Identification Of Bacterial Isolates Research Articles

Antimicrobial combination effects against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains: A cross-sectional study.

Emergence of multidrug resistance in non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli is a threat to public health. Combination therapy is a strategy for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant infections. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 63 nonduplicate clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosawere collected from various specimens. Identification of bacterial isolates was performed by phenotypic and molecular tests. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns and detection of β-lactamase genes were determined using the broth microdilution and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, respectively. Then, the combined effects analysis was determined by the checkerboard method. Based on the status of resistance to carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem), 25 isolates of each genus were selected for further investigation. For A. baumannii, bla OXA-23, bla OXA-58, and bla OXA-48 genes were positive in 21 (84%), 17 (68%), and 11 (44%) of isolates, respectively. In P. aeruginosa isolates, bla VIM was the most common gene (44%) and other genes including bla IMP, bla NDM, and bla OXA-23 were found in nine (36%), six (24%), and three (12%) isolates, respectively. Meropenem (MER)-tigecycline (TIG) had a significant synergistic effect against 20 (80%) A. baumannii (pvalue < 0.001). This combination was also efficient against 5 (20%) P. aeruginosa isolates. Moreover, the other combination, tigecycline-amikacin (TIG-AMK) was effective against 10 (40%) A. baumannii isolates. The combination of colistin (COL) and MER showed a significant synergistic effect against 21 (84%) A. baumannii (pvalue < 0.001) and 17 (68%) P. aeruginosa isolates (pvalue < 0.001). The MER-TIG and COL-MER combinations are promising options against resistant bacteria. Our study could be helpful for the development of a new treatment recommendation.

Prevalence of Colistin Pan Resistance among Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Escherichia Coli O157:H7

Antimicrobial resistance is an important problem threatening human health. With the appearance of colistin-resistant bacteria, the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are declaring a global emergency and an alarming disaster that goes back to the time before antibiotics. The usage of colistin rises as a result of the global growth of Enterobacteriaceae, which produces carbapenemase and certainly causes the emergence of resistance to investigate the prevalence of colistin resistance among multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant E. coli. The cross-sectional study included 140 swab samples and 200 urine samples that were collected from patients attending Al Imam Al Hussein Medical City in Karbala. The identification of bacterial isolates and the pattern of antibiotic resistance were determined using the fully automated VITEK 2 compact system in addition to the manual antibiotic resistance testing confirmation. The isolates were highly resistant to Ticarcillin (94.4%), Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole (91.1%) and Piperacillin (87.3%). In contrast, colistin had the lowest (4.2%) out of the total multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains that formed (46.4%) and the extensively-drug resistant (XDR) strains (25.4). Antimicrobial resistance is one of the biggest health problems facing people today. In Iraq, the appearance of colistin resistance (2.8%) among extensively drug-resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 may lead to failure of treatment, especially among burn and UTI patients. It is urgently recommended to lower the occurrence of antibiotic resistance through cautious antibiotic usage and stringent infection control protocols, which are priorities.

Comparison of carbapenem MIC for NDM-producing Enterobacterales by different AST methods.

This study compared the performance of MIC test strip (ETEST), automated AST card (Vitek 2) and broth microdilution (BMD) in determining carbapenem susceptibility and MIC values of NDM-producing Enterobacterales. NDM-producing Enterobacterales recovered from clinical specimens were included. The presence of blaNDM was confirmed by PCR. Identification of bacterial isolates was done by MALDI-TOF. Phenotypic susceptibility to three carbapenems (ertapenem, imipenem and meropenem) was tested by BMD, ETEST and Vitek 2. MIC values were interpreted in accordance with CLSI M100 (2022 edition). Using BMD as the reference standard, the essential agreement (EA), categorical agreement (CA), very major error (VME) and major error (ME) rates were evaluated. Forty-seven NDM-producing Enterobacterales isolates were included, 44 of which were Escherichia coli. The EA of Vitek 2 was 97.9% for ertapenem, 25.5% for meropenem and 42.6% for imipenem. Using Vitek 2, there were 0% VMEs across all three carbapenems tested. The EA of ETEST was 53.2% for ertapenem, 55.3% for imipenem and 36.2% for meropenem. The rates of VMEs for ETEST were high too (ertapenem 8.5%, meropenem 36.2%, imipenem 26.1%). The MIC values obtained from Vitek 2 were consistently higher than those from BMD, while MICs from ETEST were consistently lower than those from BMD. The VME rate for ETEST was unacceptably high when BMD was used as the standard for comparison. Vitek 2 had acceptable EA and CA for ertapenem when BMD was used as the standard for comparison. For meropenem and imipenem, neither of the methods (ETEST, Vitek 2) showed acceptable EA and CA when compared with BMD.

