Identification Of Plane Research Articles

Is There a Disk of Satellites around the Milky Way?

Abstract The “disk of satellites” (DoS) around the Milky Way is a highly debated topic with conflicting interpretations of observations and their theoretical models. We perform a comprehensive analysis of all of the dwarfs detected in the Milky Way and find that the DoS structure depends strongly on the plane identification method and the sample size. In particular, we demonstrate that a small sample size can artificially produce a highly anisotropic spatial distribution and a strong clustering of the angular momentum of the satellites. Moreover, we calculate the evolution of the 11 classical satellites with proper motion measurements and find that the thin DoS in which they currently reside is transient. Furthermore, we analyze two cosmological simulations using the same initial conditions of a Milky-Way-sized galaxy, an N-body run with dark matter only, and a hydrodynamic one with both baryonic and dark matter, and find that the hydrodynamic simulation produces a more anisotropic distribution of satellites than the N-body one. Our results suggest that an anisotropic distribution of satellites in galaxies can originate from baryonic processes in the hierarchical structure formation model, but the claimed highly flattened, coherently rotating DoS of the Milky Way may be biased by the small-number selection effect. These findings may help resolve the contradictory claims of DoS in galaxies and the discrepancy among numerical simulations.

The liver hanging maneuver in laparoscopic liver resection: a systematic review.

Laparoscopic surgery has gained the acceptance of the hepatobiliary surgical community and expert teams are now advocating major laparoscopic liver resections (LLRs). In this setting, the liver hanging maneuver (LHM) has been described in numerous series. We conducted a systematic review to investigate the effectiveness of the LHM in LLR. We performed an electronic literature search using PubMed, EMBASE, and COCHRANE databases. The final search was carried out in December, 2015. We found 11 articles describing a collective total of 104 surgical procedures that were eligible for this study. Laparoscopic LHM was used in LLR for both benign and malignant conditions, and also in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). The LHM was used mainly in right hepatectomy and only two authors reproduced the original LHM. We investigated the intraoperative parameters, preservation of postoperative liver function, and oncological outcomes. The clear benefit of using the LHM in LLR is for better identification of the parenchymal transection plane with less blood loss. The other benefits of LHM could not be corroborated by solid data on its positive value. In view of the data published in the literature, our findings are not strong enough to support the systematic use of LHM in LLR.

Ultrasound Standard Plane Detection Using a Composite Neural Network Framework.

Ultrasound (US) imaging is a widely used screening tool for obstetric examination and diagnosis. Accurate acquisition of fetal standard planes with key anatomical structures is very crucial for substantial biometric measurement and diagnosis. However, the standard plane acquisition is a labor-intensive task and requires operator equipped with a thorough knowledge of fetal anatomy. Therefore, automatic approaches are highly demanded in clinical practice to alleviate the workload and boost the examination efficiency. The automatic detection of standard planes from US videos remains a challenging problem due to the high intraclass and low interclass variations of standard planes, and the relatively low image quality. Unlike previous studies which were specifically designed for individual anatomical standard planes, respectively, we present a general framework for the automatic identification of different standard planes from US videos. Distinct from conventional way that devises hand-crafted visual features for detection, our framework explores in- and between-plane feature learning with a novel composite framework of the convolutional and recurrent neural networks. To further address the issue of limited training data, a multitask learning framework is implemented to exploit common knowledge across detection tasks of distinctive standard planes for the augmentation of feature learning. Extensive experiments have been conducted on hundreds of US fetus videos to corroborate the better efficacy of the proposed framework on the difficult standard plane detection problem.

Does Ulipristal Acetate Affect Surgical Experience at Laparoscopic Myomectomy?

