Identification Of Heavy Metals Research Articles

The Structural and Thermal properties of Badarashma Pishti

BackgroundLapis judaicus, or Jews stone (Badarashma), has been used in treating kidney and bladder stones since ancient times by Ayurvedic and Unani medicinal practitioners. A limited number of studies have been carried out using Ayurvedic preparations derived from gems or precious stones that were used traditionally. In Ayurveda, Rasa Shastra includes the fabrication of Bhasmas and Pishti. ObjectiveThis study aimed to prepare and characterize Badarashma Pishti formulation (Lapis judaicus microparticles) and investigate its structural and thermal properties. Materials and methodsThe microparticles were prepared by subjecting purified powder of Lapis judaicus to a wet levigation (Bhavana) process. Characterizations were done using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo-gravimetry analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDAX) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Physicochemical characterization, elemental analysis, particle size distribution study, and identification of heavy metals were also performed. ResultsA standard operating procedure was developed to formulate Badarashma Pishti. The obtained microparticles were irregularly shaped with a size of 4.290 ± 0.472 μm, confirmed in SEM images. The FTIR and XRD of prepared Badarashma Pishti samples revealed the presence of calcite, quartz, and aragonite minerals. The results of EDAX also confirmed the presence of Ca, Mg, O, and Si elements. ConclusionThe proposed study results reveal great insights for determining the authenticity, purity, and standardization parameters of inorganic mineral drugs, proving to be a useful delivery system for treating renal calculi.

An Overview of Optical Sensing of Copper and its Removal by Different Techniques

: The identification of heavy metals by sensing technologies is a crucial area of study since these metals are present in the environment and are hazardous. The in-depth analyses of the probes' structures and sensing capabilities improve our understanding of how to design and develop probes for the same metal in the future. The third most common metal ion and trace element, copper (Cu2+), is essential to all living things and is involved in several activities. However, different diseases are caused by excess or deficiency of Cu2+ ions, depending on what the cell requires. For all of these reasons, optical sensors have concentrated on quick, highly sensitive, and selective real-time detection of Cu2+ ions. Fluorescence in the refractive index-adsorption from the interactions between light and matter can be measured using optical sensors. Furthermore, due to their strong advantages which include real-time detection, simplicity and naked eye recognition, low cost, high specificity against analytes, quick reaction, and the requirement for less complex equipment during analysis they have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. In this review, we covered many fluoro and chemosensors for the detection of copper, along with their sensing parameters in various mediums and thorough structural analyses. This review also covers the extraction of copper from the aqueous medium. The use of membrane processes, adsorption, and electrocoagulation is examined, and the difficulties associated with their application have been presented.

ДИНАМИКА КОНЦЕНТРАЦИЙ РАСТВОРЕННЫХ ФОРМ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ В ВОДЕ РЕКИ МОСКВЫ ПО ДАННЫМ МОНИТОРИНГОВЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ В 2021-2023 ГОДА

Background. The Moskva River is a prime example of a natural urban watercourse subjected to strong and varied anthropogenic pressure. For many years, this river has been characterized by increased content of heavy metals. The exceedance of the maximum allowable concentrations of harmful substances in the waters of water bodies used for fishery can result in disruption of the normal functioning of aquatic ecosystems. Relevance. The summarized data collected over the course of monitoring surveys of the Moskva River for three years will be indicative of the relative contribution of natural and anthropogenic sources into its pollution. The aim of this work is to identify the dynamics of spatial and temporal distribution of heavy metals in the Moskva River water and its relation to hydrological seasons, as well as to assess the anthropogenic pressure exerted by the city of Moscow on the river. Methods. Water samples were collected in 2021-2023 during four hydrological seasons. Identification of heavy metals in the collected samples has been carried out using the atomic absorption method. Results. The analysis of the content of dissolved heavy metals (iron, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, copper, nickel, lead, and chrome) in the Moskva River water in various seasons of 2021-2023 has been conducted, and the same was done for zinc in 2023. The dynamics of the spatial and temporal distribution of these heavy metals has been identified, as well as its dependence on the hydrological phases. The influence of the urban infrastructure on the composition of the Moskva River water has been elucidated. Within the investigated area, the exceedance of the values prescribed by the water quality standards for the water bodies used for fishery (MACfish) has been recorded. Conclusion. The waters of the Moskva River have been characterized as polluted, mainly with iron, manganese, copper, and zinc. For lead, chrome, cobalt, nickel, and cadmium, no exceedance of the MACfish has been recorded. It has been found that the majority of the investigated elements were exceeding the values prescribed by the established standards in the spring season, but their concentrations decreased in summer.

