Identification Of Dietary Patterns Research Articles

Identification of dietary patterns and their relationship with zinc intake in male and female workers

Objectives Deficiency of zinc, an essential trace element in the body, adversely affects taste, wound healing, and immunity. This study aimed to identify the dietary patterns of male and female workers using factor analysis and clarify the relationship between dietary patterns and zinc intake.Methods The participants were 395 municipal employees (193 men and 202 women) in Northern Kyushu aged 19-71 years. To obtain the dietary intake data, participants were asked to complete a lifestyle and health questionnaire and brief self-administered dietary history questionnaire. Zn intake was evaluated per 1,000 kcal (mg/1,000 kcal). The values were adjusted for energy using the density method, and multiple regression analysis was performed.Results Three dietary patterns were identified for each participant. Among men, "main and side dish type pattern" characterized by higher intakes of potatoes, legumes, vegetables, seafood, meat, and low for cereals, "snack type pattern" characterized by higher intakes of sweets and coffee, and "Mediterranean diet pattern" characterized by higher intakes of bread, pasta, fruits, eggs, and milk, and low for miso soup and rice were identified. For women, a "vegetarian diet type pattern" characterized by higher intakes of beans, vegetables, mushrooms, and seaweed, "main and side dish type pattern" characterized by low intake of rice, and "dinner-time drinking pattern" characterized by higher intakes of alcoholic beverages were identified. Zinc intake was positively associated with the "main and side dish type pattern" and "Mediterranean diet pattern" in men and "vegetarian diet" and "main and side dish type pattern" in women. Additionally, zinc intake was negatively associated with the "dinner-time drinking pattern" among women.Conclusion Despite adjusting for age, BMI, marriage, occupation, smoking habits, and exercise habits, the "main and side dish type pattern" and "Mediterranean diet pattern" were positively correlated with zinc intake in men and the "vegetarian diet" and "main and side dish type pattern" in women. The data suggest awareness of the dietary patterns that are conducive to ensuring zinc intake.

Socio-demographic characteristics and dietary pattern of community-dwelling adults in Abia State, Nigeria.

Identification of dietary patterns and their association with socio-demographic factors. Community-based cross-sectional study design. Urban and rural communities in Abia State, Nigeria. Eight hundred and sixty-eight (868) male and female adults aged 20 to 59 years. Identification of Dietary patterns (DP) by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on the consumption of 10 food groups, assessed using a 7-day qualitative food frequency questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses evaluated the association between identified patterns and socio-economic factors. Two dietary patterns 'traditional and convenience DPs were identified, explaining 52% of the total variance. The traditional DP was loaded with starchy staples, vegetable soups/sauces, and animal proteins. The convenience DP was characterised by high factor loading of processed cereals, carbonated drinks and alcoholic beverages. Larger households (>3) had lower odds of adhering to high traditional DP [AOR =0.633; 95% CI (0.429-0.934); p = 0.021]. Females [AOR =1.586; 95% CI (1.104-2.279); p = 0.013] and middle-aged adults (AOR = 1.750; 95% CI (1.075-2.848);p = 0.024] were more likely to adhere to the convenience DP, whereas, the odds of adhering to the convenience pattern was lower among adults residing in rural areas [AOR =0.3161.586; 95% CI (0.219-0.456); p = 0.001]. Socio-economic variables (age, gender, household size and place of residence) were associated with dietary patterns among community dwellers in Nigeria. None declared.