Study ObjectiveTo compare surgical experience of laparoscopic/robotic myomectomy in premenopausal patients pretreated with ulipristal acetate (UPA) with women not hormonally pretreated. DesignA retrospective, multicenter cohort study of laparoscopic/robotic myomectomy procedure videos (Canadian Task Force Classification III). SettingMultiple university-affiliated tertiary care hospitals. PatientsFifty-five premenopausal women who underwent laparoscopic/robotic myomectomy for intramural myomas and were either pretreated with 3 months of UPA or had no hormonal pretreatment. InterventionsLaparoscopic/robotic myomectomy surgical videos were independently reviewed by 2 gynecologists blinded to whether or not patients received pretreatment with UPA. Each procedure was scored using a novel 22-point surgical global rating tool containing 6 subscales: depth of myometrial incision, ease of myoma-myometrium cleavage plane identification, ease of myoma detachment, blood loss during myoma detachment, myometrial blood loss after myoma detachment, and myoma consistency. Measurements and Main ResultsParticipating surgeons submitted 55 videos of laparoscopic/robotic myomectomy procedures recorded over a 3-year period (2012–2015). Fifty met the inclusion criteria (25 UPA-treated patients and 25 patients without hormonal pretreatment). Patients treated with UPA were more likely to be older than patients with no medical pretreatment (mean age = 33.5 vs 38.3 years, p = .002). There were no statistically significant differences regarding other baseline characteristics such as the largest diameter of myoma removed, the number of myomas removed, or the estimated blood loss. There was no difference in the physician assessors' mean global rating score for patients with UPA pretreatment versus no pretreatment (12.4 vs 13.4, p = .23). Within the 6 subscales, no differences were observed between the 2 groups. Each video was graded independently by 2 assessors, and there was high inter-rater agreement for the total score and each subscale. ConclusionThere was no difference in surgical experience for myomectomies of patients pretreated with UPA versus those without medical pretreatment.

DeepInfer: Open-Source Deep Learning Deployment Toolkit for Image-Guided Therapy.

Deep learning models have outperformed some of the previous state-of-the-art approaches in medical image analysis. Instead of using hand-engineered features, deep models attempt to automatically extract hierarchical representations at multiple levels of abstraction from the data. Therefore, deep models are usually considered to be more flexible and robust solutions for image analysis problems compared to conventional computer vision models. They have demonstrated significant improvements in computer-aided diagnosis and automatic medical image analysis applied to such tasks as image segmentation, classification and registration. However, deploying deep learning models often has a steep learning curve and requires detailed knowledge of various software packages. Thus, many deep models have not been integrated into the clinical research workflows causing a gap between the state-of-the-art machine learning in medical applications and evaluation in clinical research procedures. In this paper, we propose "DeepInfer" - an open-source toolkit for developing and deploying deep learning models within the 3D Slicer medical image analysis platform. Utilizing a repository of task-specific models, DeepInfer allows clinical researchers and biomedical engineers to deploy a trained model selected from the public registry, and apply it to new data without the need for software development or configuration. As two practical use cases, we demonstrate the application of DeepInfer in prostate segmentation for targeted MRI-guided biopsy and identification of the target plane in 3D ultrasound for spinal injections.

Second-moment approximation of the earthquake source and fault plane identification

The possibility of identifying the fault plane in the case when the source of an earthquake is described in the second-moment-based approximation is analyzed. The commonly occurring type of the earthquake source whose major axis and rupture propagation are directed along the strike axis is analyzed in detail. The possibility of identifying the fault plane of this source depending on the focal mechanisms of the earthquake is explored. The inferred conclusions are verified by the results obtained for two strong earthquakes: the Chilean earthquake that occurred in Maule on February 27, 2010 and the Sumatra offshore earthquake of April 11, 2012.

Applying translabial ultrasound to detect synthetic slings-You can do it too! A comparison of urology trainees to an attending radiologist.

