Identification Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Development of Raw Material Identification Method of Changnan-jeot and Gaiyang-jeot Using Multiplex PCR and Real-Time PCR

Development of Raw Material Identification Method of Changnan-jeot and Gaiyang-jeot Using Multiplex PCR and Real-Time PCR

Intra-specific Variation of Alkaloid Content in Berberis lycium from the Western Himalaya

ABSTRACT The metabolic variation of berberine and palmatine content in the roots of Berberis lycium was analyzed by HPTLC–UV for the identification of quality raw material (QRM) used in the industry. Ten natural population(s) were mapped, and samples were collected from different parts of Western Himalayas. Pharmacognostical parameters of each collected raw material were evaluated as per Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India (API) for quality. The HPTLC chromatogram was developed in n-propanol-water-formic acid (9:1:0.1 v/v/v) and quantified at λmax of 350 nm. Rf of palmatine and berberine was at 0.2 ± 0.08 and 0.33 ± 0.03, respectively, and was linear at a concentration range of 0.1–0.5 µg per spot for both markers. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of palmatine and berberine were 5.25, 5.23 and 15.91, 15.86 ng per spot, respectively. Palmatine and berberine varied from 0.117% to 0.739% and 0.203% to 1.134% on dry weight basis. NB-03 was identified as an elite source based on cluster analysis of metabolic content(s).

Biomass‐derived Carbon Quantum Dots – A Review. Part 1: Preparation and Characterization

AbstractThe preparation of nanostructured carbon materials from chosen biomass through hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis processes by optimizing the reaction conditions is one of the bases for applying the product in certain of the development activities. The finished product more or less reflects the raw material and the way of preparation. Among the many products, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have gained importance due to their bolstered characteristics and facile preparation. CQDs are zero‐dimensional (0D) nanomaterials which attracted attention in the recent past due to their excellent water solubility, unique optical properties, good electrical conductivity, eco‐friendliness, and biocompatibility. Small‐sized CQDs offer high surface area per unit volume, strong tunable fluorescence, photo‐luminescent emissions, and semiconducting properties. In this paper, identification of ideal raw materials, process parameters being followed in the preparation of CQDs through hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis techniques, and the properties of the resultant CQDs commensurate with the nature of process are reviewed.