Molecular study of blaCTX-M profile among uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis isolates

Abstracts Background: Proteus mirabilis are the most prevalent uropathogens associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs). Infection occurs only when the pathogenicity of the bacteria surpasses the host’s regular defensive systems. A lifetime incidence of between 50% and 60% among adult women, increasing with age. Materials and Methods: Collected 450 (325 male and 125 female patients) with UTIs. These patients ranged in age from (17 to 70) years from four Iraqi hospitals (Merjan Hospital, Shomali General Hospital, Al-Hilla Surgical Teaching Hospital, and Babylon Hospital for Maternal and Pediatrics) from the period from July 2021 to the end of October 2022. The identification of bacterial isolates were carried out using standard bacteriological procedures. The antibiotics susceptibility test was carried out by using 12 antibiotics from different classes The molecular identification was done by using polymerase chain reaction amplification of the three bla CTX-M gene (bla CTX-MI, bla CTX-MIV, bla CTX-MII(. Results: The percentage of samples positive for P. mirabilis based on culture, biochemical, and Gram stain results was 70 (15.5%) of the total 450 samples. The percentage of P. mirabilis isolated from male patients was 21 (30%), whereas the percentage of P. mirabilis isolated from female patients was 49 (70%) of the total 70 isolates. The result of antibiotic susceptibility showed the high resistance against nitrofurantoin (92.8%), while the higher resistance was against amikacin (10%), imipenem (4.2%), aztreonam (2.8%), and meropenem (1.4%). The result of the current study showed the percentage of bacterial sample positive to the bla CTX-MI, bla CTX-MII, bla CTX-MIV was 9 (12.85), 56 (80), and 40 (57), respectively, among 70 bacteria isolates. Conclusions: The result of the study showed the prevalence of antibiotic resistant gene and multidrug resistant among P. mirabilis isolated from UTIs.

Nitric Oxide and Hypochlorite Assessment and Screening of some β-Lactamase Encoding Genes among Gram Negative Bacteria in Patients with Acute Leukemia

Objective: The serologic levels of both nitric oxide (NO) and hypochlorite (ClO-) were assessed in this study for Iraqi acute leukemic patients infected with Gram negative bacteria (GNB). Alongside, the phylogenetic analysis for both blaSHV and blaTEM genes of GNB was performed. Methods: The clinical samples were recovered from acute leukemic patients at hematology center in Baghdad from January 2021 to December 2021. The identification of bacterial isolates and susceptibility test were performed using Vitek 2 Compact System. Serum levels of NO and ClO- were assayed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay and colorimetric method, respectively. Gene screening was done utilizing polymerase chain reaction. DNA sequencing, GenBank accession numbers submission, and phylogenetic analysis were also conducted. Results: From 260 patients with acute leukemia, 485 clinical samples were collected from different sites. Of this total, 70 (15%) isolates of GNB were obtained, distributing as Klebsiella pneumoniae 23 (33%), Escherichia coli 21 (30%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18 (26%), and Acinetobacter baumannii 8 (11%). These isolates were mainly collected from urine 39 (55.71%), followed by blood 23 (32.85%), and the least from swabs 8 (11.42%). The infections of GNB were higher among acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) patients 40 (57.14%) than these with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) 30 (42.85%). The levels of NO were higher among groups of patients than control groups. Additionally, ClO-levels were observed to be slightly increased in patients above these of controls. Most isolates of K. pneumoniae and E. coli showed high resistance rates for penicillins (ampicillin and ticarcillin), cephalosporins (ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and cefepime), followed by gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. Cefoxitin, aztreonam, imipenem and meropenem were nearly more effective against GNB isolates. On the other hand, about half isolates P. aeruginosa and all A. baumannii were resistant to the tested antibiotics. Extended Spectrum β- Lactamases (ESBLs) were released in 49 (70%) of the tested isolates of GNB. The multidrug resistant (MDR) pattern was noticed among 58 (82.85%) of GNB. Interestingly, ESBLs producing MDR isolates were determined in 34 (58.62%) of the studied GNB. Genotypic screening revealed that blaSHV and blaTEM genes were characterized in 20 (28.57%) and 32 (45.71%) of GNB isolates, respectively, while all GNB were negative for blaCTX-M. DNA sequencing of blaSHV amplicons revealed the occurrence of one point mutation (111T&gt;A) in six isolates of K. pneumoniae with a missense effect (p.31Q&gt;L) on the encoded protein. Forty-five GenBank accession numbers were recorded in NCBI to represent the studied variants of ESBLs. Phylogenetic analysis of both blaSHV and blaTEM displayed the possible epidemiologic routes of the tested GNB by detecting the origin host, source of collection, and geographic spread as compared with the reference sequences. Conclusion: high serum levels of both NO and ClO- indicated the potential role of these microbicidal agents to predict the serious infections of GNB in acute leukemia population. Phylogenetic analysis represented an important tool, possibly aiding in early control and prevention of pathogenic GNB.