Translabial ultrasound (TUS) is a useful tool for identifying and assessing synthetic slings. This study evaluates the ability of urology trainees to learn basic pelvic anatomy and sling assessment on TUS. Eight urology trainees (six residents and two medical students) received a lecture reviewing basic anatomy and sling assessment on TUS followed by review of two training cases. Next, they underwent a 126-question examination assessing their ability to identify anatomic planes and structures in those planes, identify the presence of slings, and assess the location and intactness of a sling. The correct response rate was compared to that of an attending radiologist experienced in reading TUS. Non-parametric tests (Fisher's exact, chi-squared tests, and Yates correction) were used for statistical analysis, with P < 0.05 considered significant. 847/1008 (84.0%) of questions were answered correctly by eight trainees compared to 119/126 (94.4%) by the radiologist (P = 0.001). The trainees' correct response rates and Fisher's exact test P values associated with the difference in correct answers between radiologist and trainee were as follows: identification of anatomic plane (94.4%; P = 0.599), identification of structure in sagittal view (80.6%; P = 0.201), identification of structure in transverse view (88.2%; P = 0.696), presence of synthetic sling (95.8%; P = 1.000), location of sling along the urethra in (71.5%; P = 0.403), intactness of sling (82.6%; P = 0.311), and laterality of sling disruption (75.0%; P = 0.076). Urology trainees can quickly learn to identify anatomic landmarks and assess slings on TUS with reasonable proficiency compared to an experienced attending radiologist.

Cap Lenticular Adhesion During Small Incision Lenticular Extraction Surgery: Causative Factors and Outcomes.

To study the factors causing cap lenticular adhesion (CLA), a rare complication of small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) surgery, and its effect on surgical outcomes. A prospective, observational, cross-sectional study involving 550 eyes of 285 subjects. SMILE was performed using the VisuMax femtosecond laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany) with a minimum of 3 months follow-up. Preoperative visual quality assessment, measurement of corneal biomechanics, and Bowman membrane imaging were performed. Based on the mean refractive spherical equivalent (MRSE), subjects were classified into mild, moderate, and high myopes. Causes of CLA and postoperative outcomes were evaluated. CLA was seen in 1.8% of patients, in whom the median preoperative MRSE was -1.5 (-2.75 to -1.38), deformation amplitude was 1.13 (1.10 to 1.21), and lenticular thickness was 46.2 (39.9 to 54.31). They had microdistortions in the Bowman layer and poor quality of vision. A median Strehl ratio of 0.08 (0.07 to 0.11) and modulation transfer function of 9.88 (8.98 to 13.34) were noted on the first day after surgery, which gradually improved to 0.17 (0.15 to 0.18) and 33.90 (27.27 to 38.94), respectively. On observing the surgical videos, a distinct shining reflection, "the shimmer sign," was seen around the dissector in patients with CLA when the posterior plane was dissected before the anterior. Cap lenticular adhesion was associated with a low preoperative MRSE and thin lenticules. The shimmer sign serves as an indicator for identification of the correct plane of dissection.

Near-Infrared Fluorescence is useful for identification of the intersegmental plane in thoracoscopic lung segmentectomy

Near-Infrared Fluorescence is useful for identification of the intersegmental plane in thoracoscopic lung segmentectomy

A novel wireless wearable fluorescence image-guided surgery system.

Segmentectomy using indocyanine green (ICG) has become a primary treatment option to achieve a complete resection and preserve lung function in early-stage lung cancer. However, owing to a lack of appropriate intraoperative imaging systems, it is a huge challenge for surgeons to identify the intersegmental plane during the operation, leading to poor prognosis. Thus, we developed a novel wireless wearable fluorescence image-guided surgery system (LIGHTEN) for fast and accurate identification of intersegmental planes in human patients. The system consists of a handle, light source, Google glass and laptop. Application software is written to capture clear real-time images and Google glass is adopted to display with augmented reality. Twelve in vivo studies of pulmonary segmentectomy in swine by intravenous injection of ICG were conducted to test the performance of the system. A distinct black-and-white transition zone image was observed and displayed simultaneously on the Google glass in all swine. The results demonstrated that surgeons using LIGHTEN can effortlessly and quickly discern intersegmental planes during the operation. Our system has enormous potential in helping surgeons to precisely identify intersegmental planes with mobility and high-sensitivity.

Relationship of mitral valve annulus plane and circumflex-right coronary artery plane: Implications for Transcatheter Mitral Valve Implantation.

