Identification Of Resources Research Articles

Planning Principles for Integrating Community Empowerment into Zero-Net Carbon Transformation

The adoption of the UN 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals is a landmark in international sustainability politics. For example, Europe has set ambitious targets to achieve 100 climate-neutral and smart cities by 2030. However, numerous case studies from different countries have found that accelerating the transition to net-zero carbon emissions is easily hampered by the lack of a coherent systems framework, and that implementation gaps remain at the community level. These barriers are often due to a lack of an adequate end-user (i.e., household) input and early planning participation. This work therefore aims to improve on conventional planning methods that do not reflect innovative technologies with uncertainty and may not be applicable due to the lack of community empowerment, which is a dynamic learning and intervention opportunity for end-users at different planning stages (i.e., outreach, survey, planning, implementation, management, and maintenance). Using the lessons learned from participatory action research, whereby the author was involved as a project director throughout the planning and design process, we identified a six-step cycle principle. The steps are (1) collective action commitments, (2) local values and resource identification, (3) carbon footprint inventory, (4) optimized integration of environment, economy, and energy action plans, (5) Flexible strategic energy system plans, and (6) digital performance monitoring. Ultimately, the outcomes provide application support for policymakers and planners and stimulate community engagement to contribute to the achievement of zero net carbon emissions.

Ресурсы жизнеспособности горожан: опыт сравнения двух городов

The relevance of the study is due to the identification of unique and universal viability resources of the Moscow and Surgut residents. The purpose of the research is to study the viability resources of Moscow and Surgut citizens. The study hypothesizes that there are general and unique personal and environmental factors for both cities that ensure the viability of their residents. The study was carried out on a sample of respondents aged 18–75 (N = 644) living in the two cities: Moscow (n = 359) and Surgut (n = 285). The applied methods include the “Identificationwith-the-City Scale” (M. Lally) used to identify the perception of the advantages of the city, general attachment to it, connection with the city past and orientation to it in the future. Moreover, the authors used the original questionnaires aimed at the identification of the citizens’ responsibility and their willingness to participate in the city life (T. V. Drobysheva); analysis of the emotional characteristics of the city future “Semantic differential” (T. V. Dr obysheva, S. V. Tarasov); a set of questions that reveal socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. The research results demonstrate that there are some factors of the urban environment that reduce the citizens’ viability. These factors are common to both cities. In addition, in the Moscow sample, the experience of stress is mostly associated with external factors, while in the Surgut sample it is connected with the quality of life. The study has revealed differences in the socio-psychological resources of the citizens’ vitality: in the level of urban identity, in the type of responsibility (external for the Muscovites and internal for the Surgut residents), in readiness for various types of activity, in the image of the future city, and in the use of environmental resources. The resources of the Muscovites’ viability are based on a high level of their urban identity, on delegating responsibility for the city state to the authorities, and on a positive image of future life in the city. The Surgut residents rely on their self-confidence and feel responsible for the city state. An important viability resource for them is their willingness to take actions in the interest of the city and their tendency for active use of urban recreational resources. It is recommended to develop urban programs to attract interested citizens to planning city innovations in both cities.

Sustainable entrepreneurship strategies for SMME development in the fourth industrial revolution within Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa

The emergence of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) poses the risk of bringing about a new wave of disparities due to changed employment patterns and a global economic environment that is experiencing rapid transformation. Automation and so-called «thinking machines» are displacing humans in a variety of professions and functions, which in turn is causing businesses to reevaluate the competencies they seek in prospective workers. The main goal of sustainable economic participation in the 4IR is to harness the localized economic potential by promoting innovation to all its growth aspects. This is accomplished via a unified approach to development rather than a «one size fits all» solution. To that aim, small, micro, and medium-sized enterprises (SMMEs) is one of the most crucial pillars that support the economy. As a result, sustainable entrepreneurship in the context of the 4IR was approached in this research as an outcome-based local initiative that that was addressed by key stakeholders. The fundamental purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that led to the successful identification and utilization of local resources, ideas, and skills by entrepreneurs in order to stimulate economic growth and development in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). The aim of this study was to evaluate the problems faced by company owners and the impact that provincial and national government aid had on their ability to continue operations. In this study, qualitative research technique and an exploratory research methodology were employed. The 12 SMMEs comprising the study's population are located in the eThekwini area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The participants in the study were not selected by chance, but rather on the basis of a predetermined criterion aimed at senior management. Semi-structured interviews constituted the entirety of the data collection. The data was analyzed via NVivo and thematic analysis. This research has contributed to the subject by presenting a business sustainability strategy for SMMEs, with the aim of enhancing the performance and growth of these firms in an uncertain digital realm.