(Invited) How Nanotechnology Can Help the "Zero Hunger" Goal

The elimination of hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition with the aim of creating the basis for a world whose inhabitants feed themselves sufficiently and in a healthy way, in line with their nutritional needs and their food preferences. These are the goals of FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) for 2030. All researchers are called to make their important contribution.Today there are 842 million hungry people, of whom 200 million are children. From the other European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) declares that 88 million tons of food are thrown away every year, or 173 Kg per person. Data that FAO reports worldwide, 45% of the food produced is thrown away. How nanotechnology can help and contribute to the reduction of food waste, valuable waste if reusable[1]. Nanotechnologies can support the whole process from farm to fork, ensuring that less food is wasted and therefore better used, without compromising the health of the consumer.In this work several studies will be presented in which, Small Sensor System (S3), based on gas sensors with nanomaterials has been used to identify possible contamination of foodstuff and reduce food waste.All the analyzed samples, were prepared in an identical manner for all the techniques used in parallel so as to minimize possible differences. In general, in the food field, techniques that do not go to destroy the sample are preferred, that are fast, and user-friendly, so as to be able to combine as much as possible the real production and food processing.The S3 (Fig.1), consists of a pneumatic part, an electronic part and a chamber with a maximum 10 MOX gas sensors, and an online data acquisition and processing app. Flow, temperature, humidity sensors, and actuators (valves and pumps) are all embedded inside the S3 device. Techniques have been used in parallel to train the sensors, are chemical (GC-MS with SPME) and microbiological (growth media), depending on the specific objective of the application and the nature of the samples [2]. In the case of the reduction of possible microbiological contaminations, the samples will be prepared with known concentrations of bacteria, yeasts or molds, to reproduce real samples.Once acquired and transmitted, data must be analyzed to extract relevant information. Machine learning algorithms are widely used to achieve this purpose, ranging from unsupervised methods (as PCA) to supervised learning (like neural networks, k-NN, SVM, random forest as few examples).Remarkable results have been obtained that demonstrate how the S3 device is able to discriminate in a surprising manner the samples analyzed. The reported results in the food sector concern different types of high applicative interest:- Identification of possible microbiological contaminants such as that from Campylobacter jejuni (Fig.2)[3], - Geographical identification of raw materials (Fig. 3)[4],- Evolution of the shelf-life of a product during the preparation or storage phases,- Environmental monitoring (Fig. 4), such as water purification, air pollution.The food matrices are all complex and constantly evolving, and a device like S3 turns out to bring a considerable advantage to the online control. An advantage that makes it possible to reduce the loss of products at any time, and at the same time increases control enlarging the number of samples analyzed and reducing costs. The aforementioned results demonstrate how nanotechnology and in particular S3 device can contribute to reach the “zero hunger” goal all over the world.[1] S. Vermani, Farm to Fork: IOT for Food Supply Chain, International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE), 8 (2019) 4915 - 4919. DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.L3551.1081219.[2] A.Abbatangelo, E. Núñez-Carmona, V. Sberveglieri, Application of a novel S3 nanowire gas sensor device in parallel with GC-MS for the identification of Parmigiano Reggiano from US and European competitors, J. Food Eng. 236 (2018) 36–43.doi:10.3390/s18051617.[3] E. Núñez-Carmona, M. Abbatangelo,, V. Sberveglieri, Innovative Sensor Approach to Follow Campylobacter jejuni Development, Biosensors, 9 (1) (2019) Article number bios9010008 DOI: 10.3390/bios9010008[4] M. Abbatangelo, E. Núñez-Carmona, G. Duina, V. Sberveglieri, V., Multidisciplinary approach to characterizing the fingerprint of Italian EVoO, Molecules, 24 (8) (2019), DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081457. Figure 1

STUDIES ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF INDICATORS OF THE AUTHENTICITY OF PLANT RAW MATERIALS - ACTINIDIA ARGUTA FOLIA AND THE CONTENT OF THE PREVAILING GROUPS OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS

This article presents the results of studies on the identification of the diagnostic traitsof Actinidia arguta leaves and the content of the prevailing groups of biologically active compounds (ВАС). The objective of this work is to estabhsh diagnostic traits of Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. Ех Miq. leaves for the identification of raw materials and predominant ВАС with pharmacological activity. Using macroscopic and microscopic methods of phannacognostic analysis, in accordance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the XIV edition, extemal and microscopic traits of Actinidia arguta have been estaЫished. The results of the studies allow reliaЫe identification of leavesof Actinidia arguta, according to characteristic extemal and microdiagnostictraits. Phytochemical analysis in raw materials deteпnined the presence of ВАС: polysaccharides, ascorbic acid, amino acids, flavonoids, tannins.

Identification of Raw Materials, Processes and Products from Traditional Agroindustry Dadiah

Agroindustry of dadiah is a small industry of Minangkabau traditional food, made from buffalo milk through spontaneous fermentation. Dadiah is a combination of comparative and competitive advantages that has the potential to be developed in West Sumatra. This synergic and sustainable “local specific” development is expected to be able to increase community income and product added value. This is a further research, after mapping dadiah agroindustry. The purpose of this study is to identify the raw materials, processes and products of dadiah traditional food agro-industry that had been mapped in earlier studies. Dadiah identification includes physical properties (length and diameter of dadiah tube, color, moisture content), chemical (pH) and biological (BAL). The sampling technique uses deliberate sampling techniques, namely the agro-industry that is willing to be interviewed and whose products are analyzed. Observation on the identification of raw materials showed that the length of dadiah tube varied for each group. Tanah Datar District has an average size of 28+ 2cm. The dadiah product of Agam District, taken from two locations, each with size of 10 + 2 (Gaduik) and 17 +/-2 cm (Lambah), Sawahlunto District 30 +/-2 and Solok District 60+/2 5 cm. The physical properties of color, aroma and overall appearance are not different, namely yellowish white, dadiah distinctive aroma, solid shape, flat and curved surface. The chemical properties of dadiah have almost the same pH and ash content.

