Identification Of Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Articles

Double Designers: Detection of Bromazolam and Metonitazene in Postmortem Casework.

The identification of novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) in casework at the Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner (LACDME) is constantly evolving. The case detailed herein marks the first detection of metonitazene in forensic casework at the LACDME which occurred in August 2023. Furthermore, bromazolam was found in the decedent's system and both substances were identified in drug evidence collected at the death scene. No other drugs were detected and the manner and cause of death were determined as accidental due to effects of bromazolam and metonitazene. The concentrations detected were 1.6 ng/mL and 4.4 ng/mL of metonitazene in the jugular blood and femoral blood, respectively, and 93 ng/mL of bromazolam in the femoral blood. Constraints in screening techniques conducted by toxicology laboratories create challenges in which numerous NPSs available on the illicit drug market can go undetected. Even if labs detect an NPS in their screening methodology, confirmation methods might not cover every NPS, given the impracticality of labs keeping pace with validations as new NPSs emerge in casework. The significance of testing medical evidence collected at death scenes by drug chemistry analysis becomes crucial when initial toxicology results are negative. In cases where there is evidence of potential drug paraphernalia this is especially true as it can be pivotal in determining the cause and manner of death.

Deep Learning-Enabled MS/MS Spectrum Prediction Facilitates Automated Identification Of Novel Psychoactive Substances.

The market for illicit drugs has been reshaped by the emergence of more than 1100 new psychoactive substances (NPS) over the past decade, posing a major challenge to the forensic and toxicological laboratories tasked with detecting and identifying them. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is the primary method used to screen for NPS within seized materials or biological samples. The most contemporary workflows necessitate labor-intensive and expensive MS/MS reference standards, which may not be available for recently emerged NPS on the illicit market. Here, we present NPS-MS, a deep learning method capable of accurately predicting the MS/MS spectra of known and hypothesized NPS from their chemical structures alone. NPS-MS is trained by transfer learning from a generic MS/MS prediction model on a large data set of MS/MS spectra. We show that this approach enables a more accurate identification of NPS from experimentally acquired MS/MS spectra than any existing method. We demonstrate the application of NPS-MS to identify a novel derivative of phencyclidine (PCP) within an unknown powder seized in Denmark without the use of any reference standards. We anticipate that NPS-MS will allow forensic laboratories to identify more rapidly both known and newly emerging NPS. NPS-MS is available as a web server at https://nps-ms.ca/, which provides MS/MS spectra prediction capabilities for given NPS compounds. Additionally, it offers MS/MS spectra identification against a vast database comprising approximately 8.7 million predicted NPS compounds from DarkNPS and 24.5 million predicted ESI-QToF-MS/MS spectra for these compounds.

A rapid and nondestructive approach for forensic identification of novel psychoactive substances using shifted‐excitation Raman difference spectroscopy and machine learning

Rapid drug detection is vital for combating drug abuse and inhibiting transmission, and the emergence of various novel psychoactive substances has placed higher demands on field testing. To establish a rapid, non-destructive and accurate analytical and classification method for testing novel psychoactive substances, SERDS was used to detect 37 NPS including fentanyl, amphetamine and synthetic cannabinoid under the experimental conditions of laser light source (785&785.5) nm. SERDS was also used in conjunction with machine learning to find the best classification prediction model. In this study,the characteristic peaks of 37 NPS analogues were extracted, and the characteristic peaks were attributed to the structures of the substances. We compared the classification effects of SVM,KNN,Ensemble classifier, Neural Network,Tree,Naive Bayes,Discriminant Analysis, and provided three Hyperparametric optimization methods. Finally, the cross validation accuracy of SVM under BOA optimization is 97.3%, which can well distinguish three families of samples. The ability of SERDS to resist strong fluorescence interference makes it a powerful tool for on-site analysis of NPS. In this study, we have given 37 unreported standard Raman peaks of NPS and 3 seized samples, which can be used as a reference. Shift-Excitation Differential Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning can effectively provide solutions for customs, health care, on-site police, Large event security, and trace evidence inspection.