Rapid screening and risk assessment of various elements in ultrafine granular powder of Panax quinquefolius L.

IntroductionPanax quinquefolius L. is obtained from a man-shaped root of several species of the genus Panax of the family Araliceae indigenous, which is thought to increase memory, decrease aging, and possess both digestion regulating and liver-protective activity. The widely used in daily life, making its risk assessment a matter of great importance. This research investigates the application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for rapid, non-targeted screening and risk assessment of various heavy metals and toxic agents in Panax quinquefolius L.'s ultrafine granular powder. MethodsThe Panax quinquefolius L. was ground to ultrafine granular powder and subjected to microwave digestion for pre-treatment. ICP-MS was then employed to scan all elements within the full spectrum range, allowing identification of heavy metals and toxic elements using the non-targeted detection method. Subsequently, risk assessment was conducted for Pb, Cu, Ni, Mn, Al, Hg, As, and Cd present in the powder, following the basic steps of risk assessment. ResultsThe concentrations of Pb, Cd, As, Hg, and Cu in ultrafine granular Panax quinquefolius L. powder were found to be below the limits established by the current pharmacopeia. Notably, essential trace elements for the human body, namely Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Mg, were relatively abundant in the powder, with concentrations ranging from 1441.30 to 4016.20, 51.16 to 577.04, 34.78 to 121.99, 17.85 to 83.49, and 1017.69 to 3194.16 mg/kg, respectively. The risk assessment indicated that, in terms of exposure to toxic elements, the order for a person consuming ultrafine granular Panax quinquefolius L. powder would be: Al > Mn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cd > As > Hg. Importantly, the non-cancer risks associated with Ni, Pb, Al, Mn, Cd, As, Hg, and Cu in the ultrafine granular Panax quinquefolius L. powder were all within acceptable levels. ConclusionThis study successfully establishes a multi-element non-targeted rapid screening method combined with risk assessment techniques, enabling swift determination of harmful target element concentrations and risk profiles in ultrafine granular Panax quinquefolius L. powder. This approach serves as a technical reserve for effectively responding to incidents of toxicity potentially associated with traditional Chinese medicine.

Identification of Heavy Metals and Organic Micropollutants in Drinking Water Sources in Typical Villages and Towns in Northeast China.

This study identified and detected the existence of major pollutants in northeast China. As an alpine region and an agricultural base, this region has representative significance in pollution research. We selected 56 samples from drinking water sources of typical villages and towns, focusing on the analysis of heavy metals and organic micropollutants in northeast China. The analysis results showed that Fe and Mn were the main metal elements exceeding the standard. The exceeding rates were 17.9% and 19.6%. Experiments showed that there were 19 kinds of pesticides, 6 kinds of OPEs, 2 kinds of PAEs, 22 kinds of PPCPs. The detection rate of these 49 kinds of organic micro-pollutants were 1.79~82.14%. The characteristics of organic pollution were extensive and varied. Many underground water samples had high level of micropollutants. The water quality parameters of drinking water sources in villages and towns showed close relation to local geological conditions and agricultural activities. Actions must be taken to control these parameters from the source of pollution.

Evaluation of the surface water and sediment quality in the Duger basin (Burdur, Turkey) using multivariate statistical analyses and identification of heavy metals.

The study aims to determine the chemical contents of the surface water of the Duger Creek and the sediments of the Duger basin, which feeds the Burdur Lake, the correlation between these contents, the potential ecological risks of these contents, the toxic heavy metal contents, and their spatial distribution by using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy method. The Duger basin, which has been selected as the study area, is located on the streams feeding the Burdur Lake, which has been determined as the Ramsar area in Turkey. Burdur Lake has a key role in the ecological balance due to its biological diversity, characteristic animal/plant fauna since it provides a suitable area for seasonal migration of waterfowl. Considering all these functions, the surface water and sediment quality of the Duger basin, which is located in the streams feeding Burdur Lake, is critical. In this study, elemental compositions of 20 water and 20 sediment samples collected from the Duger basin were determined by using the XRF spectroscopy method. Many elements that may have toxicological characteristics in terms of human and environmental health have been detected in the surface water and sediment samples from the Duger basin. These elements were found to have the following average values: Al (60.09mg/L), Co (3.35mg/L), Zn (3.35mg/L), Cu (2.21mg/L), Cr (0.14mg/L). It is interpreted that they may be toxic because they exceed the limits specified in WHO 2004. In this context, the surface water in the Duger basin, which feeds the Burdur Lake, must be filtered before using it as drinking water or for agricultural and livestock purposes. New strategic planning is suggested to ensure the sustainability of the basin's surface water quality.