Identification of anise (Anisum vulgare Gaertn.) herbs by morphological and anatomical characteristics

The fruits of anise contain different classes of biologically active compounds, due to which they have antidepressant, antiperoxidant, antidiabetic effect; extracts of this plant have an antibacterial effect. Professional literature lacks information on the chemical composition of anise herbs and prospects for their use in medicine.
 The aim of the work is to study of the morphological and anatomical structure of the aboveground organs of anise and to establish of macro- and microscopic diagnostic characters necessary for the identification of the plant raw materials.
 Materials and methods. Anise herbs consisting of stems, leaves flowers, and unripe fruits were used for the study. Fresh and dried raw materials were macroscopically analyzed with the naked eye and using a magnifying glass (×10). Studies of transverse and longitudinal sections, epidermis and surface preparations were performed using conventional techniques: with microscopes MBS 9, MS 10 (glasses ×5, ×10, ×15, lenses ×10, ×40), Micromed XS-4130 (eyepiece WF15X, lenses ×40/0.65, ×10/0.25) with a photomicrographic attachment. The micrographs were taken with Samsung PL50 camera.
 Results. As a result of the macro- and microscopic analysis, diagnostic properties of anise herbs were established.
 Conclusions. It is for the first time that macro- and microscopic characteristics of anise herbs were studied, which confirms the identity of raw materials. The obtained results will be used for the development of domestic normative documentation on anise herbs raw materials.

Optimal sustainability assessment method selection: a practitioner perspective

This study intends to identify, analyse, and evaluate sustainability assessment (SA) methods, along with the critical factors of sustainable manufacturing (SM) practice. Based on the opinion of experts and a literature review, 10 SA methods and 20 critical factors of SM practice were identified and analysed in relation to their optimal selection in sustainable operations. This research uses a fuzzy MULTIMOORA (Multi-Objective Optimisation on the basis of a Ratio Analysis plus the full multiplicative form) to rank SA methods based on the weights of the critical factors of SM practice obtained using a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP). A case study of the leather processing industry in India describes the use of the technique in practice. The ranks obtained using the AHP-fuzzy MULTIMOORA is compared with those obtained using the best–worst method (BWM)-fuzzy MULTIMOORA. The results reveal that the Index of Social Progress and the Social Life Cycle Assessment are the top two reliable SA methods based on the identified critical factors of SM practice. Among the critical factors, the ‘identification of alternative raw materials’, ‘methane mitigation’, and ‘opting for re-utilisation’ are identified as the prominent critical factors of SM practices. In addition to the critical factors of SM, this study also evaluates SA methods as they help to monitor industrial progress towards sustainability. These findings provide useful insights to practitioners and can help them select optimal and robust SA methods.

Comparative Assessment of the Antibacterial Efficacy of Leaf Extract Obtained from Ficus benjamina L. (Moraceae) and its Cultivars against Aeromonas sobria Strain

The present study is in vitro study to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extracts derived from leaves of Ficus benjamina L. and its cultivars (Safari, Baroque, Amstel Gold, Reginald) against Aeromonas sobria to assess the possible use of this plant in preventing infections caused by this fish pathogen in aquaculture. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the tested Aeromonas sobria was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Our results revealed, that F. benjamina and its cultivars possessed antibacterial properties against Aeromonas sobria strain. The ethanolic extract obtained from leaves of F. benjamina ’Safari‘ exhibited the maximum antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas sobria (the mean of inhibition zone diameter was 26.19 ±1.32 mm). Aeromonas sobria strain was susceptible to the F. benjamina ’Amstel Gold‘ (15.25 ±1.25 mm) and ’Reginald‘ (16.25 ±1.10 mm). Aeromonas sobria strain was the most resistant to F. benjamina (12.5 ±0.80 mm) and F. benjamina ’Baroque‘ (13.63 ±0.75 mm) leaf extracts. The results of this study provide a new perspective for the use of various Ficus species as medicinal plants to improve the antibacterial responses in aquaculture. Scanning electron microscopy has been employed to observe epicuticular wax structures which can be used to assure the correct identification of plant raw materials. Further studies including the use of other medicinal plants as food additives in aquaculture, the assessment of their antioxidant effects on various tissues of salmonids are in progress.