Synthetic cannabinoids identification in e-liquid and biological samples through molecular network approach

The detection of new psychoactive substances, including synthetic cannabinoids, remains highly challenging. A wide array of chemical structures must be structurally elucidated, along with their associated metabolites, in biological samples collected from poisoned patients. For this purpose, non-targeted screening using liquid chromatography hyphenated to high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) is a gold standard approach. Nevertheless, the identification steps remain the bottleneck of such analyses. For this purpose, molecular network has been recently proposed as a suitable strategy to organize tandem mass spectrometry data, needed for a reliable identification of unknown compounds. To illustrate this statement, we report the identification of synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites by a non-targeted approach using molecular network strategy, in an 18-year-old poisoned patient hospitalized for neuropsychiatric disorders related to recent synthetic cannabinoid withdrawal. Upon admission, this patient was suspected of using adulterated e-liquid containing synthetic cannabinoids. Sample preparation of the tainted e-liquid was based on a liquid-liquid extraction using acetonitrile and methyl tert-butyl-ether. The tainted e-liquid was subsequently analysed with LC-HRMS/MS using electrospray as ion source in polarity switching mode and a Q-Exactive Focus® Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Data dependant acquisition was used to acquire tandem mass spectra on the three most intense ions. Molecular network was then generated following data processing on MZmine. The e-liquid was also analysed using GC-MS. The urine samples were extracted using the same procedure as for the e-liquid and was then analysed by LC-HRMS/MS. A segmental hair analysis (2 × 2 cm-long hair segments) was carried out by the CHRU de Lille using LC-HRMS and LC-MS/MS. Molecules detected in the e-liquid included glycerol, propylene glycol and nicotine. As expected, the e-liquid was also adulterated with synthetic cannabinoids namely MDMB-4en-PINACA and MDMB-5F-PICA. These two molecules were identified thanks to molecular network generated using LC-HRMS/MS data as well as using GC-MS, through SWGDRUG 3.9 library querying. Interestingly, in the e-liquid, compounds corresponding to trans-esterification products of MDMB-4en-PINACA was identified. The trans-esterification reaction was performed between MDMB-4en-PINACA and glycerol or propylene glycol and led to the corresponding products. Regarding urine sample of the patient, additional metabolites of MDMB-4en-PINACA were identified, including MDMB-4en-PINACA butanoic acid, dihydroxylated MDMB-4en-PINACA butanoic acid and glucurono-conjugated MDMB-4en-PINACA butanoic acid. The hair analysis of the patient allowed detection of MDMB-4en-PINACA and MDMB-5F-PICA in the two investigated hair segments. Analysis of the e-liquid and biological samples from the poisoned patient provides information on the chemical structure of synthetic cannabinoids and confirmation of synthetic cannabinoid use, respectively. The complete characterization of synthetic cannabinoid-related molecules in adulterated e-liquid, as exemplified by the identification of trans-esterification products of MDMB-4en-PINACA, is a needed step for understanding the mechanisms of cannabinoid toxicity. In addition, the identification of several metabolites in the patient's urine was possible through molecular network and propagation of the annotation. Hair analysis was useful in confirming the exposure to the two synthetic cannabinoids in the two segments studied and suggested chronic consumption of these products by the patient. The non-targeted analysis approach used to study this case offers new insights into the identification of novel psychoactive substances, as demonstrated by the identification of synthetic cannabinoids belonging to the indazole and indole structural families and related structures in e-liquid, hair and urine. Molecular networks have proven essential for the identification of synthetic cannabinoids, their derivatives, and metabolites in numerous matrices, as shown in the example of adulterated e-liquid and patient urine samples.

