Identification Of Bioactive Components Research Articles

Identification of Bioactive Components and in vitro Cytotoxicity Analysis of Annona squamosa Extract on Human Breast Cancer Cells

The present study is to explore to determine the bioactive components and in vitro cytotoxicity of the chloroform extract of Annona squamosa analyzed. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of chloroform extract of the medicinal plant Annona squamosa were used to regulate the bioactive components and their in vitro analysis of cytotoxicity was ceased by vero and human breast MCF-7 cell lines were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry and MTT assay respectively. Results: The present study envisages 12 phytocompounds and their significant cytotoxic role on Vero as well as human breast carcinoma and MCF-7 cell lines. Conclusion: Herbal medicinal plants have been extensively studied for their possible medicinal value as primary source drugs. Obviously, the natural products from the herbal medicinal sources will continue to be extremely important as sources of medicinal agents.

Identification of bioactive components and its biological activities of Toddalia asiatica root extract– a GC-MS study

Identification of bioactive components and its biological activities of Toddalia asiatica root extract– a GC-MS study

Identification of bioactive components behind the antimicrobial activity of cow urine by peptide and metabolite profiling.

Cow urine possesses several bioactive properties but the responsible components behind these bioactivities are still far from identified. In our study, we tried to identify the possible components behind the antimicrobial activity of cow urine by exploring the peptidome and metabolome. We extracted peptides from the urine of Sahiwal cows belonging to three different physiological states viz heifer, lactation, and pregnant, each group consisting of 10 different animals. The peptides were extracted using the solid phase extraction technique followed by further extraction using ethyl acetate. The antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extract was evaluated against different pathogenic strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus agalactiae. The safety of urinary aqueous extract was evaluated by hemolysis and cytotoxicity assay on the BuMEC cell line. The urinary peptides were further fractionated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify the fraction(s) containing the antimicrobial activity. The HPLC fractions and ethyl acetate extract were analyzed using nLC-MS/MS for the identification of the peptides and metabolites. A total of three fractions were identified with antimicrobial activity, and nLC-MS/MS analysis of fractions resulted in the identification of 511 sequences. While 46 compounds were identified in the metabolite profiling of organic extract. The urinary aqueous extract showed significant activity against E. coli as compared to S. aureus and S. agalactiae and was relatively safe against mammalian cells. The antimicrobial activity of cow urine is a consequence of the feeding habit. The metabolites of plant origin with several bioactivities are eliminated through urine and are responsible for their antimicrobial nature. Secondly, the plethora of peptides generated from the activity of endogenous proteases on protein shed from different parts of tissues also find their way to urine. Some of these sequences possess antimicrobial activity due to their amino acid composition.

Phytochemical Evaluation and Cytotoxic Activities of Stem Bark and Leaf Extracts of Mesua assamica

Natural products and their derivatives have historically been invaluable as a source of therapeutic agents. The Mesua (Calophyllaceae) has been known to produce various new chemical compounds of medicinal values. Some Mesua species have yielded new potential anticancer agents that are important to the pharmaceutical industry. In this research, phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of different solvent extracts of Mesua assamica stem bark and leaves were evaluated. The stem bark and leaves of M. assamica were successively extracted in hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed that most of the M. assamica extracts consist of important phytochemicals, namely, anthraquinones, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phlobatannins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, glycosides, decreasing sugars, steroids, lipids, phenols, coumarins, carbohydrates, proteins, and betacyanin indicating its potential for medicinal use. Quantitative determination of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and in vitro antioxidant activities through DPPH assay of M. assamica extracts have been achieved by utilizing colorimetric methods. In vitro cytotoxic evaluation through MTT assay induction against human breast MCF-7 cancer cell lines exhibited that hexane extracts were found to have IC50 value below 30 μg/mL and conferred effectiveness in inducing cell death MCF-7. The diversity of phytochemicals present suggests that the stem bark and leaves of M. assamica could serve as a supply of potentially valuable medications. Exploiting the plant's pharmacological qualities will necessitate more study on the isolation, purification, and identification of bioactive components.