Isolation and identification of some predominant bacteria and assessment of TNF-α level in serum of patients with gingivitis

This study was conducted to diagnose the aerobic bacterial species causing gingivitis, reveal the antibiotic susceptibility pattern and assess the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in serum of patients with gingivitis. In total, 110 samples (including patient group and control group) were collected during the period from November 2021 until March 2022. Of which, 80 samples were collected by using oral swabs from patients attending the College of Dentistry at Tikrit University and outpatient clinics of both gender with different age groups. While the remaining 30 samples were collected from healthy individuals representing the control group. Identification of bacterial isolates was performed depending on micro and macroscopic cultural characteristics and biochemical tests. In addition to assessing the biochemical characteristics of the isolates, a VITKE2 compact system was used to ensure the identification of species level. The TNF-α concentrations in the serum were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay known as a sandwich ELISA. Out of 80 samples, 60 (75%) samples showed positive bacterial growth cultures, while 20 (25%) samples showed no bacterial growth. The most common isolated bacteria species was Streptococcus mutans (18%), followed by Streptococcus mitis (13%), Staphylococcus aureus (12%) Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus pyogenes (8%) Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus feacalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsilla pneumoniae (6%), Rothia dentocariosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4%), and Streptococcus pneumonia, Kocuria kristinae, Granulicatella adiacens (3%). The sensitivity of the bacterial isolates under study was tested to 11 antibiotics. Different species of bacteria showed various sensitivity patterns to several kinds of antibiotics. The study recorded a high significant difference (P=0.0007) between the patients (56.54 + 9.32 pg/ml) and the control group (31.88 + 7.44 pg/ml) concerning the level of TNF-α. In conclusion, the predominant bacteria identified from gingivitis patients were S. mutans and S. mitis. In addition, the levels of TNF-α in gingivitis patients were significantly higher than in the control group.

Identification of Bacterial Isolates and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern from Wound/Pus Sample in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Gwalior, India

Abstract Objective The goal of this investigation was to look at the frequency and dispersal of bacteria isolated from pus/wound, as well as their susceptibility patterns. Materials and Methods A study was conducted on 175 patients who provided pus and/or wound discharge samples in different wards (outpatient department or inpatient department). MacConkey agar and blood agar plates were immediately inoculated with samples and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The Gram stain and biochemical tests were used to identify all isolates after incubation. Kirby–Bauer's disc diffusion method was used to perform sensitivity tests on Mueller–Hinton agar plates. Results This study covered 175 patients, with a bacterial isolation rate of 102 (58.28%). Males outnumbered females in the samples (M:F = 1.8:1), with a median age of 45 years as majority were in the age group of 40 to 60 years which was 41 (40.20%). Total 90.1% samples showed monomicrobial infection, whereas 9.8% showed polymicrobial infection, and total 112 bacterial strains were isolated. Conclusion Escherichia coli was the most prevalent isolate in present investigation, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chloramphenicol is the only antibiotic which is effective for both gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci. This report's susceptibility statistic may be worth considering for developing empiric treatment regimens for pyogenic infections.