FIVE SEASONS OF EXCAVATIONS IN AREAS 2A AND G OF SARUQ AL HADID (DUBAI, UAE): IRON AGE II EVIDENCES OF COPPER PRODUCTION, WORKSHOP AREA AND CEREMONIAL ACTIVITIES

Within five years of excavations in Area 2A and G of Saruq al-Hadid, several pit-like structures used in combustion activities were found whose purpose is still unclear. Near these, a rich collection of metal objects from the Iron Age II was gathered, along with evidences of their production at the site. Frequent identification of raw materials and working tools, mainly for jewellery production, suggests that the site was also a production centre for these kind of objects, as well as a site with religious connotation as suggested by the votive objects discovered, such as copper anthropomorphic figurines, snakes, miniature weaponry, and soft stone and ceramic vessels with parallels in other places of worship.

Effects and Safe Inclusion of Narbonne Vetch (Vicia narbonensis) in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Diets: Towards a More Sustainable Aquaculture.

Simple SummaryAquaculture’s sustainability deeply relies on the identification and inclusion of alternative raw materials rather than continuing with the use of finite resources such as fish meal and fish oil. Different alternative raw materials have been tested, with the meal from terrestrial vegetable species being one of the main substitution candidates for fish meal. This study evaluated the effects of the inclusion (at 0%, 10% and 30%) of Narbonne vetch (Vicia narbonensis) meal in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets as a first attempt to evaluate its safety as a suitable alternative raw material. High inclusion (30%) of Narbonne vetch led to a reduced final fish size and weight. This seemed to be due to severe histopathological alterations in the proximal intestine that might alter the capacity of the fish to efficiently use the nutrients supplied by the diet. In contrast, a 10% inclusion did not affect fish growth nor digestive system and/or the nutritional value of the fish fillet. Although further research efforts might be required to increase the utilization of alternative raw materials locally produced like Narbonne vetch, present results show Narbonne vetch might reduce carbon footprint in European aquaculture and the dependency on other alternative raw materials such as soybean (Glycine max) imported from third countries.Aquaculture’s sustainability deeply relies on the identification and inclusion of alternative raw materials. Although meals from insects and/or byproducts from different industries are being recently tested, the meal from terrestrial vegetable species is still the main substitution candidate for fish meal. Here the effects of 0% (Control), 10% (A10) and 30% (A30) inclusion of Narbonne vetch (Vicia narbonensis; ZV-156 strain) meal in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets was assessed in a 63-day feeding trial by means of growth performance, histopathological, nutritional value of the fish fillet and blood biochemistry analyses. A dose-response trial was conducted in triplicate with 25 rainbow trout juveniles (20 g average body weight) per 500 L tank. Narbonne vetch meal decreased total intestine protease activity in vitro (from 26.81% to 48% inhibition), although high temperature partially inhibited the action of antinutritional factors (ANFs). No differences in fish growth performance and no severe histopathological alterations on the proximal intestine were observed between 10% Narbonne vetch inclusion and Control groups. In contrast, high inclusion (30%) of Narbonne vetch led to poor growth performance (30% reduction on final growth) and severe histopathological alterations (e.g., loss of brush border integrity, high number of villi fusion, reduced goblet cells density as well as reduced width of submucosa, muscular and serosa layers). Furthermore, while the A30 diet decreased docosahexaenoic fatty acid (FA) content in fish fillets, the A10 diet improved monounsaturated FA content when compared to that of the Control group. No altered levels of cholesterol, glucose or triglycerides in blood plasma and/or histopathological effects on the liver were observed among fish fed the different experimental diets. Although further research efforts (e.g., identifying potential enzymatic treatments to decrease the action of ANFs from Narbonne vetch meal) might be required, present results show that a low inclusion (10%) of Narbonne vetch in rainbow trout diets is possible. The inclusion of locally produced legumes such a Narbonne vetch might be an interesting approach to reduce carbon footprint in European aquaculture and the dependency on other alternative raw materials such as soybean (Glycine max) imported from third countries.

