Identification Of Sulfate Research Articles

Effects of Climate Change

Planet earth is the only cosmological entity which is residing at the most habitable zone of our solar system and provides life-support systems to the all living-being residing on it. The systematic studies on earth structure, ingredients, and global phenology are covered under ‘Earth Science’, which provides the meaningful justification for every incident happened or happening on earth surface. Climate condition played an important role in the origin of life. Optimum weather condition warrants the succession of life on earth. However, in modern civilization, increasing trend of urbanization has put the environment in a vulnerable situation. As a result, changes in climate have been observed in different parts of the world. To cope up with the problematic issues due to climate change it is necessary to research the fact vividly, which not only secures the present environment but also maintains sustainable resources for the future generations. The current issue of The Journal of Earth Science and Climatic Change presents some interesting findings such as- maximum land area is covered by regions of moderate vulnerability; bi-layered structure of the Awataib valley, Sudan; change in perception and attitudes of the locals towards forest management would entail providing environmental education to the people, and consideration of the needs of the local populace; climate change will impact the magnitude and frequency of rainfall intensity, and therefore flooding of the Abaya-Chamo basin; identification of sulphate, and by extrapolation petrol in Loei-Wang Saphung, Thailand

Integrating Weak Anion Exchange and Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry with Strategic Modulation of Peptide Basicity for the Enrichment of Sulfopeptides.

Tyrosine sulfation is an important post-translational modification but remains difficult to detect in biological samples owing to its low stoichiometric abundance and the lack of effective enrichment methods. In the present study, weak anion exchange (WAX) is evaluated for the enrichment of sulfopeptides that have been modified via carbamylation to convert all primary amines to less basic carbamates. The decrease in basicity enhanced the binding of carbamylated sulfopeptides to WAX resin relative to nonsulfated peptides. Upon elution and electrospray ionization in the negative mode, ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) was applied for peptide sequencing. Application of the method to a tryptic digest of bovine coagulation factor V resulted in identification of sulfation on tyrosine 1513.

ReEngineered Feedstocks for Pulverized Coal Combustion Emissions Control

New coal reaction technology called ReEngineered Feedstock (ReEF), consisting of post-recycled paper and plastics, was evaluated for combustion emissions control when cofiring with pulverized coal. Experiments were conducted with four types of ReEF in a 2 in. diameter laboratory-scale fluidized bed combustor system heated to 1200, 1400, and 1600 °C. Flue gas emission was continuously monitored with an online infrared multigas analyzer and mass spectrometer. The results indicate that co-firing ReEF with coal provides SO2 emission reduction in flue gas up to 85% and moderate decrease in NO emissions, as well as higher carbon conversion than pure coal combustion. ReEF, slag and fly ash solids were were analyzed by X-ray diffraction; identification of sulfates in the product ash conclusively supports the mechanism of in situ sulfur capture.

O-Linked glycome and proteome of high-molecular-mass proteins in human ovarian cancer ascites: Identification of sulfation, disialic acid and O-linked fucose

The O-linked glycosylation of the main acidic high-molecular-weight glycoprotein from ascites fluid from patients with ovarian cancer were analyzed. The O-linked oligosaccharides were shown to consist of mainly highly sialylated core 1 and 2 structures with a smaller amount of sulfated core 2 structures. These structures were shown to be able to be further extended into small keratan sulfate (KS)-type oligosaccharides with up to four N-acetyllactosamine units. Proteomic studies of the acidic fraction of ascites fluid from patients with ovarian cancer showed that this fraction was enriched in proteoglycans. Among them, lumican, agrin, versican and dystroglycans were potential candidates, with threonine- and serine-rich domains that could carry a significant amount of O-linked glycosylation, including also the O-linked KS. Glycomic analysis using liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) also showed that the disialic acid NeuAc-NeuAc- was frequently found as the terminating structure on the O-linked core 1 and 2 oligosaccharides from one ascites sample. Also, a small amount of the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-associated O-linked fucose structure Gal-GlcNAc-Fucitol was detected with and without sialic acid in the LC-MS/MS analysis. Candidate proteins containing O-linked fucose were suggested to be proteoglycan-type molecules containing the O-linked fucose EGF consensus domain.

Source identification of sulphate forming salts on sandstones from monuments in Salamanca, Spain—a stable isotope approach