Dietary Patterns and Cancer Risk: An Overview with Focus on Methods

Traditionally, research in nutritional epidemiology has focused on specific foods/food groups or single nutrients in their relation with disease outcomes, including cancer. Dietary pattern analysis have been introduced to examine potential cumulative and interactive effects of individual dietary components of the overall diet, in which foods are consumed in combination. Dietary patterns can be identified by using evidence-based investigator-defined approaches or by using data-driven approaches, which rely on either response independent (also named “a posteriori” dietary patterns) or response dependent (also named “mixed-type” dietary patterns) multivariate statistical methods. Within the open methodological challenges related to study design, dietary assessment, identification of dietary patterns, confounding phenomena, and cancer risk assessment, the current paper provides an updated landscape review of novel methodological developments in the statistical analysis of a posteriori/mixed-type dietary patterns and cancer risk. The review starts from standard a posteriori dietary patterns from principal component, factor, and cluster analyses, including mixture models, and examines mixed-type dietary patterns from reduced rank regression, partial least squares, classification and regression tree analysis, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. Novel statistical approaches reviewed include Bayesian factor analysis with modeling of sparsity through shrinkage and sparse priors and frequentist focused principal component analysis. Most novelties relate to the reproducibility of dietary patterns across studies where potentialities of the Bayesian approach to factor and cluster analysis work at best.

A contribuição do acompanhamento pré-natal nos padrões alimentares de gestantes de alto risco

Abstract Objectives: investigate whether prenatal characteristics were associated with dietary pattern of pregnant women. Methods: we studied 200 high-risk pregnant women in Fortaleza, Ceará. The identification of dietary patterns was performed through principal component analysis with the orthogonal Varimax rotation. Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and respective confidence intervals (CI95%). Results: three major dietary patterns were identified: ‘common Brazilian’, ‘healthy’ and ‘energy-dense’. After adjustments conducted with multivariate analysis, pregnant women who had not received dietary guidance in prenatal consultations (34%) were less likely to adhere to the ‘healthy’ pattern (PR = 0,81; CI95%= 0,67-0,95). Pregnant women who attended an appropriate number of consultations (≥ 6 consultations) (41%) showed greater adherence to the ‘healthy’ pattern (PR = 1,15; CI95%= 1,01-1,32) and lower adherence to the ‘energy-dense’ pattern (PR = 0,85; CI95%= 0,74-0,99). Conclusion: it was observed that the high-risk pregnant women who attended an adequate number of consultations during the prenatal care had a higher chance to adhere to the ‘healthy’ pattern and a lower chance to adhere to the ‘energy-dense’ pattern. Not receiving guidelines on prenatal nutrition was inversely associated with the healthy pattern. Thus, the importance of high-risk pregnant women undergoing an appropriate prenatal care is reinforced.

Identification of dietary patterns and their relationship with physical performance in adults of 85 years of age and older -A cross sectional study from The Tokyo Oldest Old survey on Total Health study

While the proportion of people of ≥85 years of age is expected to increase, there is limited research on the dietary patterns and physical performance of this population in Japan. The purpose of this study was to identify the dietary patterns of people of ≥85 years of age who live in Tokyo and to examine the relationship with their physical performance. Using data from the baseline survey (conducted in 2008-2009) of The Tokyo Oldest Old survey on Total Health study, the estimated 58 food intake items were aggregated into 33 items after energy adjustment, and a principal component analysis was performed. For physical performance, the results of grip strength, chair standing test, and 3 m timed up and go test conducted at normal walking speed were used. A multiple regression analysis was used to adjust for confounders and to examine the relationship between each dietary pattern and physical performance. The subjects of the analysis were 87.3 (86.2-88.8) years of age (median [25-75th percentile] ). From the principal component analysis, three dietary patterns were identified: "various vegetable foods", "fish and mushrooms", and "cooked rice and miso soup". A higher propensity for the "fish and mushrooms" dietary pattern was significantly associated with grip strength (partial regression coefficient, B (95% confidence interval): 0.48 (0.13-0.83) ). In a population of people of ≥85 years of age in Tokyo, a positive association was observed between hand grip strength and a dietary pattern characterized by fish and mushroom intake.

Implementation of Harmonized Food Consumption Data Collection in the Balkan Region According to the EFSA EU Menu Methodology Standards.