Evaluation of the Impact of some Plant Extracts against Streptococcus Spp. Isolated from Dental Decay Infection

Aims: This study aimed to isolate and identify the Streptococcus spp. bacteria from patients with dental caries infection. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of new plant extracts on isolated Streptococcus spp. was also evaluated. Methods: A total of 150 samples were obtained at random from people of various ages and genders who were suffering from dental caries infection. Four different culture media were used for isolation: nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, blood agar, and Streptococcus selection agar. The identification of bacterial isolates was distinguished by macroscopic examination and the VITEK 2 system. Results: Only 120 cases (80%) showed positive culture, and these were distributed as follows: Streptococcus sanguinis had the highest rate and accounted for 38.33%, and Streptococcus pseudoporcinus represented only 29.16%. A 20% decline was reported for Streptococcus salivarius, with the lowest proportion being 12.5% for Staphylococcus warneri. The MIC for 16 tested plant extracts ranged from 0.97 to 125 µg/mL, whereas the MBC values ranged from 3.9 to 500 µg/mL. Imipenem was a positive control, with MIC values ranging from 3.9 µg/mL to 15.6 µg/mL; the MBCs varied from 31.2 to 125 µg/mL against all isolated species. Conclusion: Among the isolated bacterial species from tooth decay, Streptococcus sanguinis had the highest rate of isolated bacteria and accounted for 38.33%, while Staphylococcus warneri had the lowest percentage at 12.5%. Sargassum, Proskia, and Cicer arietinum were three distinct extracts that demonstrated superior antibacterial activity against all of the tested bacterial species. Their MIC values ranged from 0.97 µg/mL to 15.6 µg/mL, and the MBC values were between 3.9 µg/mL and 31.2 µg/mL.

Evaluation of the Impact of some Plant Extracts against Streptococcus Spp. Isolated from Dental Decay Infection

Aims: This study aimed to isolate and identify the Streptococcus spp. bacteria from patients with dental caries infection. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of new plant extracts on isolated Streptococcus spp. was also evaluated. Methods: A total of 150 samples were obtained at random from people of various ages and genders who were suffering from dental caries infection. Four different culture media were used for isolation: nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, blood agar, and Streptococcus selection agar. The identification of bacterial isolates was distinguished by macroscopic examination and the VITEK 2 system. Results: Only 120 cases (80%) showed positive culture, and these were distributed as follows: Streptococcus sanguinis had the highest rate and accounted for 38.33%, and Streptococcus pseudoporcinus represented only 29.16%. A 20% decline was reported for Streptococcus salivarius, with the lowest proportion being 12.5% for Staphylococcus warneri. The MIC for 16 tested plant extracts ranged from 0.97 to 125 µg/mL, whereas the MBC values ranged from 3.9 to 500 µg/mL. Imipenem was a positive control, with MIC values ranging from 3.9 µg/mL to 15.6 µg/mL; the MBCs varied from 31.2 to 125 µg/mL against all isolated species. Conclusion: Among the isolated bacterial species from tooth decay, Streptococcus sanguinis had the highest rate of isolated bacteria and accounted for 38.33%, while Staphylococcus warneri had the lowest percentage at 12.5%. Sargassum, Proskia, and Cicer arietinum were three distinct extracts that demonstrated superior antibacterial activity against all of the tested bacterial species. Their MIC values ranged from 0.97 µg/mL to 15.6 µg/mL, and the MBC values were between 3.9 µg/mL and 31.2 µg/mL.

Bacteriological Investigations on the Quality of Herbal Medicinal Concoctions Vended in Gombe Markets.

