Identification Of Weapons Research Articles

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИИ ОГНЕСТРЕЛЬНОГО ОРУЖИЯ

This paper investigates the problem of identification of weapons in the traces of the firing pin on the primer with the marks of the production mechanisms, which were formed during the manufacture of ammunition. The studies used cartridges manufactured in Russia 9 Ч 19 mm with marking LVE LUGER.

Invited Review Article: Current State of Research on Biological Effects of Terahertz Radiation

Terahertz (THz) imaging and sensing technologies are increasingly being used in a host of medical, military, and security applications. For example, THz systems are now being tested at international airports for security screening purposes, at major medical centers for cancer and burn diagnosis, and at border patrol checkpoints for identification of concealed explosives, drugs, and weapons. Recent advances in THz applications have stimulated renewed interest regarding the biological effects associated with this frequency range. Biological effects studies are a valuable type of basic science research because they serve to enhance our fundamental understanding of the mechanisms that govern THz interactions with biological systems. Such studies are also important because they often times lay the foundation for the development of future applications. In addition, from a practical standpoint, THz biological effects research is also necessary for accurate health hazard evaluation, the development of empirically-based safety standards, and for the safe use of THz systems. Given the importance and timeliness of THz bioeffects data, the purpose of this review is twofold. First, to provide readers with a common reference, which contains the necessary background concepts in biophysics and THz technology, that are required to both conduct and evaluate THz biological research. Second, to provide a critical review of the scientific literature.

Analisis senjata kimia melalui uji profisiensi organisation prohibition of chemical weapon (OPCW)

Identification of some chemicals weapons in the water and organic sample has been carried out during 21th proficiency testing conducted by OPCW (Organisation Prohibition of Chemical Weapon). The samples were prepared and analysed in accordance with the principles describe in the work instructions for the preparation of test samples for OPCW proficiency test. The extract of samples were analysed and identified by GC-EI-MS, GCCI-MS, GC-FPD, GC-NPD and LC-MS. From 7 spiking chemical weapons introduced to water and organic sample, 3 spiking chemicals could be identified such as Bis(2,4,4 trimethylpentyl)methylphosphonate, 2-(N-Ethyl-N-isoprophylamino)etanol and Bis(2-diisoprophylaminoethyl)disulfide.

Direct Sampling of Chemical Weapons in Water by Photoionization Mass Spectrometry

The vulnerability of water supplies to toxic contamination calls for fast and effective means for screening water samples for multiple threats. We describe the use of photoionization (PI) mass spectrometry (MS) for high-speed, high-throughput screening and molecular identification of chemical weapons (CW) threats and other hazardous compounds. The screening technology can detect a wide range of compounds at subacute concentrations with no sample preparation and a sampling cycle time of approximately 45 s. The technology was tested with CW agents VX, GA, GB, GD, GF, HD, HN1, and HN3, in addition to riot agents and precursors. All are sensitively detected and give simple PI mass spectra dominated by the parent ion. The target application of the PI MS method is as a routine, real-time early warning system for CW agents and other hazardous compounds in air and in water. In this work, we also present comprehensive measurements for water analysis and report on the system detection limits, linearity, quantitation accuracy, and false positive (FP) and false negative rates for concentrations at subacute levels. The latter data are presented in the form of receiver operating characteristic curves of the form of detection probability P(D) versus FP probability P(FP). These measurements were made using the CW surrogate compounds, DMMP, DEMP, DEEP, and DIMP. Method detection limits (3sigma) obtained using a capillary injection method yielded 1, 6, 3, and 2 ng/mL, respectively. These results were obtained using 1-microL injections of water samples without any preparation, corresponding to mass detection limits of 1, 6, 3, and 2 pg, respectively. The linear range was about 3-4 decades and the dynamic range about 4-5 decades. The relative standard deviations were generally <10% at CW subacute concentrations levels.

Thin-film piezoelectric acoustic sensor (TFPAS): further experimental validation of the theory of resonance sensitivity

The theory developed earlier, predicts that TFPAS sensitivity exhibits a periodic character, the period being equal to one half of the longitudinal acoustical wavelength in the sorption film material, λ r. Sensitivity maxima occur at l r = (2 n − 1) λ r/4, where n is 1, 2, 3, … and l r is the sorption film thickness. Preliminary experiments showed that there was indeed a sharp increase in the sensitivity of TFPAS in the vicinity of λ/4 resonance. In this paper, λ/4 resonance is confirmed and the theory is further experimentally validated by observing another resonance at 3 λ/4. Potential applications of TFPAS operated at resonance frequencies for real-time detection and identification of chemical and biological weapons are discussed.

Early warning surveillance of drinking water by photoionization/mass spectrometry

Increased terrorist activity is raising concerns about the safety of water supplies. Early warning systems that are accurate and fast are needed to deploy effective strategies for rapid response. A new analyzer based on photoionization (PI) and quadrupole ion trap, time‐of‐flight (QitTof) mass spectrometry (MS) offers high‐speed, high‐throughput screening and molecular identification of chemical weapons threats and other hazardous compounds. A growing number of municipalities and government facilities are adopting this new screening instrumentation to help safeguard public drinking water. This article reviews the strategy being taken by cities such as Phoenix, Ariz., to develop an early warning capability based on the PI/QitTof MS screening technology. The screening technology can detect a wide range of compounds at subacute concentrations with no sample preparation and a sampling cycle time of about 45 s.

How Much Is Enough: Real-Time Detection and Identification of Biological Weapon Agents

Winning the war against terrorism will require adoption of new strategies for decisionmaking, communication, and research and development.This is particularly true with respect to real-time detection and identification (DI) of Biological Weapons (BW). Real-time bio-sensors presently used by the military do not satisfy the requirements for a civilian environment. More sophisticated BW sensors are needed with false positives and false negatives minimized and addressed. Expert first responders and health professionals in a few cities are becoming familiar with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based sensors, but are mostly unaware of other real-time BW DI possibilities in the R&D pipeline. The aim of this paper is to provide individuals outside of the BW research community with an overview of the current status and future prospects for real-time BW detection and identification. It is expected that the Dept. of Homeland Security will play an essential role in establishing incentive systems so that the most appropriate research is conducted and evaluated with peer review using both scientists and first responders. This type of overall strategy has the potential to finally produce real-time biosensors with required properties and keep our BW preparedness ahead of our terrorist enemies’ emerging capabilities.

Prejudice and perception: the role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon.

Two experiments used a priming paradigm to investigate the influence of racial cues on the perceptual identification of weapons. In Experiment 1, participants identified guns faster when primed with Black faces compared with White faces. In Experiment 2, participants were required to respond quickly, causing the racial bias to shift from reaction time to accuracy. Participants misidentified tools as guns more often when primed with a Black face than with a White face. L. L. Jacoby's (1991) process dissociation procedure was applied to demonstrate that racial primes influenced automatic (A) processing, but not controlled (C) processing. The response deadline reduced the C estimate but not the A estimate. The motivation to control prejudice moderated the relationship between explicit prejudice and automatic bias. Implications are discussed on applied and theoretical levels.

Firearm Injury Prevention

Position Papers1 February 1998Firearm Injury PreventionAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-128-3-199802010-00012 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail This paper identifies gun violence and the prevention of firearm-related injury and death as high-priority public health issues. It presents background information on the growing epidemic of gun violence and outlines some of the steps that physicians should take, such as counseling patients about firearm safety and becoming involved in community efforts to prevent firearm injuries. Other positions call for strong legislation to ban the sale and possession of assault weapons, support for law enforcement measures to aid in the identification of weapons used in crimes, and restrictions on the sale and possession of handguns.