Differentiation of Milk and Whey Protein Concentrates by Microbiome Profiling Using 16S Metagenomics.

Protein powder identification presents a challenge in quality control. There is current deliberation of the specificity of methods for the identification of milk proteins, and the consensus identification method of whey protein from the United States Pharmacopeia Food Chemical Codex relies on a combined analysis of the testing of ash, fat, lactose, loss on drying, and protein. These methods are non-specific. Milk and whey proteins both contain background DNA content. Both milk and whey proteins retain source DNA (cow), but also have bacterial DNA from natural flora, the dairy plant, and in whey protein, the cheesemaking process. The DNA in these materials is retained post-processing, even after the pasteurization process. By utilizing 16S metagenomics, the bacterial DNA in protein powders can be sequenced and cross-referenced to a curated library to ultimately create a microbiome profile of these raw materials. This microbiome can be measured for alpha and beta diversity, specifically how many and which species of bacteria are present. Using 16S metagenomics, we measure alpha and beta diversity of the microbiome profile of each protein powder and use principle coordinate analysis to produce differential groupings, providing a novel identification method for raw materials. In this study, we demonstrate that the microbiome of cow proteins can be used for raw material identification, as the microbiome of milk and whey proteins differ significantly. We also demonstrate that the microbiome of whey protein concentrate can differ from supplier to supplier. Microbiome profiling by 16S metagenomics can be an important forensic tool for quality control. Principle Coordinate Analysis can be used as a statistical tool for protein differentiation using the protein microbiome.

Novel Similarity Methods Evaluation and Feasible Application for Pharmaceutical Raw Material Identification with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

Raw material identification (RMID) is necessary and important to fulfill the quality and safety requirements in the pharmaceutical industry. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a rapid, nondestructive, and commonly used analytical technique that could offer great advantages for RMID. In this study, two brand new similarity methods S1 and S2, which could reflect the similarity from the perspective of the inner product of the two vectors and the closeness with the cosine of the vectorial angle or correlation coefficient, were proposed. The ability of u and v factors to distinguish the difference between small peaks was investigated with the spectra of NIR. The results showed that the distinguishing ability of u is greater than v, and the distinguishing ability of S2 is greater than S1. Adjusting exponents u and v in these methods, which are variable and configurable parameters greater than 0 and less than infinity, could identify small peaks in different situations. Meanwhile, S1 and S2 could rapidly identify raw materials, suggesting that the on-site and in situ pharmaceutical RMID for large-volume applications can be highly achievable. The methods provided in this study are accurate and easier to use than traditional chemometric methods, which are important for the pharmaceutical RMID or other analysis.

Agro-Morphological, Microanatomical and Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of the Medicinal Plant Chelidonium majus L.

Chelidonium majus L. is a medicinal plant well-known as a valuable source of isoquinoline alkaloids, which has a variety of pharmacological properties including anti-viral and anti-bacterial effects. However, considerable intraspecific bio-morphological variability in C. majus complicates raw material identification and verification. For the first time, we have brought into cultivation five populations of C. majus subsp. majus originated from different regions, and performed their agro-morphological, microanatomical and molecular cytogenetic characterization. All examined populations produced high seed (18.6–19.9 kg/ha) and raw material (0.84–1.08 t/ha) yields; total alkaloid contents were within 0.30–0.38%. Nevertheless, significant differences in plant morphology and yield-contributing traits were observed. The performed microanatomical analysis of leaves and flowers in double- and normal-flowered plants revealed micro-diagnostic features (including tissue topography, types of stomata, laticifers, structure of leaf mesophyll, hairs, sepals and petals) important for identification of C. majus raw materials. The analysis of chromosome morphology, DAPI-banding patterns, FISH mapping of 45S and 5S rDNA and also chromosome behavior in meiosis allowed us to identify for the first time all chromosomes in karyotypes and confirm relative genotype stability of the studied plants. Our findings indicate that the examined C. majus populations can be used in further breeding programs.