Background: The use of medicinal plant products for the treatment of diseases is still highly valued globally due to several rationales,&nbsp; especially in low-income countries. The recognized potency of herbal medicines based on their vast pharmacological functions has&nbsp; enabled their uses to produce modern pharmaceutical drugs. However, the unregulated production and widespread use of nonsterile&nbsp; pharmaceutical medicinal products like herbal medicinal concoctions have instigated public health experts to question&nbsp; their quality and wholesomeness for consumption. This prompted the study aimed at investigating the quality of herbal medicinal&nbsp; concoctions vended in Gombe markets.&nbsp; Methods: A total of sixty (60) herbal medicinal concoctions were randomly sampled from four different vending outlets or markets for&nbsp; this study. Microbiological culturing techniques which include ten-fold serial dilution and spread-plating method were adopted for the&nbsp; isolation of bacteria in herbal medicinal concoction samples, and viable plate counts were established in colony-forming units per&nbsp; mL&nbsp; according to standard practice. Identification of bacterial isolates was achieved by colony morphology determination/macroscopy,&nbsp; gram staining and microscopy, while the identified bacteria were further confirmed using several biochemical analyses.&nbsp; Results: The&nbsp; mean viable plate count for all the different concoctions sampled was high and above the safe level of the established&nbsp; standards for non-sterile herbal preparations. Consequently, this initially signifies the unsafe status of the herbal concoctions for&nbsp; public consumption. Also, eight (8) bacteria genera/species among which are pathogenic strains were isolated and identified from the&nbsp; herbal concoctions. These bacterial contaminants with different percentages of occurrences include Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli,&nbsp; Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella spp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhi.&nbsp; Conclusion: Herbal or medicinal concoctions vended in different markets within the Gombe metropolis where samples were collected&nbsp; were grossly contaminated beyond the established allowable limits for non-sterile pharmaceuticals, thus depicting the unsafe quality&nbsp; status of the medicinal products for consumption.&nbsp;&nbsp

Bacteriological study and its antibiotics susceptibility pattern of Otitis Media in Iraqi patients

Otitis media is an acute upper respiratory tract infection-related inflammation of the middle ear and tympanic membrane, frequently affecting children. Typically, a subsequent bacterial infection complicates a viral infection, which ultimately causes the condition. The study aims to study the function of bacterial ear infections and its causes, as well as their resistance to medications, which was the focus of this investigation. The first axis of the research was the identification of bacterial isolates using recognized diagnostic tools, and the second axis was determining the antibiotic's resistance and sensitivity. Patients with otitis media were gathered from Al-Hakim General Hospital and Al-Sadr city hospital in Al-Najaf city between November 2020 and April 2021 for 100 clinical samples. More than 80 samples were found to be infected with bacteria. Bacterial strains found in this investigation are ( 30 ) isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (20) isolates of Klebsiella spp, (20) isolates of Proteus spp, ( 15 ) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, (8) isolates Escherichia coli and (7) isolates Enterococcus fecalies. As part of this research, the disk diffusion method was used to assess how sensitive the test was. The results showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to most antibiotics, particularly the penicillin family, cephalosporin, and trimethoprim, with the existence of isolates resistant to meropenem. The investigation results varied for the quinolone, aminoglycoside, and macrolide families. Klebsiella spp. were tested for antibiotic sensitivity and found to be resistant to most antibiotics, particularly those in the penicillin family, cephalosporins, and trimethoprim. Some quinolones, aminoglycosides, and macrolides are also resistant. Proteus spp were resistant to most antibiotics, particularly the penicillin family (except for augmentin, which had some sensitive isolates) and cephalosporin (except for cefdinir and cefepime) had some susceptible isolates) and trimethoprim, in addition to the presence of isolates resistant to meropenem. There is a discrepancy in the examination results for the quinolone family. The aminoglycoside family is also highly resistant. S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin (except for augmentin, which some isolates were responsive to), trimethoprim, and quinolones, with the presence of isolates resistant to vancomycin. The macrolide class ( azithromycin) also has a significant resistance level. Escherichia coli is susceptible to meropenem, imipenem, and certain cephalosporin generations. Augmentin, cefepime, cephalothin, meropenem, imipenem, and azithromycin were ineffective against Enterococcus fecal. The conclusion is that Pseudomonas spp has a role in ear infections and the germs Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus fecalies. Penicillin and cephalosporin resistance was seen in the majority of the identified isolates. The existence of isolates of Proteus and Pseudomonas species resistant to meropenem. Vancomycin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolates are present. Keywords: Otitis media, Resistance antibiotic, S.aureus, P.aerginosa