Clinical features associated with ADB-BUTINACA exposure in patients attending emergency departments in England

Objective Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRA) are commonly encountered new psychoactive substances. Here we report the recent detection of ADB-BUTINACA in samples from patients attending United Kingdom emergency departments with toxicity after suspected drug misuse and describe the associated clinical features. Methods Consenting adults (≥16 y) presenting to participating hospitals with toxicity after suspected drug misuse have been included in the Identification Of Novel psychoActive substances (IONA) study since March 2015. Demographic and clinical features are recorded and blood and/or urine samples analysed using high-resolution accurate mass liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results By December 2021, analytical data were available for 1279 IONA participants and ADB-BUTINACA was detected in at least one sample from 10 (9 males, age range 16–51 median 45 years), all presenting since February 2021. Smoking ‘spice’ was reported by four patients, two had ingested edible “cannabis” gums and four reported heroin use (2 intravenous, 1 smoked, 1 route not known). Co-use of pregabalin (oral) and crack cocaine (smoked) were also reported. In 3 cases ADB-BUTINACA was the only substance detected, while in seven other substances of misuse were also detected including other SCRA, opioids, benzodiazepines cocaine and pregabalin. Clinical features reported in these 2 groups respectively included reduced level of consciousness (3/3, 6/7), agitation (0/3, 4/7), tachycardia (0/3, 3/7), seizures (1/3, 1/7), hallucinations (1/3, 1/7), hypotension (1/3, 1/7). Metabolic acidosis (1/3, 0/7) and respiratory acidosis (1/3, 0/7), All 10 patients recovered with supportive care, including intubation and ventilation for one case. The median length of hospital stay was 19 h (range 2.6–131 h). Conclusions ADB-BUTINACA has recently emerged as a drug of misuse in England. Clinical features of toxicity are consistent with those of other SCRA and include reduced level of consciousness, respiratory and/or metabolic acidosis, seizures, confusion and hallucinations.

Trends in hospital presentations following analytically confirmed synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist exposure before and after implementation of the 2016 UK Psychoactive Substances Act.

The United Kingdom (UK) Psychoactive Substances Act (PSA), implemented on the 26th May 2016, made the production, supply and sale of all non-exempted psychoactive substances illegal. The aim of this study was to measure trends in hospital presentations for severe toxicity following analytically confirmed synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist (SCRA) exposure before and after implementation of the PSA. Observational study. Thirty-four hospitals across the UK participating in the Identification of Novel Psychoactive Substances (IONA)study. A total of 627 (79.9% male) consenting individuals who presented to participating hospitals between July 2015 and December 2019 with severe acute toxicity and suspected novel psychoactive substances exposure. Toxicological analyses of patient samples were conducted using liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry. Time-series analysis was conducted on the monthly number of patients with and without analytically confirmed SCRA exposure using Poisson segmented regression. SCRAs were detected in 35.7% (n =224) of patients. After adjusting for seasonality and the number of active sites, models showed no clear evidence of an upward or downward trend in the number of SCRA exposure cases in the period before (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.12; 95% CI, 0.99-1.26; P = 0.068) or after (IRR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.94-1.01; P= 0.202) the implementation of the PSA. There was also no clear evidence of an upward or downward trend in non-SCRA exposure cases before (IRR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.98-1.27; P = 0.105) or after (IRR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.98-1.04; P = 0.478) implementation of the PSA. There is no clear evidence of an upward or downward trend in the number of patients presenting to UK hospitals with severe acute toxicity following analytically confirmed synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist exposure since the implementation of the Psychoactive Substances Act.

Isomer-Specific Two-Color Double-Resonance IR2MS3 Ion Spectroscopy Using a Single Laser: Application in the Identification of Novel Psychoactive Substances.

The capability of an ion trap mass spectrometer to store ions for an arbitrary amount of time allows the use of a single infrared (IR) laser to perform two-color double resonance IR–IR spectroscopic experiments on mass-to-charge (m/z) selected ions. In this single-laser IR2MS3 scheme, one IR laser frequency is used to remove a selected set of isomers from the total trapped ion population and the second IR laser frequency, from the same laser, is used to record the IR spectrum of the remaining precursor ions. This yields isomer-specific vibrational spectra of the m/z-selected ions, which can reveal the structure and identity of the initially co-isolated isomeric species. The use of a single laser greatly reduces the experimental complexity of two-color IR2MS3 and enhances its application in fields employing analytical MS. In this work, we demonstrate the methodology by acquiring single-laser IR2MS3 spectra in a forensic context, identifying two previously unidentified isomeric novel psychoactive substances (NPS) from a sample that was confiscated by the Amsterdam Police.