BPRIA: Crosstalk-Avoided Bi-Partitioning-Based Counter-Propagation Resource Identification and Allocation for Spectrally-Spatially Elastic Optical Networks

Signal transmission using counter-propagation nowadays is adopted to enhance resource utilization in spectrally-spatially elastic optical networks (SS-EONs), where inter-mode and inter-core crosstalks always degrade signal quality and become bottlenecks for high transport capacity. In this paper, we propose BPRIA for the first time, a Bi-Partitioning-based crosstalk-avoided Resource Identification and Allocation scheme in SS-EONs to enhance resource utilization while suppressing both inter-mode and inter-core crosstalks. We introduce a bi-partitioning optimization problem with vertex elimination to maximize the number of non-adjacent cores and modes in each partition of the bipartite graph; two distinct sets of cores and modes are used in a counter-propagation manner for lightpath allocation. The optimization problem is formulated as an integer linear programming (ILP) problem, and we prove that the optimization problem is NP-complete. An algorithm for core-mode-spectrum allocation is developed considering two distinct sets of cores and modes obtained by ILP to serve lightpath requests while avoiding inter-mode and inter-core crosstalks. For dynamic scenarios, we present core-mode-spectrum allocation. Numerical results reveal that the blocking probability is reduced by BPRIA in SS-EONs, and it enhances traffic admissibility in the network.

Building a High-resolution Digital Terrain Model of Bennu from Laser Altimetry Data

The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft orbited the near-Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu to characterize the asteroid prior to sampling. One important aspect of this characterization was the creation of a high-resolution (5–7 cm) global shape model using the OSIRIS-REx Laser Altimeter (OLA). We describe the data collected by OLA, along with the approach used to register overlapping topography using keypoints and keypoint descriptors in order to produce a globally self-consistent set of data. These globally registered sets of topographic scans were used to generate digital terrain models at both global and regional scales. We also describe efforts to correct for a change in behavior of the scanning mirror after the launch and highlight the improvements to the data after implementing an updated calibration of the mirror. The resulting model represents the highest-fidelity global OLA data set.

ASSESSING THE INFLUENCE OF SELF-LEADERSHIP STRATEGIES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL ON WORK ENGAGEMENT AMONG BANKING SECTOR EMPLOYEES

It has become vital to propose new forms of engaging employees in the banking industry in order to retain critical customers and increase profits. The banking industry operates in an exceedingly complicated and competitive atmosphere characterised by ever-changing conditions and an extremely unpredictable financial climate; it is also faced with economic recession and depleted employee confidence. With the reported challenges experienced by the banking industry, it has become imperative to find mechanisms to improve work engagement. The traditional methods of fostering engagement have proved ineffective, and managers are on the lookout for new ways of engaging employees. This research proposes that embracing and encouraging the self-leadership strategies and creating a positive psychological environment which facilitate employee thriving can be part of the new methods to boost work engagement. The main purpose of the inquiry was to determine the extent to which a combination of self-leadership strategies and psychological resources may influence work engagement. Using 303 banking sector employees a cross-sectional quantitative survey was applied. Results indicated that self-leadership strategies combined with psychological capital explain 69.4% variance in work engagement. Constructive thought patterns and hope are the main contributors to work engagement. Combining self-leadership strategies (constructive thoughts, self-efficacy, and hope) yields favourable levels of work engagement for banking sector employees. To enhance the energy levels and the quality of work among banking sector employees, managers can focus on encouraging the utilisation of self-leadership strategies and enhancing psychological resources to formulate practices that may improve work engagement. This study contributes to new knowledge pertaining to strategies that could be utilised by mangers to improve or enhance work engagement in the banking industry. The study also produced compelling implications for advancing theory through the identification of personal resources from self-leadership and psychological capital. These resources can be utilised to enhance individual work engagement based on the Job Demands Resource Model.