Initiatives in the Capacity Development in Nutrition Research in the Balkan region in the last decade have been toward the creation of contemporary, harmonized Research Infrastructure (RI) compliant with European standards. This study describes the process of creation and implementation of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) EU Menu methodology in the Balkan region during the EFSA support projects for food consumption data collection in four countries (Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and North Macedonia). This process entailed the application and improvement of an innovative tool, the DIET ASSESS and PLAN (DAP), a platform for standardized food consumption data collection and dietary intake assessment. DAP comprises computerized food consumption, anthropometric measurements, and physical activity questionnaires, validated food picture book, and FoodEx2 exposure hierarchy with sets of facet descriptors of the interest. It hosts the Balkan food platform with a Serbian food composition database (FCDB) and Regional FCDB, compliant with European Food Information Resource (EuroFIR™) standards. The implementation of the DAP platform in national dietary surveys conducted with the support of the EFSA EU Menu project in Balkan countries enabled harmonized food consumption data compilation and reporting. Application of the methodology entailed the development of study protocol and extensive education and training of study personnel. The entire data collection process was managed by internal and external survey coordinators. A pilot study was conducted to test the entire data collection and control process and was afterward used to make necessary improvements and adjustments to meet EU Menu requirements. Data collected are internationally comparable with food consumption data in other European countries within the framework of the EU Menu program. The existence of such data in the Balkan region will catalyze research activities in emerging topics, such as identification of dietary patterns, the establishment of national nutrient reference values and food-based dietary guidelines (not only in Serbia, but in the whole Balkan region), dietary exposure assessments, the endorsement and evaluation of new food legislations, the environmental and other effects of diet on the food system. The developed and implemented methodology underpins evidence-based policy-making processes lacking in the field of public health nutrition in the region.

Identification of Dietary Patterns and Nutritional Status of Young Adults in Northern Area of Bangladesh

Identification of Dietary Patterns and Nutritional Status of Young Adults in Northern Area of Bangladesh

Identification of dietary patterns by principal component analysis in schoolchildren in the South of Brazil and associated factors

Abstract Objectives: to identify dietary patterns (DP) and associated factors in first grade school-children in elementary schools in the South of Brazil. Methods: school-based cross-sectional study, with a non-probabilistic sample of 782 schoolchildren aged 6 to 8. Food intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. DP were identified using the principal component analysis and the prevalence ratios were obtained by Poisson regression with a robust variance. Results: four DP were identified and accounted for 25.3% of the total variance: "fruit, vegetables and fish" (8.5%), "sweets and salty snacks" (7.0%), "dairy, ham and biscuits" (5.0%) and "common Brazilian food" (4.8%). After the adjustment, breakfast habit and lower frequency of meals in front of a screen increased the probability of adherence to a high consumption of DP of "fruit, vegetables and fish". The maternal schooling level was linearly and inversely associated with DP of "sweets and salty snacks" and "common Brazilian food", and positively related to the DP of "dairy, ham and biscuits". Schoolchildren with food inse-curity and sufficiently active had higher probability of adherence to DP of "common Brazilian food". Conclusions: four DP were identified and associated with food insecurity, maternal socioeconomic characteristics and schoolchildren’s behavioral characteristics.

Identification of dietary patterns in a general population of North Italian adults and their association with arterial stiffness. The RoCAV study

Background and aimsThe aims of this study were to identify dietary patterns in a general population of North Italian adults and to investigate the cross-sectional association between prevalent dietary patterns and arterial stiffness. Methods and resultsParticipants to the RoCAV study without chronic diseases at recruitment and with reliable dietary data were included. The food-frequency EPIC questionnaire was used to evaluate dietary habits. Dietary patterns were estimated using principal components analysis and Mediterranean diet adherence score (MedS). Carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) was used as proxy of arterial stiffness. Basing on data from 2640 subjects (1608 men and 1032 women, mean ± SD 65.5 ± 6.7 years), four principal components (PC) were retained, explaining 24% of the overall variance. Considering 1284 subjects with cfPWV (mean ± SD 10.7 ± 2.5 m/s) data available, adherence to PC1 (Western-like dietary pattern) was associated with higher stiffness values (+0.29 m/s cfPWV for 1 SD increase of PC1, 95% CI:0.08,0.50; p = 0.007) in a multivariate model. Conversely, adherence to PC2 (Mediterranean-like) was not related to cfPWV values (−0.18, 95% CI: −0.36, 0.004; p = 0.06). Likewise, MedS and other PC patterns did not show any significant association with cfPWV. Mediation analysis showed that the association between Western-like dietary pattern and cfPWV is mediated by higher levels of leucocytes (9.2% of the effect, p = 0.047). ConclusionsOur study in a Southern European population identified a Western-like dietary pattern associated with an increased cfPWV, a proxy of arterial stiffness. The association with cfPWV was in part mediated by inflammatory status.