Brumadinho dam collapse induces changes in the microbiome and the antibiotic resistance of the Paraopeba River (Minas Gerais, Brazil)

The rupture of the Córrego do Feijão dam in Brumadinho (January 25, 2019) caused serious damage to the Paraopeba River and compromised the quality of its waters for human consumption. However, the possible effects of the dam collapse on the river microbiome and its antibiotic resistance profiles are unknown. The present study aims to analyse the possible shifts in microbial diversity and enhancement of antibiotic resistance in the Paraopeba River. To this end, two sampling campaigns (February and May 2019) were performed to obtain water across the entire Paraopeba River (eight sampling locations: Moeda, Brumadinho, Igarapé, Juatuba, Varginha, Angueretá, Retiro Baixo and Três Marias; ~464 km). This sampling scheme enabled determining the effects of the disaster on the river microbiome. Total DNA and microbial isolation were performed with these water samples. The 16S rRNA-based microbiome analyses (n = 24; 2.05 million 16S rRNA reads) showed changes in microbial diversity immediately after the disaster with the presence of metal-indicating bacteria (Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Novosphingobium, and Sediminibacterium). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) identification of bacterial isolates (n = 170) also disclosed possible indicators of faecal contamination across the Paraopeba (Cloacibacterium, Bacteroides, Feaecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Enterococcus and Escherichia). Antibiotic resistance increased significantly to ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, amoxicillin/clavulanate, ceftriaxone, and cefalotin among isolates obtained in May after the disaster. The effects of toxic mud on microbiomes were felt at all points sampled up to Anguereta. The ore mud may have exacerbated the growth of different antibiotic-resistant, metal-resistant, and faecal-indicating bacteria in the Paraopeba River.

Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Betalactamase and Metallobetalactamase Producing Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from Different Infections in Baghdad City of Iraq

Introduction: Acinetobacter baumannii is an important pathogen related to hospital-acquired infections worldwide. This study was designed to isolate A. baumannii from different clinical specimens, investigate the presence of antibiotic resistants’ and detect the prevalence of extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) and metallobetalactamase (MBL) production among A. baumannii isolates. Methods: Over a 6-months period, 500 different clinical samples were collected from four hospitals in Baghdad. Identification of bacterial isolates and antibiotic sensitivity test were performed using Vitek 2 system. A. baumannii isolates were screened for MBL and ESBL production. Results: Among the collected clinical samples, (424) were bacterial isolates. Of these, 69 samples (16.27%) were identified as A. baumannii. A largest number of A. baumannii isolates were isolated from sputum (at a percentage of (50.72%) followed by blood (30.43%), urine (13.04%), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (2.89%) and wound (2.89%). Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that A. baumannii isolates displayed different resistance rates to the applied antibiotics. It was resistant to β-lactam antibiotics: ceftazidime, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefepime and imipenem at a percentage of (90, 87, 85.5 and 74%), respectively. It was resistant to aminoglycosides (gentamycin and amikacin) at 80 and 81%, respectively. The resistance rate to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was 87, and 80% to Ciprofloxacin. In the present study, all imipenemresistant A. baumannii isolates 51 (74%) were positive for MBL production. 57 (82.6%) β-lactam resistant isolates were ESBL producers.

Research trends in isolation and identification of bacteria from Indonesia with various roles: Review Article

Bacteria are agents that can be used widely and are genetically easy to manipulate and reproduce. Many studies related to the isolation and identification of bacterial isolates from Indonesia have been carried out for various purposes. This research is still ongoing and has never been informed about the abundance of data from previous studies. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of research topic trends related to the isolation and identification of bacterial isolates from Indonesia. The method used in this review is by setting inclusion and exclusion criteria and selecting a random sample of articles for analysis. The results of a review of research trends in isolation and identification of bacterial isolates from Indonesia showed four main topics discussed, namely the topics of food processing, agriculture, health, and bioremediation. Analysis of 41 articles shows that the most common discussion is the exploration of Lactate Origin-producing bacteria, the role of improving food quality. Furthermore, it was identified that the most isolated bacterial isolates came from food and plants, with 14 publications from a total of 41 articles. It can be concluded that exploratory research on Lactic Acid Bacteria for improving the quality of food products is currently the most studied topic by researchers in Indonesia.