Identification of Bioactive Components in QingFeiPaiDu Decoction for Treatment of COVID-19 by Network Pharmacology

Identification of Bioactive Components in QingFeiPaiDu Decoction for Treatment of COVID-19 by Network Pharmacology

Identification of Bioactive Components in the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Syringodium Isoetifolium and Assessment of its Biological Activity by Gas Chromatography – Masspectrometry

Herbal plants show a growing interest in natural antioxidant, also play an important role in the treatment of muscle pain, stomach problems, wounds etc. About 75 to 80% of the world population uses herbal medicine. One such herb (Marine Plants) used in the treatment of cancer is Syringodium isoetifolium. In a previous study, Syringodium isoetifolium with three different extracts (Aqueous, ethanol and 70% hydroalcohol) proves the presence of phytocompound such as Tannin, Saponin, Flavonoids, Stroids, Terpenoids, coumarin etc and also has high antioxidant activity. The current study aims to identify the bioactive compounds from the hydroalcoholic extract of Syringodium isoetifolium. The photo components present in the hydroalcoholic extract was determined by GC-MS Analysis and the mass spectra of compounds present in the extract were matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology library. 20 different phytocompounds were found to be present in the hydroalcoholic extract of Syringodium isoetifolium using GC-MS analysis. Some of the important phytocompounds are Hexanoic acid, Methyl ester, Octadecanoic acid, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, 1-Isopropylidene-3-methyl-3-vinylcyclobutane. The study reveals that the identified phytocompounds from the hydroalcoholic extract of Syringodium isoetifolium has essential biological activities such as Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antimicrobial, Antifouling and Anticancer properties. Further depth of the study will deal with the exact mode of action of the phytocompounds.

Exosomes for Wound Healing: Purification Optimization and Identification of Bioactive Components.

Human mesenchymal stem cell exosomes have been shown to promote cutaneous wound healing. Their bioactivity is most often attributed to their protein and nucleic acid components, while the function of exosomal lipids remains comparatively unexplored. This work specifically assesses the involvement of lipids and the transmembrane enzyme CD73 in the exosomes’ biological activity in stimulating the cutaneous wound healing process. Since exosome preparation processes are not harmonized yet, certain production and purification parameters are first systematically investigated, enabling the optimization of a standardized protocol delivering high exosome integrity, yield, and purity. An in situ enzymatic assay is introduced to specifically assess the vesicle functionality, and quantitative proteomics is employed to establish the cell culture conditions yielding a stable exosome protein profile. Using a combination of in vitro approaches, CD73 and constitutional lipids of HPV‐16 E6/E7 transformed human bone marrow stromal cell‐derived exosomes are identified as key bioactive components promoting the exosome‐driven acceleration of processes required for wound repair. A pilot wound healing study in mice indeed suggests a role of lipids in the exosomes’ biological activity. Strikingly, the extent of the bioactivity of these exosomal components is found to be dependent on the target cell type.

Dennettia tripetala: Hot aqueous dried plant part and selected chemical components of the plant as biopreservative in the storage of Vigna unguiculata grains

The identification of bioactive components and biopreservative effect of Dennettia tripetala hot aqueous fruit extract were studied. The identified bioactive components of the aqueous extract included methaqualone (51.53%), [1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 4-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-, dimethyl ester] (10.46%), [2,1,3-Benzoselenadiazole, 4,6-dichloro-] (4.53%), [o-Xylene] (0.54%), and [Ethane, 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-] (0.57%). The extract was able to preserve Vigna unguiculata grains for thirty weeks without insect-pests infestation and significant degradation in nutritional, biological value and functional characteristics. The biopreservation effect of the extract could be attributed to the presence of [1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid,4-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-, dimethyl ester]; and [Ethane, 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)]. The study showed the feasibility of hot aqueous extraction of bioactive compounds from D. tripetala and application as postharvest biopreservative for cowpea grains. Preservation of the grains could improve food security and enhance food safety in nations where cowpea are consumed, exported or imported.