Empirical dietary patterns in the Russian population and the risk factors of chronic non-infectious diseases (Research ECVD-RF)

Currently, in the epidemiology of nutrition, methodological approaches to the empirical assessment of the diets of the population and their relationship to health indicators are actively using. In Russia, these approaches have been used in a number of cohort and regional studies, however, such studies are not available for the entire Russian population. Aim. Identification of empirical dietary patterns in the Russian population and analysis of their associations with risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases. Material and methods. The work was carried out as part of a multicenter epidemiological study "Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in the regions of the Russian Federation" (ECVD-RF) in 2013-2014. The final sample size was 19 520 people aged 25- 64 years. Arterial hypertension, general and abdominal obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL, high LDL, and hyperglycemia were observed as risk factors for chronic non-infectious diseases. The data on the frequency of consumption of 13 food groups, which were grouped into 10 groups by combining dairy products into one were collected by interviewing. The identification of dietary patterns and assessment of their sustainability was performed using factor analysis (principal component analysis). In accordance with the individual commitment of the participants to the selected dietary patterns the sample was grouped into quartiles for each of the patterns. In order to ensure associations between patterns commitment and risk factors, a logistic regression analysis was used adjusted for the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. Results and discussion. Four stable dietary patterns with a total specific gravity of the explained variance of 55.9% were identified and conventionally designated as "Reasonable" (milk, sweets and confectionery, fresh fruits and vegetables, cereals and pasta), "Salt" (sausages, pickles and pickled products), "Meat" (meat, fish and seafood, poultry meat) and "Mixed" (beans, pickles and pickled products, fish and seafood). The set of products of the "Reasonable" patterns mainly corresponds to the "Healthy" or "Balanced" patterns in foreign studies, the combination of the "Salt" and "Meat" patterns - the "Western Salt". Adherence to a "Reasonable" pattern was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases, and to a "Salt" and "Meat" patterns, on the contrary, with an increase. The associations obtained generally correspond to the results of similar foreign studies. A "Mixed" dietary pattern was associated with a few risk factors, which did not allow an unambiguous assessment of the pattern in terms of its impact on health. Conclusion. The study identified empirical dietary patterns of the Russian population and characterized them in terms of associations with the state of health of risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases.

Identification of Dietary Patterns Related to Metabolic Diseases and Their Association with Cardiovascular Disease: From the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study.

Using data from the community-based cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES), we evaluated the dietary patterns (DPs) related to metabolic diseases and their associations with the incidence of non-fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD). After excluding those with a history of CVD or cancer, we analyzed the data of 8352 subjects aged 40–69 years. Based on their daily intake of 26 food groups at baseline, the DPs of the subjects with metabolic diseases (n = 1679, 20.1%) were analyzed using principal component analysis. Due to regional differences in the effect of DPs on CVD, we performed analyses stratified by region. The association between DPs and the incidence of non-fatal CVD was evaluated by calculating the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using the Cox proportional hazards model. During the 12-year follow-up, the incidence of non-fatal CVD was 5.4 per 1000 person-years (n = 431). An animal-based DP made the greatest contribution to the total variance and was characterized by a high intake of pork, beef, chicken, fish, and shellfish. The effect of DP on CVD differed by region (industrial/rural regions, p < 0.05) and was dominant in industrial regions, irrespective of metabolic disease status. In industrial regions, subjects in the top quintile of DP had a 0.42-fold (95% CI = 0.24–0.74) lower risk of incident CVD than those in the bottom quintile, even after adjusting for various covariates. In addition, the risk of CVD was high in individuals with a history of metabolic disease in both regions (HR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.24–2.43 in industrial regions; HR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.42–2.48 in rural regions). DP and a history of metabolic diseases, but not their interaction, were independently associated with incident CVD. In our study, an animal-based DP related to metabolic disease was independently associated with incident CVD, and this effect was noticeable only in industrial regions.