Detection of fish frauds (basa catfish and sole fish) via iKnife rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry: An in situ and real-time analytical method

The fish fillets of basa catfish (Pangasius bocourti) and sole fish (Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther) have similar appearance but different market values, leading to the possibility of adulteration for economic gains. In this study, a surgical knife, namely iKnife, was coupled to rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) to develop a high-throughput technique for in situ and real-time authenticating these two fish species. The iKnife generated informative aerosol, which was further aspired into mass spectrometry to acquire specific fingerprinting profiles. The spectra were multivariate statistical analyzed, and the most contributing ions responsible for the significant difference between the lipidomics profiles of basa catfish and sole fish were screened out. For instance, ions of m/z 281.2470, 279.2319, 699.4970, etc. were abundance in basa catfish, while m/z 301.2164, 327.2341, 764.5284, etc. were significant in sole fish. Subsequently, the validation of the method was carried out in terms of intra-day precision (RSD 5.06%–8.65%) and inter-day precision (RSD ≤9.17%). Finally, this established iKnife-REIMS method was successfully applied to blind samples from markets with an accuracy greater than 98%. The results indicated that the proposed iKnife REIMS method could be used to unambiguously authenticate these two easily adulterated basa catfish and sole fish, and provide the basis and potential for the high-throughput identification of marine resources on the market.

경도신경인지장애 노인의 노래 회상 활동 사례 연구

This study was conducted to confirm what kind of changes the song recall activity, centering on the identification of future support resources and positive emotional experiences brought to older adults with mild Neurocognitive Disorder with depression. The subjects were three older adults with mild Neurocognitive Disorder. The music therapy program consisted of 7 sessions with song recall, positive emotional experiences and expressions, and creating lyrics through positive self-expression activities. Geriatric Depression Scale(GDS) was conducted before, after, and upon completion of the session. Moreover, based on the recorded conversation and recalled memories, the process of emotional changes and identified future psychological resources and their meanings were analyzed. The findings are as follows. First, the participants continuously expressed positive emotions such as joy, appreciation, and confidence unlike the previous state of depression. Second, the participants recalled in detail by linking the songs with meaningful memories that provided them comfort and were able to identify, discovering the psychological support resources. Third, it was also confirmed that musical products with positive lyrics created by embracing the present self were also used as positive psychological resources. This study suggests that the positive emotions experienced in song recall can be used as a future-oriented psychological resource.

A Method Combining Seepage Theory and Model Simulation for the Identification of Potential Groundwater Resources

A Method Combining Seepage Theory and Model Simulation for the Identification of Potential Groundwater Resources

Investigating the impact of long-term agricultural practices on selected peri-urban aquifers in tropical Southwest India

Hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater resources is of paramount significance in the tropics as it aids identification of safe and sustainable water resources. Evaluation of heavy metals in water is necessary as they integrate into the food chain and pose deleterious effects on human and aquatic life. To identify the extent of heavy metal occurrence in groundwater, 40 samples were collected seasonally from dug wells located in agriculture-intensive areas and analysed for physicochemical parameters and heavy metals. Water quality and pollution indices were used to evaluate overall groundwater quality and threat to humankind. The heavy metal concentrations in groundwater were observed in the increasing sequence of Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Co (post-monsoon) and Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Co (pre-monsoon). Heavy metal pollution index (HPI) revealed that the dissolved heavy metal content was found below critical value. Correlation analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the groundwater hydrochemistry is influenced by geogenic (rock-water interaction, precipitation, simple dissolution, and base-exchange reactions) and anthropogenic sources. The results of this study will help in developing a long-term groundwater monitoring system for metal pollution, sustainable management, and conservation of peri-urban groundwater resources to achieve water security.