Isolation and characterization of endophytic bacteria associated with gametophytes of bryophytes in Mount Abu (Rajasthan)

The present study is focused on the isolation, characterization, and identification of bacterial isolates from bryophytes collected from several locations on Mount Abu, Rajasthan. Endophytic bacterial isolates belonging to three genera: Bacillus, Aeromonas, and Pseudomonas were isolated and identified based on morphological, biochemical, and 16SrRNA approaches. The result exhibited the endophytic bacterial communities associated with the bryophytes collected from the different geographical regions of Mount Abu (Rajasthan), such as moist soil and near water channels, consisting mostly of proteobacteria. Whereas samples collected from shaded rocks and roots of the tree contain mainly phyla Firmicutes. The genus Bacillus is among the most dominant endophytes.

THE IMPACT OF BILIARY DRAINAGE MODE ON BACTERIOBILIA OCCURRENCE IN PATIENTS WITH HILAR MALIGNANT OBSTRUCTION

The purpose of this study was comparative assessment of the frequency of bacterial colonization of the bile in patients with hilar malignant biliary obstruction after the palliative biliary decompression using different methodological approaches. Methods. 50 patients with proximal mechanical jaundice of tumor origin aged of ~ 62 years (25 males and 25 females), who were on steady-state treatment in Main military clinical hospital (Kyiv, Ukraine) were recruited in this prospective study. All patients underwent cholangiostomy using percutaneous transhepatic (PTBD) and external-internal suprapapillary (EISBD) approaches. Bile specimens were taken right after the biliary drainage. Identification of bacterial isolates was performed using standard cultural and biochemical methods. Results. The incidence of cholangitis was almost twice lower in EISBD group (n=26) than in PTBD group (n=24): 25.6% vs 49.1%. The rates of bacteriobilia did not differ significantly in patients from different groups: 23.1% in EISBD group and 25.0% in PTBD group. However, the frequency of biliary bacterial colonization coupled with cholangitis was also 2 times lower in EISBD group in comparison with patients underwent PTBD: 7.7% vs 16.7%. Escherichia coli predominated in bile specimens from patients with bacteriobilia associated with cholangitis in both groups. Conclusions. The use of EISBD for palliative biliary decompression in patients with proximal mechanical jaundice of tumor origin is associated with lower risk of bacterial colonization of the bile as compared to PTBD approach, and as a result with less risk of the development of infectious complications

PCR detection of Gene lip and plcN1 encoding lipase and lecithinase of Stenotrophomonas malltophilia isolated from different infection

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a low-virulence opportunistic pathogen that has been identified as an emerging hospital pathogen, Infections caused by S. maltophilia have increased over the years due to increased high-risk patients e.g. patients with immune suppression, hematological malignancies, ICU admission, It is an aerobic, gram- negative, bacilli, motile, non_capsulated and non_ferment glucose, has several virulence potentials for causing various infection. therefore this study conducted to characterization and molecular investigation of some extracellular virulence factor particularly lipase and lecithinase and detection of gene encoding this factors (lip and plcN1genes) in order to determinants the role of this bacteria in causing infection in Al- Najaf province. Therefore 485 clinical specimens were collected from different infection 315(64.9 %) of specimens were collected from male and 170(35.1%) from female, the specimens were cultured on suitable media and cultivated at 37 ℃, The results showed that 373(76.9%) gave bacterial growth while 112(23.1%) appeared no growth. after identification of bacterial isolate, 20 of isolate were identified S. maltophilia recovered from the different infections, from those 12 of isolates were recovered from male specimens, while 8 from female, PCR were used to determinant the predominant of lipase and lecithinase genes among S. maltophilia isolates,,,

Estimating the Level of Interleukin-22 in Sera of Patients with Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in Mosul City