Isolation and identification of phytochemical constituents from the roots of Calliandra portoricensis

Calliandra portoricensis is a plant widely used in Nigerian ethnomedicine for the treatment of tuberculosis and other respiratory conditions. In view of its traditional use, the present study is aimed at the isolation and identification of bioactive components or secondary metabolites which may be responsible for its biological activity. The air dried roots was extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and then methanol via maceration at roomtemperature. Repeated column chromatography of the ethyl acetate extract over silica gel yielded linalonic acid, spinasterone, lupeol, daucosterol and triacontanyl caffeate. The structures of these compounds were determined by NMR, mass spectrometry and comparison with literature. This is an initial report of these compounds from the plant material.
 Key words: Linalonic acid, Triacontanyl caffeate, Daucosterol, Spinasterone, Nigeria

Plant-Based Phytochemicals as Possible Alternative to Antibiotics in Combating Bacterial Drug Resistance.

The unprecedented use of antibiotics that led to development of resistance affect human health worldwide. Prescription of antibiotics imprudently and irrationally in different diseases progressed with the acquisition and as such development of antibiotic resistant microbes that led to the resurgence of pathogenic strains harboring enhanced armors against existing therapeutics. Compromised the treatment regime of a broad range of antibiotics, rise in resistance has threatened human health and increased the treatment cost of diseases. Diverse on metabolic, genetic and physiological fronts, rapid progression of resistant microbes and the lack of a strategic management plan have led researchers to consider plant-derived substances (PDS) as alternative or in complementing antibiotics against the diseases. Considering the quantitative characteristics of plant constituents that attribute health beneficial effects, analytical procedures for their isolation, characterization and phytochemical testing for elucidating ethnopharmacological effects has being worked out for employment in the treatment of different diseases. With an immense potential to combat bacterial infections, PDSs such as polyphenols, alkaloids and tannins, present a great potential for use, either as antimicrobials or as antibiotic resistance modifiers. The present study focuses on the mechanisms by which PDSs help overcome the surge in resistance, approaches for screening different phytochemicals, methods employed in the identification of bioactive components and their testing and strategies that could be adopted for counteracting the lethal consequences of multidrug resistance.

Comprehensive profiling and identification of bioactive components from methanolic leaves extract of Juniperus deppeana and its in vitro antidiabetic activity

Juniperus plant species are rich sources of bioactive secondary metabolites and are traditionally used for the treatment of several illnesses, including those related to hyperglycemia and diabetes. The major bioactive compounds identified in certain species of this genus are terpenes and phenolics. Juniperus deppeana Steud. is mainly used as a wood resource and its chemical composition has been partially established. Our goal was to perform a comprehensive profiling of a methanolic extract of leaves of J. deppeana and determine its potential as a source of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors. Terpene and phenolic compounds were putatively identified based on their accurate mass spectrometric data. Regarding terpenes, we found mainly diterpenes, specifically dehydroabietic acid-like, hinokiol-like, agathic acid-like, and dihydroxyabietatrienoic acid-like compounds. Isopimaric acid was also identified and its identity was confirmed by coelution with an authentic standard via comparing retention time, mass spectrum, and collisional cross section values. For phenolic compounds, we identified mainly compounds with a chemical structure similar to the biflavonoids amentoflavone and bilobetin. Besides, the methanolic extract of J. deppeana leaves show inhibition of α-amylase (IC50 = 85.11 ± 11.91 μg mL−1) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 32.50 ± 3.40 μg mL−1) enzymes, demonstrating a potential alternative for the search of antidiabetic natural products.

Antioxidant potential of Eclipta alba, a traditional medicinal herb attenuates oxidative DNA damage in vitro