Urban and agricultural environmental geochemistry and identification of heavy metals in the soil of Sari City (Mazandaran Province, Iran)

Urban and agricultural environmental geochemistry and identification of heavy metals in the soil of Sari City (Mazandaran Province, Iran)

Source identification of heavy metals and arsenic in biodegradable fractions of municipal solid waste: a case study of Izmir metropolitan city

Source identification of heavy metals and arsenic in biodegradable fractions of municipal solid waste: a case study of Izmir metropolitan city

Identification of Heavy Metals and their Concentrations in Ushata and Rafin Tsamiya Water Sources of Nasararawa Local Government Area in Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Identification of Heavy Metals and their Concentrations in Ushata and Rafin Tsamiya Water Sources of Nasararawa Local Government Area in Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Standards, rules, and analytical techniques for sewage sludge management

This article discusses the most common sewage sludge management techniques, as well as the unit activities and procedures that relate to them. Reclamation and adaptation of lands to specific needs; plant cultivation not intended for human consumption or food production; use in agriculture; use in construction; recovery of phosphorus, rare earth metals, or fats and use in industry; production of combustible pellets, granulates, or other usable materials such as absorbents; and storage on treatment territory Stabilization processing results in the creation of materials that may be contaminated with a range of organic chemicals. Because this method of management often involves dumping processed sludge on the ground, it has the potential to contaminate soil with unknown organic substances. Thermal processing of raw sewage sludge, on the other hand, virtually eliminates this possibility. The vast majority of organic stuff is converted to a simple, mineralized state. In this instance, the most serious concern is heavy metal poisoning of sewage sludge ash. The identification of heavy metals in ashes is, however, considerably easier than that of organic molecules. Chemical analysis may be extremely helpful in determining the environmental safety of sewage sludge that has been treated and handled. As a result, there are many analytical approaches in use that are likely to aid in the process of developing and implementing innovative economically and ecologically sound methods of sewage sludge reuse. The method of technical sewage sludge use at Gdansk's Wastewater Treatment Plant "Wschod" is also explained. The technical line has just been updated.

Application of pollution indices for the assessment of heavy metal hazards in soil using GIS approach

The current research focuses on the identification of heavy metals’ intensity in the soil and their spatial distribution along the Hudiara drain through different pollutant indices using Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques. A total of 27 soil samples (in nine transects) were collected through GIS-based equidistant sampling along the drain and its 1-km buffer for Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu, Co, Cd, and As elements. Numerous soil pollution indices like contamination enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), summary pollution index (Zc), pollution load index (PLI), potential ecological risk factor (RI), and potential ecological risk factor for single metal ( $$ {E}_r^i $$ ) have been calculated individually in a spatial domain. All these soil indices were combined in spatial overlay analysis to delineate potential soil pollutant sites and sources. The mean value of heavy metals found in the soil in the drain vicinity can be arranged in decreasing order as Fe > Mn > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Co > Cd > As. The spatial distribution maps of heavy metal concentration and soil pollution indices revealed that most of the extremely polluted region existed close to industrial and residential sites along the Hudiara drain. Similarly, spatial overlay analysis based on the developed soil indices also suggested the highly polluted soil area mostly dominated by industrial or anthropogenic activities. These results highlighted the possibilities of seepage/percolation of the drain’s industrial effluents into surrounding soil and aquifer. The situation would not only deteriorate the local environment but also put the health of local residents at high risk. The study recommends the pretreatment of industrial and municipal effluents particularly regarding heavy metals before directly discharging into the drain to avoid further deterioration. The study also encourages the establishment of flora surrounding the drain to treat wastewater naturally and to minimize seepage/percolation from the drain water into soil and aquifer. The study results can be utilized to monitor and plan to minimize the soil deterioration by assessing potential polluted sites and sources efficiently.