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) were infectious diseases of the urinary system, that were caused by the different causative agents, including fungi, parasites, viruses, and bacteria. The current study was designed to isolate different bacteria from UTI and choose E. coli isolates to study levels of interleukin-22 in patients infected with it. Furthermore, studying the prevalence of type 1 fimbriae (fimH) virulence gene from isolated E. coli of above patients. Methods: In the present study, a total of (140) midstream urine and serum samples were collected from patients (110 females and 30 males) with the age ranged between 10 to 65 years, who had signs and symptoms and primarily diagnosed with UTI by physician in Al-Salam Teaching Hospital – Mosul/Iraq during the period between January and March 2021, while thirty-four healthy individuals were studied as controls for the ELISA test. Identification of bacterial isolates was done by microscopical examination, biochemical tests, and (API 20E). Furthermore, disc diffusion method was used in antibiotic sensitivity test, and DNA from E. coli isolates was extracted for gene detection. In addition, serum interleukin-22 level was determined via ELISA technique. Results: The mean ± SD age in UTI patients were (32.95 ± 12.80) years, while in the healthy controls group were (35.55 ± 13.51) years. Additionally, E. coli were the most common isolated bacteria from the patient group with a frequency and percentage of 50 (35.7%). Furthermore, when compared to the control group, serum IL- 22 level was significantly higher in the patient's group due to E. coli infection (P<0.001). Moreover, the prevalence of the fimH gene in E. coli isolates was 47 (94.0%) were positive for that gene. Conclusion: The present study revealed that E. coli was the most bacterial infection in patients with urinary tract infection, while the highest E. coli sensitivity was to Meropenem, Nitrofurantoin (F15) and Chloramphenicol also the higher serum IL- 22 level in patients with UTIs due to E. coli compared to controls group. Therefore, IL-22 could be used as a biomarker for UTI. Additionally, the prevalence of the fimH gene in E. coli isolates was present in most isolates.

English

The abused Nigerian currency became an issue of concern recently, when the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) launched a nationwide enlightenment campaign aimed at educating the public on the proper handling of Naira notes. The study investigated the current bacterial contamination of Nigerian currency notes as well as the risk factors associated with it in Polytechnic Community Ado- Ekiti, Nigeria. A total of 32 samples of Naira notes, four pieces of each denomination of ?5, ?10, ?20, ?50, ?100, ?200, ?500, and ?1000 were carefully collected from various locations on campus and subjected to standard methods for the isolation and identification of bacterial isolates. A total of 100 structured questionnaires were distributed at random to sample the opinions and views of the Polytechnic campus population on the use and mishandling of Naira notes. The findings revealed that all samples contain bacteria. The ?50 notes had the highest bacterial contamination (18.7%), while the ?5 notes had the lowest bacterial contaminant (7.5%). The most prevalent bacterial contaminants were Escherichia coli (78%), Staphylococcus aureus (66%), Klebsiella species (59%), Micrococcus species (31%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16%). Bacteria contamination was higher in polymer notes than in paper notes. As a result, pathogenic bacteria were discovered on the surface of naira notes, making them useful candidates for food-borne pathogens and increasing the spread of food-borne disease. This result is critical in informing the public about the dangers of dirty currency notes to their health. &nbsp; Key words: Bacteria, contamination, naira notes, risk-factor.

Isolation, Characterization, and Identification Candidate of Probiotic Bacteria Isolated from Wadi Papuyu (Anabas testudineus Bloch.) a Fermented Fish Product from Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.

During the wadi fermentation process, some microorganisms can grow, including lactic acid bacteria (LAB), affecting the taste and texture of the final product. Some LAB strains are used as probiotics such as the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium groups. This study aimed at isolating, in vitro characterizing, and identifying microbial isolates from wadi papuyu (Anabas testudineus Bloch.). The stages started from sample collection, manufacture of wadi papuyu by fermentation for 8 days, isolation of bacteria from wadi papuyu, in vitro characterization, and identification of bacterial isolates with VITEK 2 Compact and PCR-sequencing methods 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA. The number of microbial colonies growing on MRS agar and MHA was 22 in total, while after purification and characterization it was observed only 4 different microbial isolates. Candidates are tested to determine whether they meet the criteria to be candidates for probiotic cultures. The in vitro testing of four isolates showed that they do not possess probiotic characteristics, especially in autoaggregation tests. Identification results using the VITEK 2 Compact method and 16S rRNA gene PCR-sequencing showed that of the 4 isolated strains, three were bacterial and one belonged to yeasts.