Identification of Novel Psychoactive Substances seized, consumed, and associated with deaths in Kuwait during 2018 and 2019 using GC-MS and LC-MS-MS

Identification of Novel Psychoactive Substances seized, consumed, and associated with deaths in Kuwait during 2018 and 2019 using GC-MS and LC-MS-MS

Strategy for identification of new psychoactive substances in illicit samples using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy

New strategy has been developed for the identification of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) in illicit samples. The methodology was based on the use of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR). First pass screening by ATR-IR allows known substances to be rapidly identified, while any non-matching samples are qualified by complementary analytical techniques and then feed back into the spectral libraries. Compounds’ identification by ATR-IR was based on the correlation coefficient value. After validation, developed strategy was successfully introduced into routine analysis. Thirty one NPS have been identified in forty five samples. One new opioid was identified and new ATR-IR spectra were acquired, not reported in commercial libraries yet. ATR-IR enabled distinguishing between closely related compounds, even structural isomers. It proved to be an easy and very reproducible tool for screening analysis of NPS, in less than one minute, with no sample destruction, even for very little amount of a sample. Developed and validated strategy may be introduced by other laboratories.

Mass-Spectrometry-Based Identification of Synthetic Drug Isomers Using Infrared Ion Spectroscopy.

Infrared ion spectroscopy (IRIS), a mass-spectrometry-based technique exploiting resonant infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD), has been applied for the identification of novel psychoactive substances (NPS). Identification of the precise isomeric forms of NPS is of significant forensic relevance since legal controls are dependent on even minor molecular differences such as a single ring-substituent position. Using three isomers of fluoroamphetamine and two ring-isomers of both MDA and MDMA, we demonstrate the ability of IRIS to distinguish closely related NPS. Computationally predicted infrared (IR) spectra are shown to correspond with experimental spectra and could explain the molecular origins of their distinctive IR absorption bands. IRIS was then used to investigate a confiscated street sample containing two unknown substances. One substance could easily be identified by comparison to the IR spectra of reference standards. For the other substance, however, this approach proved inconclusive due to incomplete mass spectral databases as well as a lack of available reference compounds, two common analytical limitations resulting from the rapid development of NPS. Most excitingly, the second unknown substance could nevertheless be identified by using computationally predicted IR spectra of several potential candidate structures instead of their experimental reference spectra.

Paper spray mass spectrometry: A new drug checking tool for harm reduction in the opioid overdose crisis.

Fentanyl and related psychoactive substances are at the forefront of the opioid overdose crisis, for which a complete solution is not immediately obvious. Drug testing for harm reduction may be an effective approach to both reduce overdoses and importantly, engage people who use drugs (PWUD) with the medical system. Paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) is an ambient ionization strategy that is uniquely suited to address this complicated analytical task. This perspectives article presents the merits of PS-MS, with a focus upon the current state of its use as a candidate drug checking strategy for harm reduction. PS-MS is inherently sensitive and selective, with detection limits in the picogram range. It requires small drug samples (~1 mg) for quantitative drug testing, critical to encourage pre-consumption measurements by PWUD in the context of a harm reduction strategy. Calibrations obtained in surrogate drug matrices containing highly concentrated primary drugs demonstrate comparable sensitivities, a wide calibration range, and minimal matrix effects. PS-MS can be interfaced with high-resolution MS for non-targeted analysis, allowing the identification of novel psychoactive substances as they appear in street drugs. Individual quantitative PS-MS measurements for drug testing can be done in 1 minute or less, resulting in high sample throughput. Significant advancement in mass spectrometer miniaturization and mobilization has concomitant benefits for direct, on-site drug checking, such as reduced cost, simplified maintenance and ease of use by less skilled operators. While PS-MS technology continues to rapidly advance, it is our opinion that PS-MS can be utilized as an effective tool for harm reduction in the opioid overdose crisis.