The evaluation of heavy metals in transylvania, as predictor for the health status of the exposed population

It is well known and proven that heavy metal contamination of the soils can severely affect the health of the people living in the contaminated areas given the ease with which trace elements can enter the human body. In addition-to agricultural crop depreciation as well as soil erosion, soil pollution can negatively affect the natural function of ecosystems. While certain heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body, others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver and arsenic in minimal amounts have delusional effects on the body, causing acute and chronic intoxication. Our research is focused on the identification of heavy metals from the soil (O, Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, Pb, Si, Ti, Zn) in 3 areas in Transylvania where factories were in operation, using 4 methods: UV-VIS spectrometry, AAS, SEM-EDAX and X-ray diffractions. High levels of very toxic trace elements such as lead, aluminum, cadmium were found near the studied areas, especially using SEM-EDAX and AAS methods. Knowledge on the soil concentration of TEs, the time exposure and the side effects can lead us to predict the health status of the exposed population. In our study, by determinating the concentration of TEs we set out to formulate a prediction on the health status of the exposed population using literature data.

Source identification of heavy metals in surface sediments from a river in Anhui, China

Mineral resources (such as sulphur, iron, lead, and zinc) are abundant in one of the watersheds in Anhui Province, China. Unfortunately, excessive mining has negatively impacted the surrounding ecosystems and human health. To facilitate planning of the dredging project for the main river in the watershed, identification of the contaminant source(s) of sediments in the river course is critical. This study focuses on the investigation of seven mines and related businesses. Soil samples were collected from tailings piles and sewage outlets from the mines, sediments in the river course, surrounding croplands, and background areas. The concentrations of eight heavy metals (cadmium, mercury, lead, arsenic, chromium, copper, zinc, and nickel) were analysed. Multivariate statistical analyses, combined with the specific site information, were conducted to evaluate the potential sources of heavy metals in river sediments. The results indicated that the concentrations of copper, cadmium, and arsenic exceeded the thresholds in most parts of the river course. The degree of pollution was highest for copper, moderate for cadmium and arsenic, and lowest for lead, zinc, mercury, nickel, and chromium. Based on pollutant characteristics of different samples, the hydrology and hydrogeology in the watershed, and the operational history of the businesses, the primary source(s) of the contamination of heavy metals in river sediments was determined to be the effluents discharged from mine operations. When the effluents containing large amounts of heavy metals-laden suspensions entered the watershed, the suspensions precipitated gradually, leading to the high concentrations of heavy metals in the river sediments.

A Novel and Simple Method for Elements Determination in Aerobiological Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) Analysis

The identification of heavy metals in the atmosphere has increased a strong and growing interest. Thereby, monitoring of elements in aerobiological samples could be a powerful tool for detection of environmental pollution. In this work, a simple and fast method for the determination of trace metals bound to aeroparticles such as pollen was optimized. A single-step procedure for the dissolution of aerobiological samples in nitric acid and further determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with a high-efficiency sample introduction system was developed. The procedure involved low dilution and low detection limits with adequate precision and its direct introduction into the ICP-MS system. The novel method proposed was successfully applied to determine five elements in concentrations from 0.04 mg g−1 (U) to 14.1 mg g−1 (Mn) in aerobiological samples. Through this procedure, the most significant correlations between pollen of Cupressaceae, Ulmus, and Moraceae with Mn, and pollen of Moraceae with Pb were found. This methodology could be a very useful tool to assess air pollution. We are not only proposing a new strategy to analyze air samples particles but also giving new information of the elemental composition carried by pollen.

Heavy metals present in Ficus benjamina leaves in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico

Goals: General: The collection of dust samples deposited on Ficus benjamina leaves in the Guadalajara metropolitan area (GMA) will allow the identification of heavy metals and their spatial distribution. Specific: Identify the most polluted areas of the city and the elements present by means of particle dispersion schemes (maps) made with the data obtained by the atomic absorption technique. Metodología: For the extraction of heavy metals an acid digestion was performed. The samples were previously homogenized. The determination was made on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer model Varian AA 240 FS, with a monochromator of CZERNY-TURNER design, panel of 4 lamps and inert and adjustable nebulization chamber. The technique used was flame (flame) and calibration curves were used. Contribución: The concentrations of the seven metals analyzed Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Cd, Pb and Cr were identified, the most abundant being Cu and Pb. The maps allowed to identify that there are some patterns of distribution of the contamination, such was the case of the Cd, Pb and Zn that are distributed very homogeneously on the Lázaro Cárdenas avenue until reaching the supply market area.