Abstract. Purushothaman A, Ganesh A, Meenatchi P, Sundaram R, Venkataramanan. 2020. Antioxidant potential of Eclipta alba, a traditional medicinal herb attenuates oxidative DNA damage in vitro. Nusantara Bioscience 12: 73-78. The plant Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. is an important plant used in the traditional Ayurvedic, Unani systems of holistic health and herbal medicine of the East. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and DNA damage protection activities of ethanolic extract of E. alba. Quantitative analysis of total phenolic content (TPC) and identification of bioactive components using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) was performed to provide scientific basis for traditional usage of this plant. To investigate the antioxidant potential, extracts were tested for their capacity to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Superoxide radicals (O2•-). DNA damage protective activity of ethanol extract of E. alba was checked on pBluescript M13+ plasmid DNA. The Plasmid DNA was oxidized with H2O2 + UV treatment in the absence and presence of different concentrations of E. alba extract (75, 150, and 300 μg/mL). Electrophoresis was performed using 1% agarose at 40 V for 3 h in the presence of ethidium bromide. Gel was scanned on a Gel documentation system. Bands on the gels corresponding to supercoiled circular, circular relaxed, and linearized DNA were quantified. The results of preliminary phytochemical screening of E. alba extract showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins. The extract was found to have rich phenolics content of 26.38 ± 2.45 milligram of gallic acid equivalents (mg GAE/g). The extract exhibited excellent antioxidant activities. GC-MS analysis of the extract confirmed the presence of major active principles. Furthermore, the extract significantly inhibited DNA damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Altogether, the results of current study revealed that E. alba is a potential source of antioxidants and provides pharmacological credibility to the ethnomedicinal use of this plant in traditional system of medicine, also justifying its therapeutic application in oxidative damage induced diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

Identification of Bioactive Components from Ruellia tuberosa L. on Improving Glucose Uptake in TNF-α-Induced Insulin-Resistant Mouse FL83B Hepatocytes.

Ruellia tuberosa L. (RTL) has been used as a folk medicine to cure diabetes in Asia. RTL was previously reported to alleviate hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (IR), abnormal hepatic detoxification, and liver steatosis. However, the potential bioactive compounds of RTL have still not been identified. The aim of this study was to investigate the bioactive compounds in RTL ethyl acetate (EA) fractions by using a glucose uptake assay in TNF-α-treated mouse FL83B hepatocytes to discover a mechanism by which to improve IR. The bioactive compounds were identified by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. Using the Sephadex LH20 gel packing chromatography column, the EAF5 fraction was isolated from RTL and significantly increased glucose uptake in TNF-α-treated FL83B cells. Moreover, the MCI gel packing chromatography column separated EAF5 into five subfractions and had no significant cytotoxic effect in FL83B cells when treated at the concentration of 25 μg/ml. Among the subfractions, EAF5-5 markedly enhanced glucose uptake in TNF-α-treated FL83B cells. The possible bioactive compounds of the EAF5-5 fraction that were identified by the HPLC assay include syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, and cirsimaritin. The bioactive compound with the best effect of increasing glucose uptake was p-coumaric acid, but its effect alone was not as good as the combined effect of all three compounds of the EAF5-5 fraction. Thus, we speculate that the antidiabetic effect of RTL may be the result of multiple active ingredients.

Effect of ultrasonic and ball-milling treatment on cell wall, nutrients, and antioxidant capacity of rose (Rosa rugosa) bee pollen, and identification of bioactive components.

Bee pollen has been regarded as a complete nutritional human dietary supplement but its nutrient absorption and biological effects may be restricted by the complex pollen wall. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of ultrasonic and ball-milling treatment on the release of nutritional components and on in vitro and in vivo antioxidant effects of rose (Rosa rugosa) bee pollen. Bee pollen walls were broken to varying degrees, nutrients were released, and in vitro and in vivo antioxidant effects of bee pollen were improved. The scavenging effects of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazolone-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) were improved. In aging mice, wall-breaking treatment led to better organ recovery, enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) effects, and malondialdehyde (MDA) reduction. Eight compounds of rose bee pollen ethanol extract, including isorhamnetin 3-O-diglucoside and N', N″, N‴-dicaffeoyl p-coumaroyl spermidine were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) assay. This study showed that ultrasonic treatment had greater wall-disruption effects of bee pollen on nutrient release and antioxidant effect promotion. In conclusion, rose bee pollen, with wall-breaking treatments, may have potential value as an ingredient in functional food processing. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Efficient ligand discovery from natural herbs by integrating virtual screening, affinity mass spectrometry and targeted metabolomics.

