interaction with Turkish identities. Starting from the 19th century, changes in the context of social and political processes cause communicative vectors in literary works to change as well. Important aspects of Ukrainian-Turkish literary communication are discussed.

Mending the divide: intellectuals and intelligentsia in Ukrainian scholarly discourse

ABSTRACT The manifestation of Russian imperial ambitions in February 2022 caught many around the world by surprise, but Ukrainian scholarly attempts at decolonization had been ongoing for years prior to the invasion. Intellectuals have strived to re-imagine Ukrainian identity beyond the conceptualization of the country in imperial discourse as ‘little Russia’. This paper examines how the phenomenon of the intelligentsia has been re-interpreted, by performing a critical discourse analysis of Ukrainian scholarly discourse on the dichotomy between ‘intellectuals’ and ‘intelligentsia’, a dichotomy previously used by the Soviet Union to juxtapose Western and Soviet academics. The study focuses on scholarship that has been underrepresented in the global science system because its research outputs have been communicated in Ukrainian rather than English. The analysis demonstrates how the scholarly discourse reclaims the agency of Ukrainian intellectuals and challenges the Soviet collectivist understanding of the term ‘intelligentsia’. Ukrainian academics approach the reassessment of colonial legacies critically. They reject the intellectuals–intelligentsia dichotomy by reconciling the two terms to accommodate the identity of Ukrainian scholars who are able to shape their individual purpose through their restored academic freedom and individual agency.

How Does Jewish Identity Relate to Modern-Day Ukrainian Identity? Beyond the Refrain of “Do not Divide the Dead”: Othering the Jews as a Technology of Power in the Soviet Union

Article How Does Jewish Identity Relate to Modern-Day Ukrainian Identity? Beyond the Refrain of “Do not Divide the Dead”: Othering the Jews as a Technology of Power in the Soviet Union was published on March 7, 2023 in the journal Eastern European Holocaust Studies (volume 0, issue 0).

The Making of Minorities on Europe's Periphery

The Making of Minorities on Europe's Periphery Olena Palko Kathryn Ciancia, On Civilization's Edge: A Polish Borderland in the Interwar World. 368 pp. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. ISBN-13 978-0190067458. $82.00. Krista A. Goff, Nested Nationalism: Making and Unmaking Nations in the Soviet Caucasus. 336 pp. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2021. ISBN-13 978-1501753275. $49.95. Lenny A. Ureña Valerio, Colonial Fantasies, Imperial Realities: Race Science and the Making of Polishness on the Fringes of the German Empire, 1840–1920. 320 pp. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2019. ISBN-13 978-0821423738. $72.00. According to conventional views, minorities became an issue in world politics only after the establishment of nation-states in East-Central Europe in the aftermath of World War I. Nonetheless, most recent scholarship tends to question the extent to which empires can "think" like nation-states—that is, pursue national consolidation via standardization of its diverse populations.1 Those newly formed governments in the region, meanwhile, are more often conceptualized as, using Roger Brubaker's definition, nationalizing states, essentially "ethnically heterogeneous [states] yet conceived as nation-states."2 In this theoretical debate, the Soviet Union [End Page 445] occupies a unique role, seen as neither a unitary state nor an empire but a mixture of both.3 That said, the books under review offer equally invaluable and methodologically innovative accounts of minority-state relations in each of their three settings. Lenny A. Ureña Valerio looks at Germany's colonial treatment of its Polish-speaking minority, as well as Polish colonial fantasies of the late 19th century; Kathryn Ciancia examines how the state produced and exercised minority categories in interwar Poland; and Krista A. Goff tells the story of how the minorities tried to secure their national future against centralizing tendencies in Soviet Azerbaijan. Although framed in different periods and geographies, read together these studies highlight important similarities in the state's objectives in the treatment of minorities, as well as shared minorities' experiences in nationalizing empires. All three authors divert their attention away from the center—be it Berlin, Warsaw, or Moscow—to the borderland territories incorporated at some point in time. These are, respectively, Prussian Poland—the territories of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia during the partitions of Poland in the late 18th century; Volhynia—originally a part of the Russian partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that became part of Poland based on the 1921 Riga Peace Treaty; and Azerbaijan, a former imperial periphery and an independent nation from 1918 to 1920, incorporated into the Soviet Union as one of its union republics. With those territorial acquisitions came the need to organize nontitular populations and to manage national minority identifications and their rights. Although defining policies and their limits were set in the center, a closer look at the peripheries demonstrates how these minority communities came to navigate state policies and develop relations with respective state structures. Each of these books deals with a particular national experiment. For Ureña Valerio, 19th-century Prussian Poland is a place that, while being an object of German colonizing intentions, became a birthplace of Polish colonial fantasies. Poznanian Poles, driven by a romantic image of unclaimed lands or dire need of survival and national preservation, set off for far-distant places to create colonies of their own, either in East Africa or Brazil. Ciancia examines the role of second-tier actors—the army of experts, teachers, settlers, and border guards—during the so-called Volhynia experiment, when [End Page 446] the central authorities, wishing to consolidate this multiethnic region's position within the newly established Polish state, undertook to redraw its ethnic makeup by promoting Polish colonization and creating a Ukrainian identity loyal to the Polish state.4 Last, Goff provides a much-needed account of the Soviet experiment with nontitular minority nationalism. Although the end goal of this policy was to centralize the state and establish the Soviet regime in non-Russian peripheries, the Communist Party—at least on paper—was committed to national equality and went on to propagate national differences and secure cultural development for its diverse populations. These experiments...

Про використання образу Сковороди та його філософських поглядів в ідеологічних побудовах представників української діаспори ІІ половини ХХ ст.

The article is dedicated to the consideration of the use of Skovoroda’s image in ideological discourse by representatives of the Ukrainian diaspora (D. Dontsov, V. Shaian, M. Shlemkevych). The usual presence of the symbolized figure of Skovoroda in the Ukrainian identity leads to its further use in the system of national ideologies. The creator of the ideology of “active” nationalism, D. Dontsov, interprets the figure of Skovoroda as the bearer of the ideals of the higher “caste” in the conditions of the decline of political and spiritual life in Ukraine in the second half of the 18th century. The creator of the neo-religion of nativism, V. Shaian, sacralizes the person of the philosopher, endowing him with the status of a prophet, which is directly related to the only divine essence – the “highest light”. For the philosopher M. Shlemkevych Skovoroda marks the end situation: the end of the era of Cossack autonomy and the full incorporation of Ukrainian lands into the Russian Empire. Skovoroda’s way of life symbolizes the type of people who escape from real life into spirituality. In general, in the ideological constructions of the authors considered by us, the image of Skovoroda is constructed not so much on the basis of an appeal to primary sources: the philosopher’s texts or the memories of the philosopher’s contemporaries about his lifestyle, but on the basis of his previous images, and here his “Ukrainianness” is the main one. Skovoroda is only a “Ukrainian philosopher” and it was on the basis of this that it was constructed already at the beginning of the 20th century. The image and its further elaboration in the ideological discourse of later times take place. The presence of the image of Skovoroda in the structures of Ukrainian national self-consciousness and stereotyped knowledge about his philosophical views is quite stable: the idea of “two natures”, the doctrine of “three worlds”, the principle of “kinship work” also leads to their further “exploitation” in the texts of Dontsov, Shayan and Shlemkevych