Genetic resources and product diversification in a transitioning coffee agroecosystem in Mecayapan, Veracruz, Mexico

Objective: To analyze a coffee agroecosystem undergoing an agroecological transition —considered as an alternative for the efficient use and the conservation of resources— through an agroecological association design with three legumes and one cucurbit in coffee cultivation. Design/Methodology/Approach: Collection and identification of genetic resources found in the agroecosystem; agroecological association design with three legumes and one cucurbit in a coffee crop; zig-zag soil sampling for physical, chemical, and biological analyses; data analysis using JASP software version 0.16.2. Results: We identified 42 weed species with various uses within the coffee agroecosystem, as well as the criteria for the association of species according to use. The soil analysis showed a significant correlation between micronutrients and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The boron variable also influences the growth of such bacteria. Study Limitations/Implications: The results apply to the agroecological model in transition presented. Findings/Conclusions: Agroecological transition in coffee agroecosystems is slow but contributes to improving soil conditions. It also allows for the reappearance of usable weed species. There is a significant correlation between boron and the development of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Likewise, the physical properties of soil have a direct impact on the growth of such bacteria

Examining the functionality of digital platform capability in driving B2B firm performance: evidence from emerging market

PurposeThis study aims to explore the influence mechanism of digital platform capability on firm performance in the business-to-business (B2B) context. This study draws on the core competence theory and the resource-based view and includes resource identification, resource allocation and intrapreneurship into the research framework.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 167 B2B firms with survey questionnaires in central, eastern and southeastern coastal areas of China. The firms were mainly involved in e-commerce, manufacturing, service industry and internet technology. Participants were mainly middle and senior managers with a comprehensive grasp of their firms’ information.FindingsThis study found that digital platform capability has a positive impact on a B2B firm’s performance. Resource identification, resource allocation and intrapreneurship play a chain mediating role between digital platform capability and firm performance. That is, digital platform capability could promote employee intrapreneurship through resource identification and resource allocation, thereby improving firm performance.Practical implicationsAiming to gain performance, firms should pay attention to the construction of digital platforms, increase venture capital investment and provide more resources to support intrapreneurship.Originality/valueBased on empirical evidence, to the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt to link digital platform capability and firm performance in the B2B context of emerging markets, providing a new perspective to clarify its relationship mechanism.

Adapting DIALOG+ in a School Setting-A Tool to Support Well-being and Resilience in Adolescents Living in Postconflict Areas During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Exploratory Study.

Colombia has a long history of an armed conflict that has severely affected communities with forced internal displacement and violence. Victims of violence and armed conflicts have higher rates of mental health disorders, and children and adolescents are particularly affected. However, the mental health needs of this population are often overlooked, especially in low- and middle-Income countries, where scarcity of resources exacerbates the problem that has been further compounded by the global COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, special attention should be paid to the development of interventions that target this population. Our research aims to adapt an existing patient-centered digital intervention called DIALOG+ from a clinical setting to an educational setting using stakeholders' (teachers' and students') perspectives. We aim to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and estimated effect of implementing this intervention as a tool for the identification and mobilization of personal and social resources to mitigate the impact of social difficulties and to promote mental well-being. We will conduct an exploratory mixed methods study in public schools of postconflict areas in Tolima, Colombia. The study consists of 3 phases: adaptation, exploration, and consolidation of the DIALOG+ tool. The adaptation phase will identify possible changes that the intervention requires on the basis of data from focus groups with teachers and students. The exploration phase will be an exploratory cluster randomized trial with teachers and school counselors to assess the acceptability, feasibility, and estimated effect of DIALOG+ for adolescents in school settings. Adolescents' data about mental health symptoms and wellness will be collected before and after DIALOG+ implementation. During this phase, teachers or counselors who were part of the intervention group will share their opinions through the think-aloud method. Lastly, the consolidation phase will consist of 2 focus groups with teachers and students to discuss their experiences and to understand acceptability. Study recruitment was completed in March 2022, and follow-up is anticipated to last through November 2022. This exploratory study will evaluate the acceptability, feasibility, and estimated effect of DIALOG+ for adolescents in postconflict school settings in Colombia. The use of this technology-supported tool aims to support interactions between teachers or counselors and students and to provide an effective student-centered communication guide. This is an innovative approach in both the school and the postconflict contexts that could help improve the mental health and wellness of adolescents in vulnerable zones in Colombia. Subsequent studies will be needed to evaluate the effectiveness of DIALOG+ in an educational context as a viable option to reduce the gap and inequities of mental health care access. ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN14396374; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN14396374?q=ISRCTN14396374. DERR1-10.2196/40286.