Although natural herbs have been a rich source of compounds for drug discovery, identification of bioactive components from natural herbs suffers from low efficiency and prohibitive cost of the conventional bioassay-based screening platforms. Here we develop a new strategy that integrates virtual screening, affinity mass spectrometry (MS) and targeted metabolomics for efficient discovery of herb-derived ligands towards a specific protein target site. Herb-based virtual screening conveniently selects herbs of potential bioactivity whereas affinity MS combined with targeted metabolomics readily screens candidate compounds in a high-throughput manner. This new integrated approach was benchmarked on screening chemical ligands that target the hydrophobic pocket of the nucleoprotein (NP) of Ebola viruses for which no small molecule ligands have been reported. Seven compounds identified by this approach from the crude extracts of three natural herbs were all validated to bind to the NP target in pure ligand binding assays. Among them, three compounds isolated from Piper nigrum (HJ-1, HJ-4 and HJ-6) strongly promoted the formation of large NP oligomers and reduced the protein thermal stability. In addition, cooperative binding between these chemical ligands and an endogenous peptide ligand was observed, and molecular docking was employed to propose a possible mechanism. Taken together, we established a platform integrating in silico and experimental screening approaches for efficient discovery of herb-derived bioactive ligands especially towards non-enzyme protein targets.

Seven herbs against the stored product insect: Toxicity evidence and the active sesquiterpenes from Atractylodes lancea

In this work, the essential oils (EO) were extracted from seven typical Chinese herbs, and their repellent and contact toxicities against Tribolium castaneum adults (red flour beetles) were evaluated. The experimental results showed that the above EOs presented the various levels of repellent and contact toxicities. The EOs extracted from A. lancea and A argyi of the Compositae (Asteraceae) family presented obvious repellent effects (Repellency Percentage > 90% at 3.15 nL/cm2 after 4 h exposure) and strong contact toxicity with LD50 values of 5.78 and 3.09 μg/adult respectively. Based on literature researches and screening results, the EO from A. lancea was analyzed by GC-MS and chosen for further identification of bioactive components. Altogether 59 chemical components were identified and 17 of them were recognized as sesquiterpene compounds, accounting for 57.8% of the total weight of the EO. From the identified sesquiterpenes, three individual compounds (β-eudesmol, hinesol, valencene) were selected for the laboratory bioassays of the toxicity against red flour beetles. It was found that all the three compounds expressed some repellent effects. Although β-eudesmol (31.2%) and hinesol (5.1%) were identified as main constituents and had been considered to be symbolic characteristics of high medicinal value, valencene (0.3%) showed strong repellent property which could be comparable to that of DEET (N, N‑diethyl‑3‑methylbenzamide), a powerful commercial pesticides, and it had best toxicity with LD50 values of 3.25 (μg/adult) in the contact test. This work may provide toxicity evidence of seven common herbs against red flour beetles, add the information for the development and comprehensive utilization of A. lancea, and will contribute to the application of grain preservation.

GEPSI: A Gene Expression Profile Similarity-Based Identification Method of Bioactive Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula.

The identification of bioactive components in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important part of the TCM material foundation research. Recently, molecular docking technology has been extensively used for the identification of TCM bioactive components. However, target proteins that are used in molecular docking may not be the actual TCM target. For this reason, the bioactive components would likely be omitted or incorrect. To address this problem, this study proposed the GEPSI method that identified the target proteins of TCM based on the similarity of gene expression profiles. The similarity of the gene expression profiles affected by TCM and small molecular drugs was calculated. The pharmacological action of TCM may be similar to that of small molecule drugs that have a high similarity score. Indeed, the target proteins of the small molecule drugs could be considered TCM targets. Thus, we identified the bioactive components of a TCM by molecular docking and verified the reliability of this method by a literature investigation. Using the target proteins that TCM actually affected as targets, the identification of the bioactive components was more accurate. This study provides a fast and effective method for the identification of TCM bioactive components.

Bioaktivne komponente i mineralni sastav vodenog ekstrakta krtole divlje ciklame (Cyclamen purpurascens Mill.)