Immunochromatographic assay for the detection of kwakhurin and its application for the identification of Pueraria candollei var. mirifica (Airy Shaw & Suvat.) Niyomdham

The plant Pueraria candollei var. mirifica (Airy Shaw & Suvat.) Niyomdham (PM), known by its common Thai name as white Kwao Krua, is sometimes misidentified because it presents similar botanical characteristics to those of Butea superba (red Kwao Krua). The phytochemicals in PM are phytoestrogens in the class of isoflavonoids, but Butea superba contains flavonoids that exhibit androgenic and antiestrogen effects. This research aims to develop a simple analytical method for identification and to differentiate PM from red Kwao Krua and other Pueraria species. A gold nanoparticle-based immunochromatographic assay (ICA) was developed for the detection of kwakhurin (Kwa), a unique compound found in PM. The parameters, including sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and specificity, were validated. All samples were analyzed using ICA and high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detector (HPLC-UV). The results of the two methods were compared for consistency checking. The cutoff limit of Kwa detection was 160 ng/mL, which was lower than in the HPLC-UV method. The repeatability and reproducibility of the ICA preparation and assembly showed high precision. The cross-reactivity to related isoflavonoids was less than 0.32%, which implied high specificity of the ICA for Kwa. Moreover, false-positive and false-negative results from other plant extracts were not observed. The developed ICA is applicable for distinguishing PM from red Kwao Krua and other Pueraria species. This simple analytical method can be applied for the identification of raw PM materials in the industrial and agricultural sectors.

Analysis of portable rock art from Foz do Medal (Northwest Iberia): Magdalenian images of horses and aurochs

Studies focusing on Palaeolithic portable rock art have a long tradition in Europe. Nevertheless, they tend to only focus over formal and stylistic criteria of the motifs, important as they provide chronologies for cave art. This article proposes a multiple approach to a sample of 25 engraved plaques of the Foz do Medal archaeological site, where horses and aurochs were depicted, in order to construct a preliminary model able to guide the future analysis of the whole collection composed of more than 1500 fragments. On the one hand, relevant archaeological data was collected and systematized into a database that can be subjected to statistical analysis, for which we develop different variables and their respective attributes. On the other hand, laboratory techniques of analysis and examination of materials were applied, valuing the motifs details, their potential surface treatment by fire or pigments ornamentation, as well as the identification of raw materials and their origins. In this article, we present the obtained results, which allow us to propose some hypotheses regarding the social importance of this specific kind of artefact, as well as its possible manipulations.

Optimisation of Logistics Processes Using Simulation Tools

Abstract Optimization of production logistics processes through the use of simulation tools brings a lot of benefits to a production company, and thus significantly reduces production costs. Increasing competition resulting from the use of production automation to increase productivity has increased the complexity of production systems that can only be analysed by simulation. Production logistics performs management functions such as planning, motivating, organising and controlling. It does not deal with technological processes, but the organisation of physical delivery and displacement of components and information in the system. An important feature of production logistics is combining supply logistics with distribution logistics. If the production logistics is properly organised, it provides access to all materials and components of a given product during the implementation of a specific order. Simulation tools ensure continuity and rhythm of production after it is started, as well as convenient conditions for using modern internal transport. The article presents the Flexsim simulation tool, which was used to improve production logistics in the studied enterprise. The programme also contributed as an opportunity to improve and shorten production cycles, maintain optimal inventories, select packaging and logistics units, as well as the ability to use automatic identification of raw materials, materials or semi-finished products.