Dietary Patterns Are Not Consistently Associated with Variability in Blood Lead Concentrations in Pregnant British Women

ABSTRACTBackgroundDuring pregnancy lead crosses the placenta freely and can have adverse effects on the fetus, with the potential for lifelong impact on the child. Identification of dietary patterns and food groups in relation to measures of lead status could provide a more useful alternative to nutrient-specific advice to minimize fetal lead exposure.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate whether dietary patterns and food groups are associated with blood lead concentration (B-Pb) in pregnancy.DesignWhole blood samples were collected at a median of 11 wk gestation (IQR 9–13 wk) from women enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort study, and analyzed for lead. Dietary pattern scores were derived from principal components analysis of a food-frequency questionnaire (32 wk gestation). Associations of dietary pattern scores (quartiles), and of food groups (frequency of consumption), with the likelihood of B-Pb ≥5 µg/dL identified with adjusted logistic regression (n = 2167 complete cases).ResultsThere was a negative association between the “confectionery” dietary pattern and the likelihood of B-Pb ≥5 µg/dL (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.94) in an adjusted model. There were no associations with other dietary patterns. There was a positive association between the food group “all leafy green and green vegetables” and the likelihood of B-Pb ≥5 µg/dL (OR 1.45; 95% CI: 1.04, 2.01). Conversely, the food group “cakes and biscuits” was negatively associated (OR 0.63; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.93). After multiple imputation, there was a positive association of the “healthy” diet pattern and no association of the “confectionery” pattern.ConclusionsWe found limited evidence of an association between women's typical diet and B-Pb during pregnancy. Our findings do not indicate need to revise dietary guidance for pregnant women, who are advised to adopt a healthy diet in pregnancy, with a variety of foods consumed in moderation.

The TyG index cutoff point and its association with body adiposity and lifestyle in children

ObjectiveTo investigate the factors associated with insulin resistance in children aged 4–7 years, and to identify the cutoff point of the triglyceride‐glucose index for the prediction of insulin resistance in this population. MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted with 403 children from a retrospective cohort. Insulin resistance was also evaluated in a sub‐sample using the HOMA index. Four indicators of body adiposity were assessed: body mass index, waist‐to‐height ratio, and the percentages of total and central body fat. Food habits were evaluated by the identification of dietary patterns, using principal component analysis. Information was also collected on lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and breastfeeding time. ResultsThe median index observed in the sample was 7.77, which did not differ between the genders. The shorter the time spent in active activities, the higher the triglyceride‐glucose value; and increase in the values of body adiposity indicators was positively associated with triglyceride‐glucose. The cutoff point with the best balance between sensitivity and specificity values was 7.88 (AUC=0.63, 95% CI: 0.51–0.74). ConclusionThe present study identified that total and central body adiposity and shorter time spent in lively activities was positively associated with insulin resistance, evaluated through the triglyceride‐glucose index. The cutoff point of 7.88 may be used in this population for insulin resistance risk screening, but caution is required when using it in other populations.

Dietary patterns of Brazilian adolescents according to geographic region: an analysis of the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA).

The study aimed to identify the dietary patterns of Brazilian adolescents in each of Brazil's five major geographic regions and verify possible differences in adherence to dietary patterns according to age, sex, and type of school. Data were analyzed from 71,298 adolescents 12 to 17 years of age that participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional nationwide, multicenter, school-based survey. Food consumption data were obtained using a 24-hour food recall, and identification of dietary patterns used factor analysis. Associations between the adolescents' sociodemographic characteristics and dietary patterns were verified by linear regression analyses, stratified by age and adjusted for nutritional status, total energy intake, and physical activity. In the five geographic regions, three dietary patterns with similar characteristics were identified: traditional pattern, bread-and-coffee pattern, and unhealthy pattern. The North of Brazil showed a fourth dietary pattern characterized by typical regional foods, called the traditional-North pattern. In all five regions, male adolescents showed the highest adherence to the traditional pattern and the lowest adherence to the unhealthy pattern. Private school students showed higher adherence to the unhealthy pattern and lower adherence to the traditional pattern. The results suggest that in this sample of adolescents, males were associated with traditional Brazilian foods such as rice and beans, while higher socioeconomic status was associated with the consumption of unhealthy foods like sugary beverages and snacks.