Acute toxicity following analytically confirmed use of the novel psychoactive substance (NPS) methiopropamine. A report from the Identification of Novel psychoActive substances (IONA) study

Objective: Use of the New Psychoactive Substance (NPS) methiopropamine was first reported in 2011, but there are limited data on its acute toxicity. We report 11 patients presenting with analytically confirmed methiopropamine use.Methods: Adults presenting to 26 hospitals in the UK with severe acute toxicity after suspected NPS use were recruited from March 2015 to April 2018. Clinical features were recorded and biological samples analysed using tandem mass spectrometry.Results: Methiopropamine was detected in 11 of 414 patients, with the last detection in August 2016. It was the only substance detected in one patient; other substances detected included other NPS in nine and conventional drugs of misuse in five. Common features included tachycardia (10/11), agitation (7/11), confusion (7/11), reduced level of consciousness (5/11), hallucinations (5/11) and a raised creatine kinase (7/11). The median length of hospital stay was 17 hours; ten were discharged without sequelae and one was transferred for in-patient psychiatric treatment.Conclusions: Methiopropamine was only detected during 2015 and 2016; most patients had other drugs detected, particularly other NPS. Raised CK was common but it is not possible to determine the degree to which this and other features could be contributed to by co-use of other substances.

Rapid screening and identification of novel psychoactive substances using PaperSpray interfaced to high resolution mass spectrometry

The simple and rapid detection and identification of designer drugs is of substantial importance to forensic scientists and law enforcement. Although synthetic cathinones, cannabinoids, and other common novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are produced for purposes that do not include human consumption, they are regularly abused. The analysis of these compounds is often achieved using mass spectrometry, but can be complicated by the lack of spectral libraries and the scarcity of simple and reliable sample introduction techniques. PaperSpray® ionization is a new, automated technique for rapid analysis of samples, without chromatography or prior purification. Matrix, such as powder or plant material, is dissolved or extracted with common solvents and deposited directly on disposable PaperSpray® cartridges for high-throughput, automated analysis. The combination of PaperSpray® sample introduction and High Resolution Accurate Mass Spectrometry (HRAM) provides a powerful and simple tool for identification of new substances, without requiring reference standards.

Broad Screening and Identification of Novel Psychoactive Substances in Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Post-run Library Matching.

Drug abuse is today a growing global problem. Often the consumers are not aware about the type of substances they are using and the correlated risks. In recent years, new psychoactive substances (NPS) appeared in the illicit market.The presence of NPS, such as synthetic cathinones, cannabinoids and phenethylamines, which are known to be pharmacologically and toxicologically hazardous, has been frequently reported. The aim of this study was the development of a liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method for a broad screening of NPS in plasma. Data acquisition was in MS/MS and full-scan modes and the method was validated for 25 NPS belonging to different chemical classes. Quantitative results have been obtained for these analytes with limits of quantification ranging from 0.03 to 0.4 ng/mL. The method was proven to be suitable for the screening of additional substances; to this aim, a post-run library matching was conducted for every sample with an in-house database containing over 300 NPS and known metabolites. The library may be constantly expanded with new drugs, in order to obtain a broad screening of NPS in biological matrices.

Clinical toxicity following analytically confirmed use of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist MDMB-CHMICA. A report from the Identification Of Novel psychoActive substances (IONA) study

Context: Recreational use of Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptors Agonists (SCRAs) has become increasingly common in many countries and may cause severe toxic effects.Objective: To describe the clinical features of toxicity in seven men after analytically confirmed exposure to MDMB-CHMICA, a recently described indole-based SCRA.Materials and methods: Clinical information and biological samples (blood, urine) were collected from patients with severe toxicity after suspected use of novel psychoactive substances. Samples were analyzed by data-independent liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).Case reports: All seven cases were men who presented to hospitals in England between July and October 2015; six reported smoking “legal high” products. In all cases, MDMB-CHMICA was identified in blood samples taken on admission to hospital. Other substances were identified in four cases (methadone 1, methiopropamine 1, other SCRAs 2). Clinical features in all seven cases and in the three exposed to MDMB-CHIMICA alone included acidosis (7/7 and 3/3) which was respiratory (3/7 and 3/3), metabolic (3/7 and 0/3) or mixed (1/7, 0/3), reduced level of consciousness (6/7 and 3/3), mydriasis (5/7 and 3/3), tachycardia (5/7 and 2/3), bradycardia (2/7 and 1/3), tonic–clonic convulsions (2/7 and 1/3) and agitation (3/7 and 1/3). Recovery occurred within 24 h in all cases except one male also exposed to methiopropamine.Conclusions: Analytically confirmed exposure to MDMB-CHMICA was associated with acidosis (often of respiratory origin), reduced level of consciousness, mydriasis, heart rate disturbances and convulsions.