Wild cyclamen tubers (Cyclamen purpurascens Mill.) (Kukavica mountain, south­east Serbia) was used as an extraction material in this study. The aqueous extract has been obtained by reflux extraction at the boiling temperature with hydromodulus 1:20 m/v during 180 minutes. The identification of bioactive components in the extract was performed by using UHPLC-DAD-HESI-MS analysis. The concentra­tions of macro- and microelements in the extract were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Isocyclamin and des­glucocyclamin I were identified in the obtained extract. Potassium was in the highest concentration - 10241.65 mg/kg of the plant material, while zinc was present in the highest concentration (11.57 mg/kg of plant material) among heavy metals. Presented results have shown that the obtained extract from wild cyclamen tubers is a potential source of triterpenoide saponin components isocyclamin and desglucocy­clamin I, as well as macro- and microelements.

In-vitro antimicrobial activity and identification of bioactive components using GC-MS of commercially available essential oils in Saudi Arabia.

This study was designed to evaluate antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of four different plant essential oils i.e. Ginger oil (GiO), Black seed oil (BSO), Oregano oil (OO) and Rose oil (RO) against different bacterial and fungal strains. Anti-microbial activities of selected essential oils were determined by the microbiological technique using Agar well diffusion assay. After in vitro study, most of the essential oils showed antimicrobial activity against all the selected pathogens. Among all the tested oils, GiO showed strong antimicrobial activity. GiO showed highest antimicrobial activity against Shigella (119.79%), Enteococcus hirae (110.61%) and Escherichia coli (106.02%), when compared with the tetracycline (50µg/mL) activity. However, Antifungal activity of GiO was found to be present against Candida albicans and Aspergilluas flavus, when compared with clotrimazole (50µg/mL) activity. Among all the selected bacteria, BSO showed maximum antimicrobial activity against the E. coli followed by Citrobacter freundii. Moreover, BSO had highest zone of inhibition against the C. ablicans (33.58%). OO indicated that, Shigella had the highest sensitivity (12.6±0.58, 131.25%), followed by E. hirae (19.1±0.61, 96.46%) and Salmonella typhi (15.2±0.27, 83.06%) when compared with tetracycline activity. OO showed poor sensitivity against all the selected fungal strains. Furthermore, Gas Chromatography analysis revealed that, Gingerol (10.86%) was the chief chemical constituents found in GiO followed by α-Sesquiphellandrene (6.29%), Zingiberene (5.88%). While, BSO, OO and RO had higher percentage of p-Cymene (6.90%), Carvacrol (15.87%) and Citronellol (8.07%) respectively. The results exhibited that the essential oils used for this study was the richest source for antimicrobial activity which indicates the presence of broad spectrum antimicrobial compounds in these essential oils. Hence, essential oils and their components can be recommended for therapeutic purposes as source of an alternative medicine.

Extraction and identification of bioactive components in Sida cordata (Burm.f.) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Sida cordata (Burm.f.) is a pineal tropical plant in the family Malvaceae that is found throughout India and used to treat various diseases and ailments in many complementary and alternative medicine systems. This study identified the bioactive components present in whole-plant ethanol extracts of S. cordata using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Based on their retention times (RT) and mass-to-charge ratios (m/z), 29 bioactive compounds were identified: nonanoic acid, vitamin D3, 3-trifluroacetoxypentadecane, α-d-glucopyranoside, O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.3)-α-d-fructofuranosyl,3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecan-1-ol, octadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, phytol, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (E,E), 9,12,15-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (Z,Z,Z), oleic acid, 1,2-15,16-diepoxyhexadecane, 3-hexadecyloxycarbonyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylimidazolium ion, methoxyacetic acid, 4-tetradecyl ester, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester, 1-iodo-2-methylundecane, dodecane, 2,6,10-trimethyl-, 2-piperidinone-N-[4-bromo-n-butyl]-, squalene, octadecane-1-(ethenyloxy)-, Z,Z-2,5-pentadecadien-1-ol, 1-hexadecanol, 2-methyl-, spiro[androst-5ene-17,1'-cyclobutan]-2'-one-3-hydroxy-, (3a,17a)-, diethylene glycol monododecyl ether, vitamin E, cholestan-3-ol, 2-methylene-, (3a,5a)-, 2H-pyran, 2-(7-heptadecynyloxy)tetrahydro-, and cis-Z-α-bisabolene epoxide. The presence of various bioactive compounds justifies the use of this plant for treating various ailments by traditional practitioners.