More to gain: dietary energy density is related to smoking status in US adults

BackgroundGiven the current prevalence of both cigarette use and obesity in the United States, identification of dietary patterns that reduce mortality risk are important public health priorities. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between cigarette use and dietary energy density, a marker for diet quality, in a population of current smokers, former smokers, and never smokers.MethodsData from a nationally representative sample of 5293 adults who participated in the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) were analyzed. Specific survey procedures were used in the analysis to account for sample weights, unequal selection probability, and clustered design when evaluating the association between dietary energy density (ED, energy per weight of food, kcal/g) and current smoking status. Never smokers reported < 100 lifetime cigarettes. Smokers were identified as individuals reporting > 100 lifetime cigarettes and current smoking status was recorded as daily, some days (nondaily), or not at all (former).ResultsA strong linear relationship was observed between smoking pattern and dietary ED in current smokers. Compared to never smokers, daily smokers and nondaily smokers have significantly higher dietary ED (1.79 vs. 2.02 and 1.88, respectively; both p < 0.05); demonstrating that any amount of current cigarette consumption is associated with poor diet. Though former smokers had a higher dietary ED than never smokers, this difference still significantly lower than that of current smokers (p = 0.002).ConclusionThese findings suggest that smoking status is associated with poor diet quality. Former smokers had a slightly lower ED value (1.84) than current non-daily smokers (1.89) but a higher value than never smokers (1.79).

The TyG index cutoff point and its association with body adiposity and lifestyle in children

ObjectiveTo investigate the factors associated with insulin resistance in children aged 4–7 years, and to identify the cutoff point of the triglyceride-glucose index for the prediction of insulin resistance in this population. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 403 children from a retrospective cohort. Insulin resistance was also evaluated in a sub-sample using the HOMA index. Four indicators of body adiposity were assessed: body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, and the percentages of total and central body fat. Food habits were evaluated by the identification of dietary patterns, using principal component analysis. Information was also collected on lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and breastfeeding time. ResultsThe median index observed in the sample was 7.77, which did not differ between the genders. The shorter the time spent in active activities, the higher the triglyceride-glucose value; and increase in the values of body adiposity indicators was positively associated with triglyceride-glucose. The cutoff point with the best balance between sensitivity and specificity values was 7.88 (AUC=0.63, 95% CI: 0.51–0.74). ConclusionThe present study identified that total and central body adiposity and shorter time spent in lively activities was positively associated with insulin resistance, evaluated through the triglyceride-glucose index. The cutoff point of 7.88 may be used in this population for insulin resistance risk screening, but caution is required when using it in other populations.

Identification of dietary patterns and their relationships with general and oral health in the very old.

Little is known about the dietary patterns of Asian populations aged >=85 years and their associated factors. Thus, we aimed to (1) identify these dietary patterns and (2) clarify the relationships between the dietary pattern and health outcomes in a community-dwelling very old population. The Tokyo Oldest Old Survey on Total Health study is an observational cohort study comprising 512 Japanese subjects (women, n=288; men, n=224; age, 87.8±2.2 years). Dietary patterns were assessed by principal component analysis using a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. Barthel index, Mini-Mental State Examination, and oral health status [maximum occlusal force (MOF), denture use, and dentulous / edentulous state] were also measured. Two dietary patterns were identified. The first factor component "traditional Japanese" was characterized by a high consumption of vegetables, seaweed, legumes, and fish. The second factor component "noodles and confectioneries" was characterized by a high consumption of noodles, confectioneries, and non-alcoholic beverages. Multivariable analysis showed that the "traditional Japanese" dietary pattern was inversely associated with dentulous state (OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.34-0.82), the lowest tertile of MOF (OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.42-0.99), and denture use (OR: 2.42; 95% CI: 1.26- 4.63) even after adjustment for potential confounders. Furthermore, the "noodles and confectioneries" dietary pattern was inversely associated with the lowest tertile of MOF (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.40-0.94). However, there were no significant associations between these dietary patterns and disability or cognitive function. We identified two dietary patterns in the very old population, which were associated with oral health status.