Transcatheter mitral valve implantation (TMVI) is a novel technology for patients with severe mitral valve disease but at high surgical risk. Imaging guidance during the procedure is critical for successful device deployment. Identification of the mitral annular plane (MAP) with fluoroscopy during the procedure is limited by lack of clearly defined landmarks. We hypothesized that a plane defined by left circumflex-right coronary arteries (LCX-RCA) would have a consistent relationship to MAP. We studied 25 patients with gated cardiac computed tomography. We identified the MAP and the LCX-RCA plane in mid systole and diastole. The distance between the two planes in prespecified four points (anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral) in the apical 2 and 3-chamber views. Alignment of the planes was described by cranial/caudal angulation for both planes in RAO 30° and LAO 90° (lateral) angulation. Mean age was 81 ± 9 years, 56% of patients had ≥2+ mitral regurgitation. In mid systole, the distances between the LCX-RCA plane and the MAP in the four points were < 5 mm in 92% of patients. In mid diastole, distances were < 5 mm in 100% of patients. In mid systole, the correlation between the caudal/cranial orientations of the 2 planes was 0.85 and 0.80 in the LAO 90° and RAO 30°, respectively (P = <0.001). In mid diastole, this was 0.92 and 0.92 in the LAO 90° and RAO 30°, respectively (P = <0.001). LCX-RCA plane has a close and consistent relationship to the MAP and can be useful to guide TMVI. Accurate imaging of mitral valve annular plane during TMVI procedure is challenging. MAP guided by fluoroscopy might be crucial to guide successful prosthesis deployment. A plane defined by the left circumflex- right coronary arteries in the atrioventricular grove has a consistent relationship with MAP; this can be used aided by pre-procedural MDCT to guide TMVI procedure. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Identification of low-index crystal planes of polycrystalline gold on the basis of electrochemical oxide layer formation

The electrochemical oxidation of single-crystal gold surfaces has been well studied, and the exposed crystal planes can be reliably distinguished based on the peak potentials of oxide formation. However, the multiple oxidation peaks of polycrystalline gold have not yet been unambiguously related to crystal planes. In this work, we used cyclic voltammetric responses of activated polycrystalline gold electrodes recorded in sulfuric acid solutions to allow constructing relationships between crystal planes and oxide peaks. The studies of oxide formation were complemented by measuring double-layer non-faradaic currents, lead underpotential deposition (Pb-upd), the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).

In situ TEM characterisation of dislocation interactions in α-titanium

In situ straining in the transmission electron microscope and diffraction-contrast electron tomography has been applied to investigate dislocation interactions in α-Ti. Dislocation debris, in the form of small loops, was seen to form from sequential cross-slip events. Electron tomography provided direct three-dimensional visualisation of the dislocation structures, allowing accurate identification of slip planes, dislocation line directions and spatial relations between dislocations.

On the Parameter Identification of Polynomial Anisotropic Yield Functions

Nonquadratic anisotropic yield functions have been developed in recent years for many lightweight automotive sheet metals. Realization of the improved performance of these advanced anisotropic yield functions depends in part on a careful calibration of their material constants via simple mechanical tests. This paper describes a novel approach on the parameter identification of plane–stress polynomial anisotropic yield functions by recasting them in a special form in terms of two principal stresses and one loading orientation angle. Independent mechanical tests for the parameter identification can thus be classified according to the plane stress state and the in-plane loading orientation, respectively. Parameter identification options have been examined in detail for a fourth-order homogeneous polynomial anisotropic yield function using the proposed approach. Some new insights have been gained on the permissible types and the number of independent mechanical test measurements per type that are needed for fully calibrating the material constants of the fourth-order yield function. The use of equal biaxial plastic strain ratio instead of equal biaxial yield stress makes the experimental calibration of the yield function more feasible as only simple in-plane uniaxial tension and out-of-plane compression tests of sheet metal samples are required.