Morphological intraspecific variability of some <i>Thymus vulgaris</i> L. varieties in connection with their productivity

Relevance. Common thyme or garden thyme Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae L.) is the medicinal and aromatic plant containing essential oil which is the source of thymol and other phenol derivatives. This species is characterized by significant morphological and chemical polymorphism. Thymus vulgaris L. has numerous varieties and subspecies which are complicates for the identification of raw materials and makes its quality unstable. The study of intraspecific variability, not only by phenotype but also by biochemical parameters, is an urgent task in the search for varieties and samples of Thýmus vulgáris L. that are promising for the medical industry.Materials and methods. The research material was obtained from botanical institutions and firms in Russia, the Czech Republic and Germany and introduced on the experimental field of Vegetable Growing Department of The Russian State Agricultural University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. Studies were conducted from 2014 to 2019. Sowing the seeds was carried out in the 3rd decade of March in cassettes in a winter greenhouse. Seedlings planted in the field at the end of MayField experiments were laid at the «Vegetable Experimental Station named V.I. Edelstein » in accordance with generally accepted methods of field experiments. A comprehensive comparative assessment of the studied samples was carried out according to a number of criteria, in accordance with the recommendations of the State Register of Selection Achievements and the matrix of the morphological description of plants of the Lamiaceae family developed at the Leibniz-Institut for Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK, Germany). Harvesting of raw materials and crop yield was carried out in the phase of mass flowering. Laboratory studies were carried out in the laboratories of the Vegetable Growing Department, Department of Botany, Selection and Seed Production of Garden Plants, Russian State Autonomous University – Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev. The quantitative determination of essential oil was carried out according to the GF RF XIV. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel.Results. The possibility of growing samples of Thymus vulgaris L. of different geographical origin under the conditions of introduction in the Moscow region is shown. A comparative study of the main morphological characteristics of plant samples of Thymus vulgaris L. revealed significant variability in the form of inflorescence, leaf index, the presence or absence of pubescence, anthocyanin staining, torsion of the leaf, color of corollas and leaves, plant height, yield, quantitative content of essential oil and flavonoids. At the same time, the height of the plants was relatively stable every year and between varieties. According to a set of indicators, the most productive and stable samples was “Di Roma”, which is characterized by a high yield of aerial mass (104 g / plant), a consistently high content of essential oil (1.04-1.8%) with a predominant thymol component (39-80%), high flavonoid content (1,47-2,26%). Varieties "Medoc" and "Deutsche Winter", which at a lower yield are characterized by a high content of essential oil and flavonoids.

Comparison of chromatographic profiles of essential oils in extracts of 13 species from Lamiaceae family

The TLC essential oils profiles were being used conventionally for identification of herbal raw materials (HRM) of Lamiaceae family. Despite this, in recent years the European Pharmacopoeia to call in question the appropriateness of TLC on essential oils determination of Thyme and Wild Thyme, as well as Peppermint and Peppermint dry extract; these methods were replaced by HPTLC using flavonoid profile. This work aimed to establish the possibility of conducting HPTLC identification of methanolic extracts of 13 members of the Lamiaceae family in harmonized chromatographic conditions using chromatographic profiles on essential oils.
 The objects were methanolic extracts of HRM of Ukraine flora – Salvia officinalis, Salvia aethiopis, Thymus serpyllum, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare, Rosmarinus officinalis, Ocimum tenuiflorum (foreign origin), Mentha × piperita, Melissa officinalis, Orthosiphon stamineus, Agastache foeniculum, Leonurus cardiaca, Hyssopus officinalis, Marrubium vulgare, prepared from HRM that were purchased in Ukraine. The study wоas done by standardized HPTLC procedure using automatic HPTLC herbal system of CAMAG, Switzerland, at the base of CAMAG laboratory, Muttenz, Switzerland, and laboratory of ESTCCTI ESIPP, NUPh, Ukraine. Chromatography conditions: stationary phase – HPTLC plates Si 60 F254; mobile phase – toluene-ethylacetate (95:5); reference standards – borneol, bornyl acetate, cineole; derivatization – anisaldehyde reagent; detection: WRT, 254, 366 nm – before derivatization; WRT, 366 nm – after derivatization; sample preparation – methanolic extracts (100 mg/ml), extracted by shaking technique.
 In unified chromatographic conditions the HPTLC chromatographic fingerprints of essential oils of 13 Lamiaceae family species were established and evaluated. The most specific, intensive and reproducible HPTLC fingerprints were for Sage and Rosemary extracts. Moreover, fingerprints of Sage, Thyme, Rosemary, Origanum, Ocimum and Peppermint shown specific zones useful for differentiation of different genera of Lamiaceae family. For setting relative acceptance criteria for each of the species the validation for specific zones that were detected should be done.