Assessment of Three Automated Identification Methods for Ground Object Based on UAV Imagery

Identification and monitoring of diverse resources or wastes on the ground is important for integrated resource management. The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), with its high resolution and facility, is the optimal tool for monitoring ground objects accurately and efficiently. However, previous studies have focused on applying classification methodology on land use and agronomy, and few studies have compared different classification methods using UAV imagery. It is necessary to fully utilize the high resolution of UAV by applying the classification methodology to ground object identification. This study compared three classification methods: A. NDVI threshold, B. RGB image-based machine learning, and C. object-based image analysis (OBIA). Method A was the least time-consuming and could identify vegetation and soil with high accuracy (user’s accuracy > 0.80), but had poor performance at classifying dead vegetation, plastic, and metal (user’s accuracy < 0.50). Both Methods B and C were time- and labor-consuming, but had very high accuracy in separating vegetation, soil, plastic, and metal (user’s accuracy ≥ 0.70 for all classes). Method B showed a good performance in identifying objects with bright colors, whereas Method C showed a high ability in separating objects with similar visual appearances. Scientifically, this study has verified the possibility of using the existing classification methods on identifying small ground objects with a size of less than 1 m, and has discussed the reasons for the different accuracy of the three methods. Practically, these results help users from different fields to choose an appropriate method that suits their target, so that different wastes or multiple resources can be monitored at the same time by combining different methods, which contributes to an improved integrated resource management system.

Mobile phone-based interventions for mental health show promise of effectiveness, but what does the evidence tell us about what needs to come next?

The current manuscript is a commentary on "Mobile phone-based interventions for mental health: A systematic meta-review of 14 meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials". Although embedded within a nuanced discussion, one of the primary conclusions readers have taken from the meta-analysis was "we failed to find convincing evidence in support of any mobile phone-based intervention on any outcome", which seems to contradict the entirety of the evidence presented when taken out of context of the methods applied. In evaluating whether the area produced "convincing evidence of efficacy," the authors used a standard that appeared destined to fail. Specifically, the authors required "no evidence of publication bias", which is a standard that would be unlikely to be found in any area of psychology or medicine. Second, the authors required low to moderate heterogeneity in effect sizes when comparing interventions with fundamentally different and entirely dissimilar target mechanisms. However absent these 2 untenable criteria, the authors actually found highly suggestive evidence of efficacy (N > 1,000, p < .000001) in (1) anxiety; (2) depression; (3) smoking cessation; (4) stress; and (5) quality of life. Perhaps the appropriate conclusions would be that existing syntheses of data testing smartphone intervention suggests that these interventions are promising, but additional work is needed to separate what types of interventions and mechanisms are more promising. Evidence syntheses will be useful as the field matures, but such syntheses should focus on smartphone treatments that are created equal (i.e., similar intent, features, goals, and linkages in a continuum of care model) or use standards for evidence that promote rigorous evaluation while allowing identification of resources that can help those in need.

Impact of a Well-being Promotion Training Program on Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience Conference Leaders

Objective. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the attitudes and self-efficacy of advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) conference leaders after completing the Well-being Promotion (WelPro) training program developed at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) School of Pharmacy.Methods. The WelPro training program was developed to equip participants with the knowledge and tools to assist APPE students in distress and promote student wellness. After completing the WelPro training program, a 20-item survey was administered to 10 conference leaders via a web-based survey tool to assess their attitudes about burnout and self-efficacy in assisting students in distress. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize attitudes and self-efficacy.Results. Ten conference leaders participated in the training program. Of these, nine reported experiencing burnout in their careers, and all believed burnout within the pharmacy profession could be avoided. After the WelPro training program, confidence levels of the conference leaders significantly improved in the following areas: identification of students in distress, identification of resources for students, and recognition of when and how to refer students in distress.Conclusion. Increased self-efficacy of conference leaders to identify and assist students in distress could be translated into their improved ability to support students' overall well-being. The WelPro training program can serve as a model for similar wellness training programs that directors and preceptors in experiential education can implement at their institutions.

Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Tree Reconstruction of Marine Fish Species from the Fishing Port of Kutaradja, Banda Aceh

The enormous potential of marine resources possessed by Banda Aceh Province is expected to be utilised optimally. Accuracy in marine fish resource identification is a critical requirement to support their utilisation and preservation in Banda Aceh Province. In this study, a molecular identification approach was carried out in addition to conducting a morphological identification, commonly used by several scientists. The results were 47 COI sequences generated representing 33 genera, 19 families, and five orders. From the resulting COI partial sequences, there is one potential haplotype from the Scombridae family (Auxis thazard), two potential haplotypes from the Carangidae family (Elagatis bipinnulata and Decapterus macarellus), and two potential haplotypes from the Serranidae family (Variola albimarginata and Cephalopholis sonnerati). This study is essential for fisheries biological studies and other fisheries studies to support the sustainable utilisation of marine fisheries potential in Banda Aceh.

Variation of vitamin B contents in maize inbred lines: Potential genetic resources for biofortification.

Vitamin B and its derivatives possess diverse physiological functions and are essential micronutrients for humans. Their variation in crops is important for the identification of genetic resources used to develop new varieties with enhanced vitamin B. In this research, remarkable variations were observed in kernels of 156 maize inbred lines, ranging from 107.61 to 2654.54 μg per 100 g for vitamin B1, 1.19-37.37 μg per 100 g for B2, 19.60-213.75 μg per 100 g for B3, 43.47-590.86 μg per 100 g for B5, and 138.59-1065.11 μg per 100 g for B6. Growing inbreeds in Hainan and Hebei provinces of China revealed environmental and genotype interactions among these vitamins and the correlations between them in maize grain. Several inbred lines were identified as good sources of vitamin B and promising germplasms for maize breeding, namely By855 and Si273 are overall rich in all the studied vitamins, and GY386B and CML118 are specially enriched with derivatives of vitamin B6. The present study can assist maize breeders with germplasm resources of vitamin B for biofortification to offer people nutritious foods.

Multispectral image analysis for monitoring by IoT based wireless communication using secure locations protocol and classification by deep learning techniques

Land surface data is one of the entry points for a enormous resource management and human activity such as to monitor farming, ecology, urban management, and territories. This research aimed to improve the performance of the multispectral image processing technique using a novel deep learning based classification approaches used in classifying the surfaces in multispectral satellite images. The monitoring of Internet of Things (IoT) based wireless communication using secure locations sensor network protocol (SLSNP). The multispectral satellite images are collected based on developing and developed countries. Upon the collection of multispectral image data using deep convolution neural network (DCNN) deep learning system landmarks of the multispectral images are estimated. This will be effective for the identification of resources in a particular location. The simulation results show classification accuracy, precision, recall and the network lifetime, efficiency, throughput based on data transmission from satellite for secure location based wireless sensor networks (WSNs).

Resource Identification and Level of Understanding of Particle Dynamics Concepts

The need for a complete understanding of concepts to prevent imperfect understanding still needs to be prioritized. Many student difficulties are still due to misconceptions that have not been straightened out. Resource theory also reveals this, which explains the phenomenon of imperfect student understanding. This study aims to reveal the students' difficulties in understanding physics concepts on the topic of Newton's laws. The study was conducted on 82 students of class X by using 11 questions of choice of reasons, students' answer choices became quantitative, and the reasons for students' answers became sources of qualitative data. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Meanwhile, the data was analyzed qualitatively using the Miles and Huberman analysis stages to see students' level of understanding and activated resources. The results showed that many students still experienced very low conceptual understanding, averaging 37.58. This is shown in the 11 questions. Only five questions can be answered correctly by more than 50% of students. At the same time, fewer than 30% of students can answer the six questions correctly. However, only 11.53% of students can answer correctly and are accompanied by reasons by scientific concepts. The reasons given in answering indicate the existence of misconceptions experienced by students, with a percentage of 14.52%. At the same time, the remaining 55.54% indicate that students are at the level of not knowing by showing students' answers without giving reasons.