Microcrystalline testing used in combination with Raman micro‐spectroscopy for absolute identification of novel psychoactive substances

Two new psychoactive substances, namely 4‐methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) and 5,6‐methylenedioxy‐2‐aminoindane (MDAI) were analysed with a novel combination of microcrystalline tests followed by Raman micro‐spectroscopy to facilitate their absolute identification. The discrimination power of the proposed combination was successfully demonstrated through the analysis of the positional isomers 2‐ and 3‐methylmethcathinone. The addition of mercury dichloride as a microcrystalline test reagent produced specific microcrystals of each tested analyte. The robustness of the method was evaluated in the presence of common cutting agents (caffeine and benzocaine) as well as on street samples. The crystal lattice structures of mephedrone, 2‐methylmethcathinone and MDAI mercury dichloride microcrystals were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. This confirmed the presence of both drug and reagent together in the lattice and accounts for the distinct habit of the observed microcrystals. Raman spectra of the formed microcrystals differed from those obtained from their standard salt form by loss and/or gain of some vibrational modes. Particularly important was the appearance of the mercury chloride link to each tested drug molecule which showed as strong bands at low wavenumbers. Its presence was corroborated by its detection in the crystal lattice. It was therefore concluded that microcrystalline testing followed by Raman micro‐spectroscopy satisfies the technique combination requirement for psychoactive substances recommended by the Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG) and provides a rapid and cheap analysis route. The proposed technique combination also aids the development of new microcrystalline tests as it allows for confirmation of the uniqueness of the developed microcrystals almost in‐situ rather than growing single crystals for often long periods of time needed for single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Infrared and Raman screening of seized novel psychoactive substances: a large scale study of >200 samples.

The potential of IR absorption and Raman spectroscopy for rapid identification of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) has been tested using a set of 221 unsorted seized samples suspected of containing NPS. Both IR and Raman spectra showed large variation between the different sub-classifications of NPS and smaller, but still distinguishable, differences between closely related compounds within the same class. In initial tests, screening the samples using spectral searching against a limited reference library allowed only 41% of the samples to be fully identified. The limiting factor in the identification was the large number of active compounds in the seized samples for which no reference vibrational data were available in the libraries rather than poor spectral quality. Therefore, when 33 of these compounds were independently identified by NMR and mass spectrometry and their spectra used to extend the libraries, the percentage of samples identified by IR and Raman screening alone increased to 76%, with only 7% of samples having no identifiable constituents. This study, which is the largest of its type ever carried out, therefore demonstrates that this approach of detecting non-matching samples and then identifying them using standard analytical methods has considerable potential in NPS screening since it allows rapid identification of the constituents of the majority of street quality samples. Only one complete feedback cycle was carried out in this study but there is clearly the potential to carry out continuous identification/updating when this system is used in operational settings.

Detection and characterization of emerging psychoactive substances by ion mobility spectrometry

Rapid detection and identification of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) continues to present significant analytical challenges to forensic and analytical chemists. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been traditionally considered as the analytical technique of choice to detect illicit drugs in security points in airports, borderlines and customs. Databases of the reduced mobility (K0 ) values of illicit drugs are available in the scientific literature and they should be completed with data of emerging designer drugs. In this paper, we have evaluated the effect of different measurement conditions and determined the K0 values of an important number of NPS including different families; such as phenethylamines, cathinones, synthetic cannabinoids and tryptamines among others to be incorporated to the existing data to provide a rapid detection and identification of this emerging threat.