Chromato-mass spectrometric characteristics of red clover and motherwort tinctures

Motherwort has a cardiotonic effect – slows the heart rate and increases the strength of heart contractions, antihypertensive – lowers blood pressure, has a calming and antispasmodic effect in disorders of the cardiovascular system: in the early stages of hypertensive heart disease, mild forms of angina pectoris, heart defects and Graves' disease.Red clover tincture is used for atherosclerosis, which is accompanied by headaches and tinnitus, but with normal blood pressure; it provides detoxification of the liver and the body as a whole by cleansing blood and lymph; improves bile flow; normalizes bowel activity.The purpose of the work is to determine, by means of gas chromatography, the component composition of red clover and motherwort tinctures.Materials and methods. Red clover grass (Trifolii pretense herba) was collected in Zakarpattia, Chynadiyovo village, in July 2019; motherwort grass (Leonuri herba) was collected on the experimental site of ZSMU in June 2019. The tinctures were prepared from fresh raw materials (1:5) by maceration, using 70 % ethanol as the extractant. The tinctures were examined using an Agilent 7890B gas chromatograph with a 5977B mass spectrometer detector.Results. 20 Components were identified with gas chromatography in red clover tincture, of which: 1 aldehyde, 2 ketones, 3 esters, 3 heterocyclic compounds, 3 acids, 4 alcohols, and 4 aliphatic carbohydrates.In the motherwort tincture 30 characteristic components were identified, related to: organic acids (3 compounds); ketones (4); esters (6); aliphatic carbohydrates (1); alcohols (2); heterocyclic compounds (2); glycosides (1); nitrogen-containing compounds (1); aromatic compounds (3); sesquiterpenoids (3); phenolic compounds (2); aldehydes (1); undetermined compounds (2).Conclusions. It was used a gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometric detector in this work. 30 components were identified in motherwort tincture, of which, considering the quantitative analysis of the total peak area and retention time, the following should be distinguished: RT 16.26 – n-hexadecanoic acid – 15.2 %; RT 17,695 – phytol – 13.66 %; RT 12,835 – ethyl-d-glucopyranoside –10.99 %; RT 6.451 – 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl – 3.98 %; RT 20.7581 – penten-3-one, 1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl) – 3.42 %; RT 10.43 – benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy-6-methyl – 3.04 %; RT 3.664 –1,2-cyclopentanedione –1.22 %.In red clover tincture 20 components were identified, of which, considering the quantitative content, the following should be distinguished: RT 13.921 – myo-inositol, 4-C-methyl – 50.03 %; RT 12.742 – ethyl-d-glucopyranoside – 4.83 %; RT 22,435 – γ-sitosterol – 3.84 %; RT 16.261 – n-hexadecanoic acid – 3.72 %; RT 17,696 – phytol – 1.56 %; RT 8.764 – ethanone, 1- (2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) – 1.39 %.The two components coincide – n-hexadecanoic acid and phytol. In quantitative terms, there were more of them in the motherwort tincture.The results of the study can be used to develop the technology of herbal preparations, which include the raw material of red clover and motherwort. The study also has practical importance in the identification of raw materials that are included in the herbal products.