An algorithm for automatic detection and orientation estimation of planar structures in LiDAR-scanned outcrops

The spatial orientation of linear and planar structures in geological fieldwork is still obtained using simple hand-held instruments such as a compass and clinometer. Despite their ease of use, the amount of data obtained in this way is normally smaller than would be considered as representative of the area available for sampling. LiDAR-based remote sensors are capable of sampling large areas and providing huge sets of digitized spatial points. However, the visual identification of planes in sets of points on geological outcrops is a difficult and time-consuming task. An automatic method for detecting and estimating the orientation of planar structures has been developed to reduce analysis and processing times, and to fit the best plane for each surface represented by a set of points and thus to increase the sampled area. The algorithm detects clusters of points that are part of the same plane based on the principal component analysis (PCA) technique. When applied to real cases, it has shown high precision in both the detection and orientation of fractures planes.

Use of a new intra-ocular spectral domain optical coherence tomography in vitreoretinal surgery.

To describe the use of a novel intra-ocular side-scanning probe enabling the acquisition of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images during surgery in a series of patients with complex forms of retinal detachment. A 23-gauge, side-scanning SD-OCT probe (C7 System; LightLab Imaging, Inc/St Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN, USA) in a 20-gauge catheter, was used to acquire the intra-operative OCT images in seven patients with vitreoretinal diseases. Twenty-five gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) was performed in every patient in a standard fashion. After enlarging the temporal sclerotomy to a 20-gauge port, all the patients were scanned with intra-ocular side-scanning SD-OCT, during different steps of the surgery based on surgeon needs. Scans were recorded real time and directly evaluated on a screen during surgery. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans were judged beneficial when they would recognize structures otherwise not seen on biomicroscopy. The intra-ocular SD-OCT has been helpful in acquiring extra information during vitreoretinal surgery such as the detection of the presence of otherwise invisible membranes (epiretinal membrane, subretinal membrane), the location of small tears and the identification of the retinal plane under suboptimal conditions for visualization. The use of an intra-ocular SD-OCT can expand upon visual cues during surgery, helping in the decision-making process and allowing additional deliberate surgical manoeuvres aimed at improving surgical outcomes.

Challenges in post-mortem preparation of orthopedic implanted devices

Event Abstract Back to Event Challenges in post-mortem preparation of orthopedic implanted devices Madeleine Chagnon1* and Claudine Savard1* 1 AccelLAB Inc., Pathology, Canada Orthopedic implanted devices can be permanent or biodegradable and vary in material composition, physical properties and shapes. Implanted sites also vary depending on the device’s clinical indication. Because of this variability, routine histology methods are often inappropriate and need to be adjusted to the type of implant and implanted tissue. Implant sites need to be harvested with surrounding tissue. The location of implant, nature and extent of the local tissue reaction should be recorded. For precise localization of the implant sites, in life or terminal radiographs and/or CT scans are useful. Location of the implants is identified and implanted tissues are immersion-fixed, generally in formalin. Although the site of the implant was identified at necropsy, determining its exact location and plane of sectioning after tissue fixation are often difficult. High-resolution radiography and/or microCT scans are recommended to ensure appropriate device and bone orientation before trimming. Small saws for non-metallic implants, diamond saws or band saws for large and hard implants are used for further precise trimming. Histologic marking dyes and/or radiopaque markers can be used for additional implant orientation and identification of the sectioning plane. To preserve the implant-tissue interface, the device should not be removed. Nature of the implant influences whether bone is decalcified and embedded in paraffin or non-decalcified and embedded in resin. Ante-mortem fluorochromes injection and histological differentiation of osteoid from mature bone requires non-decalcified bone processing. Pilot studies or cadaveric trials mimicking the planned implantation procedures should be performed. These exploratory implanted devices should be allocated to different histological processing and imaging techniques to select the best histological procedures for a specific device (specific examples will be presented). Various embedding resins can be used for undecalcified specimens. The goal is to match the embedding supporting medium hardness to the hardness of the implant and surrounding tissue to produce sections without artefacts. After resin embedding, non-metallic implants can be cut with a microtome and harder implants require ground sectioning. Most routine staining methods can be used in paraffin-embedded tissues; however, for plastic-embedded implants, staining procedures need to be modified. Semi-quantitative histological evaluation is performed to determine the potential local toxicity, generally following the ISO 10993-6 grading scheme. Histomorphometry can also be performed. In summary, at tissue harvest and sample preparation, the exact location and orientation of the implant need to be properly visualized to produce quality slides. When necessary, high-resolution radiography or micro-CT scanning can be used. Preliminary tests with different histological processing techniques will determine the best histology procedure for a specific device. Keywords: Implant, device, Bone graft, Imaging method Conference: 10th World Biomaterials Congress, Montréal, Canada, 17 May - 22 May, 2016. Presentation Type: Poster Topic: Biomaterials evaluation in animal models Citation: Chagnon M and Savard C (2016). Challenges in post-mortem preparation of orthopedic implanted devices. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. Conference Abstract: 10th World Biomaterials Congress. doi: 10.3389/conf.FBIOE.2016.01.02052 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 27 Mar 2016; Published Online: 30 Mar 2016. * Correspondence: Dr. Madeleine Chagnon, AccelLAB Inc., Pathology, Boisbriand, QC, Canada, Email1 Dr. Claudine Savard, AccelLAB Inc., Pathology, Boisbriand, QC, Canada, claudine.savard@accellab.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Madeleine Chagnon Claudine Savard Google Madeleine Chagnon Claudine Savard Google Scholar Madeleine Chagnon Claudine Savard PubMed Madeleine Chagnon Claudine Savard Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