Identification of dietary patterns in urban population of Argentina: study on diet-obesity relation in population-based prevalence study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESIn Argentina, obesity prevalence rose from 14.6% in 2005 to 20.8% in 2013. Although the number of studies on noncommunicable diseases and dietary patterns as a unique dietary exposure measure has increased, information on this topic remains scarce in developing countries. This is the first population-based study investigating the association between diet and obesity using a dietary pattern approach in Argentina. We aimed (a) to identify current dietary patterns of the population of Córdoba city, (b) to investigate its association with obesity prevalence, and (c) to identify and describe dietary patterns from the subgroup of people with obesity.SUBJECTS/METHODSThe Córdoba Obesity and Diet Study (CODIES) was conducted in Córdoba city by using a random sample of n = 4,327 subjects between 2005 and 2012. Empirically derived dietary patterns were identified through principal component factor analysis. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association of dietary patterns with obesity.RESULTSFour dietary patterns were identified, called “Starchy-Sugar”, “Prudent”, “Western”, and “Sugary drinks”. High scores for the “Western” pattern (with strongest factor loading on meats/eggs, processed meats, and alcohol) showed a positive association with obesity (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.06-1.67, for third versus first tertile of factor score). “Meats/Cheeses” and “Snacks/Alcohol” patterns emerged in people with obesity.CONCLUSIONSThe findings suggest that high adherence to the “Western” pattern promoted obesity in this urban population. In addition, people with obesity showed characteristic dietary patterns that differ from those identified in the overall population.

Identification of dietary patterns by factor analysis and study of the relationship with nutritional status of rural adolescents using factor scores

Study was undertaken to know food and nutrient consumption patterns and their relationship with nutritional status among rural adolescents in Orissa. It was a Community based cross sectional study, conducted at district level in the State of Orissa. Data on 686 adolescent boys and 689 adolescent girls were utilized. Factor analysis was used to find dietary pattern and discriminate analysis and its relationship with undernutrition. The study revealed that among adolescent boys, there existed six patterns among food-groups and three patterns among nutrients explaining 52% and 76% of total variation. Similarly among adolescent girls, seven patterns among food groups and three patterns among nutrients, explaining 67% and 80% of total variation. The discriminate analysis using the factor scores revealed overall 56% of adolescent boys, and 53% of girls were correctly classified. About 46% of boys who were actually thin were predicted as normal, while, 40% who were normal were predicted as thin. Among girls 50% who were actually thin were predicted as normal, while, 36% who were normal were predicted as thin. In conclusions, there exists considerable relationship between dietary patterns and nutritional status among rural adolescents.

Identification of Dietary Patterns Using Two Statistical Approaches and Their Association With Breast Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study in Southern France

The aim of this case-control study was to compare two different statistical methods in the identification of dietary patterns by use of principal component analysis (PCA) and variable clustering (VC) and to examine their association with the risk of breast cancer (BC). A dose-response association was then performed by the use of an adaptation of free knot spline function in logistic models. A "Western" pattern was revealed by PCA and VC and was then shown to be associated with a nonsignificant increase of BC risk. Only PCA identified a "meat/alcohol" pattern. Above the spline threshold, BC risk increased significantly (OR ≥ s vs. < s = 2.56, 95% CI 1.54-4.27). When we used PCA, a "Mediterranean" pattern was identified, but no association between BC risk and this pattern was shown. VC split the "Mediterranean" dietary pattern in two: "raw vegetables and olive oil" and "fish." Above the spline threshold, the "fish" pattern tended to protect against BC risk (OR ≥ s vs. < s = 0.77, 95% CI 0.58-1.01), whereas an excess of raw vegetables and olive oil increased BC risk (OR 1 se = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.06-1.32). Some results from the PCA and the VC methods were similar, whereas others were different but gave complementary results.