Identification of heavy metal by testing microalgae using confocal Raman microspectroscopy technology.

Five copper concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/l) were used to stress C. pyrenoidosa continuously for five days. The biomass, chlorophyll, and carotenoids of microalgae were measured, and Raman mapping spectral data and Raman single-point spectral data of microalgae were acquired. Principal component-linear discriminant analysis, back propagation-artificial neural network (BP-ANN), and sensitive wavelengths-linear discriminant analysis were used to build models to identify different copper concentrations using the spectral data after pretreatment. The results showed that the BP-ANN model was optimal to identify copper concentrations with prediction accuracy of 92% on day 4.

Assessment of Contamination and Sources Identification of Heavy Metals in Stream Water and Sediments around Industrial Complex.

Assessment of Contamination and Sources Identification of Heavy Metals in Stream Water and Sediments around Industrial Complex.

MINERAL AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF THE LEAVES OF MYRTHUS COMMUNIS L.

The homeland of Myrthus communis L. is Mediterranean region, in the countries of which its wild-growing and cultivated varieties grow. In the collection of the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens – National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences the economic-valuable and morphological features of nine cultivars of this species have been studied. The plant is considered as a promising industrial medicinal culture.
 Contamination of medicinal plants with heavy metals and other toxic elements is an existing problem, which is associated with serious concern of international organizations on the quality and safety of medicinal raw materials.
 It is now established that trace constituents, entering into connection with chemical regulators of metabolism, including amino acids, participate in various biochemical processes, stimulate and normalize metabolism.
 The objective of this work is to study the elemental and amino acid composition of leaves of Myrthus communis L., cultivated in the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens.
 The study of Myrthus communis L. ultimate composition has been done with due regard to General Monograph requirements "The identification of heavy metals and arsenium in medicinal raw materials and plant preparations" for State Pharmacopeia of XIII edition. The research of the amino acid profile has been done subject to State All-Union Standard 32195-2013 (ISO 13903:2005).
 As a result of research it has been established that leaves of Myrthus communis L. accumulate 28 elements and 16 amino acids. The content of heavy metals and arsenium in the studied samples did not exceed the maximum permissible values for medicinal plant raw materials established by the Russian State Pharmacopoeia. The total content of amino acids in the leaves of myrtle was 11.65%. Among the amino acids found, glutamic and aspartic acids prevailed. The least in the leaves was methionine. The obtained results will be used for follow up standardization of myrtle raw materials as a promising source of medicinal plant raw material.

Identification of Heavy Metals in Crystals of Sand and Silt Fractions of Soils by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM EDS/WD-EPMA)

ABSTRACT Studies of heavy metals are concentrate on clay fractions, but coarser fractions of the soil can constitute significant sources of structural forms of heavy metals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of heavy metals in the structure of minerals of the sand and silt fractions of soils from three different parent materials (metamorphic rocks and granite) in southern Brazil using SEM/EDS – Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and with WD-EPMA – with Wavelength [...]

Identification of heavy metals on vegetables at the banks of Kaligarang river using neutron analysis activation method

This research aims to determine the type, concentration, and distribution of heavy metals in vegetables on the banks river Kaligarang using Neutron Analysis Activation (NAA) Method. The result is then compared to its predefined threshold. Vegetable samples included papaya leaf, cassava leaf, spinach, and water spinach. This research was conducted by taking a snippet of sediment and vegetation from 4 locations of Kaligarang river. These snippets are then prepared for further irradiated in the reactor for radioactive samples emiting γ-ray. The level of γ-ray energy determines the contained elements of sample that would be matched to Neutron Activation Table. The results showed that vegetablesat Kaligarang are containing Cr-50, Co-59, Zn-64, Fe-58, and Mn-25, and well distributed at all research locations. Furthermore, the level of the detected metal elements is less than the predefined threshold.