胸腔鏡下肺区域切除術における区域間切離の工夫

胸腔鏡下肺区域切除術における区域間切離の工夫

A novel and simple method for identifying the lung intersegmental plane with an infrared thermography

In performing lung segmentectomy, identification of the intersegmental plane is a very important process. To identify the intersegmental plane, several methods have been reported: (1) making a border line between inflated and deflated segments; (2) using infrared thoracoscopy with intravenous or intrabronchial injection of indocyanine green; (3) identifying intersegmental pulmonary vein using 3-dimensional pulmonary models. However each method has its own problems, and the choice of these methods is controversial. Recently, in ex-vivo study, the relation between lung perfusion and lung surface temperature was reported, whereas the change of surface temperature during lung segmentectomy has not been clarified.

Fault plane orientations of intermediate‐depth and deep‐focus earthquakes in the Japan‐Kuril‐Kamchatka subduction zone

AbstractIn the northwestern Pacific, the Pacific plate subducts to the west at the Japan, Kuril, and Kamchatka trenches. Throughout most of the subduction zone, the subducting slab is planar and dipping at an angle of 30°–60°, with the exception of a fold in the southern Kuril segment. To investigate how the slab deforms in response to the applied forces and which mechanism generates the earthquakes, we analyze the rupture properties of 111 large (MW≥5.7) intermediate‐depth and deep‐focus earthquakes (60–656 km depth) from 1990 to 2014 in the Japan‐Kuril‐Kamchatka subduction zone. For each earthquake, we use rupture directivity to estimate rupture direction and rupture speed and to distinguish the fault plane from the auxiliary plane of the focal mechanism. Seventy six percent of the earthquakes with sufficient station coverage are well modeled by unilateral rupture propagation. The estimated rupture speeds range from zero to supershear. The estimated rupture directions allow identification of the fault plane as the more horizontal nodal plane for 30 earthquakes, while an additional 11 earthquakes rupture toward the intersection of the nodal planes, so the fault plane cannot be identified. Combining our newly identified fault planes with previously identified fault planes in the region, we observe that in planar slab segments, most earthquakes slip along a dominant fault orientation. For a steeply dipping slab, this orientation is subhorizontal. In more sharply bent slab segments, such as the Kuril fold, deformation is accommodated along more variable fault orientations, including subvertical faults. The correlation of slab geometry with fault orientation suggests that the local stress field controls fault orientations.