Salt efflorescences markedly contribute to the alteration and deterioration of building material, in this case the Villamayor Sandstone of the facades in the Old Town of Salamanca, Spain (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization world cultural heritage site). A better understanding of the mechanisms of salt formation and the involved elements would allow more precise measures in monument conservation. The magnesium which is required for the salt precipitation originates from selective processes of hydrolysis. The source of sulphate, however, is presently not as clear. Identifying the source of the sulphur was the main goal of this research. Isotope ratio measurement of delta(34)S and delta(18)O was used to clarify the origins of Mg sulphate salts. A total of 56 Mg sulphate samples were collected in two different seasons (July and November 2005) from monuments of the Old Town of Salamanca. These sampled salt efflorescences were analysed for delta(34)S and delta(18)O by mass spectrometry. A 'dual-inlet' type by VG Isotech was used for delta(34)S and continuous flow type Isoprime by GV Instruments for delta(18)O. Samples were measured in triplicates and standard material was analysed for quality control. delta(34)S values range between 3.6 per thousand and 15.4 per thousand with a median value of 10.2 per thousand for the July samples and of 10.1 per thousand for November samples. The results of the sulphur ratios hint towards a bimodal distribution (with modes at delta(34)S = 6 per thousand and 12 per thousand) for winter samples, which is less obvious during summer. delta(18)O values range from 7.1 per thousand to 41.1 per thousand. However, most values range from 7.1 per thousand to 20.8 per thousand, whereas only few summer samples show outliers towards higher delta(18)O values. The median delta(18)O value for July samples is 15.5 per thousand and for November samples 14.6 per thousand. The isotopic ratios of the analysed sulphate samples were compared with values of possible source materials. Sulphur sources in the case of Salamanca are barites from the Villamayor Sandstone itself, sea spray, sulphides from regional rocks, biogenic sulphur (soil, avian excreta), as well as sulphur from anthropogenic sources such as building materials (especially mortar) or traffic exhaust. Salamanca is a representative site for non-industrial cities with no heavy industry and thus, there are no significant SO(2) emissions from industry. Based on the measured isotopic ratios, it was ascertained that more than one sole sulphur source is present. However, based on additional information about the source material and possible transport ways, some sources could be excluded whereas others only played a minor role. Finally, there is strong indication that the main sulphur source is atmospheric pollution and the exhaust emissions from vehicles in particular, while mortar as building material also contributes to a minor extent. The delta(18)O values support this hypothesis. Moreover, the reported delta(18)O values are a strong indicator of the secondary nature of the Mg sulphates. Isotope ratio measurement and especially the combined use of delta(34)S and delta(18)O values have proven to be a good instrument in clarifying the origin of salt efflorescences on buildings. Further studies should investigate more closely the isotopic composition of atmospheric aerosols in Salamanca in order to get a more detailed knowledge about the main sulphur sources, as well as to quantify the relation between the isotopic values and the amount and mineralogical form of the salts.

Identification of Sulfate and Hydroxyl Radicals in Thermally Activated Persulfate

Thermal activation can induce persulfate (S2O82−) degradation to form sulfate radicals (SO4−•) that can undergo radical interconversion to form hydroxyl radicals (HO•) under alkaline conditions. The radicals SO4−•/HO• can be present either individually or simultaneously in the persulfate oxidation system. To identify the active radical species, a chemical probe method was developed. An excess of probe compounds was added to the system, and differences between the reactivity of the probes and the potential radical species were observed. The usage of various probes, including tert-butyl alcohol, phenol, and nitrobenzene (NB), for simultaneously identifying SO4−•/HO• was investigated. NB can only react with radicals: it cannot react with persulfate. The reaction rate of NB with HO• is 3000−3900 times greater than that of NB with SO4−•, which is a good candidate for use as a probe for differentiating between SO4−•/HO• reactivity. Furthermore, the effects of pH on the formation of SO4−•/HO• were demonstrated b...

Identification of Sulfate- and Arsenate-Reducing Bacteria in Sheep Manure as Permeable Reactive Materials after Arsenic Immobilization in Groundwater

Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) column tests were performed to investigate the contribution of anaerobic microbial community in sheep manure on the removal of As from groundwater. The column was packed with zero valent iron (ZVI), sheep manure, compost, wood chips, glass beads and gravels. All materials were sterilized except for sheep manure that contains anaerobic bacteria. Decrease in sulfate concentration was observed at the maximum rate of 0.26 mmol dm−3 day−1. In addition, the sulfur isotopic ratio of δ34S increased from the influent (−4.3 extperthousand) to the effluent (0.2 extperthousand), suggesting that there was sulfate-reducing activity in the microbial community. Arsenate was more effectively immobilized on ZVI than arsenite. Bacterial community analysis using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) on 16S rRNA sequences suggested that majorities of bacteria were several Clostridium species and one species of Proteobacteria, Geobacter metallireducens GS-15, independently of PRBs column heights. Some of them might have contributed to the removal of arsenic.

Identification of sulfate in natural carbonates by x-ray absorption spectroscopy

We have analyzed sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structures (XANES) and demonstrated, with a high degree of certainty, that sulfur is present in a variety of biogenic and diagenetic carbonates as sulfate. The sulfate is clearly not in the form of gypsum or anhydrite inclusions, and there is good evidence that the sulfate substitutes for carbonate. This finding validates systematic investigations of sulfate distribution in modern and ancient carbonate minerals. Further, it documents that carbonate sedimentation is a sink for marine sulfate, accounting for perhaps 15% of the annual sulfur sedimentary depositional flux.

Analytische auswertung von austauschreaktionen zwischen löslichen und wenig löslichen elektrolyten

After an explanation of the theoretical basis of exchange reactions between soluble and difficultly soluble electrolytes, their advantages and disadvantages as analytical test reactions were illustrated by the following examples: 1. identification of oxalatc and fluoride by their reaction with calcium carbonate; 2. identification of sulfate and chromatc with barium carbonate; 3. identification of phosphate and chromate with lead carbonate; 4. identification of the halogens with silver carbonate; 5. identification of bromide and iodide with .silver thiocyanatc; 6. identification of bromide with silver thiocyanatc and photodecomposition; 7. identification of phosphate and oxalate with lead iodate; 8. identification of the halogens with silver iodate. The mechanism of these reactions is discussed and a hypothesis formulated to explain why ion exchange ensues, even if the concentration of the reagents is smaller than would be necessary for mass precipitation. Many of the reactions described arc not listed in jacouson's Encyclopedia of Chemical Reactions.