Identification Friend Research Articles

Development Of A Vision- based Anti-drone Identification Friend Or Foe Model To Recognize Birds And Drones Using Deep Learning

ABSTRACT Recently, the growing use of drones has paved the way for limitless applications in all the domains. However, their malicious exploitations have affected the airspace safety, making them double-edged weapons. Therefore, intelligent anti-drone systems capable of recognizing and neutralizing airborne targets become highly required. In the existing literature, most of the attention has been centered on recognizing drones as unique airborne target, whereas the real challenge is to distinguish between drones and non-drone targets. To address this issue, this study develops an Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) model able to classify the aerial targets in foe or friend categories by determining whether the aerial target is a drone or bird, respectively. To achieve this objective, artificial intelligence and computer vision approaches have been combined through transfer learning, data augmentation and other techniques in our model. Another contribution of this work is the study of the impact of depth on the classification performance, which is demonstrated through our experiments. A comparison is performed based on eight models, where EfficientNetB6 shows the best results with 98.12% accuracy, 98.184% precision, 98.115% F1 score and 99.85% Area Under Curve (AUC). The computational results demonstrate the practicality of the developed model.

ПОЛІТИЧНИЙ СИМВОЛІЗМ "БІЛОГО" ХРЕСТА ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛ УКРАЇНИ В КОНТЕКСТІ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ОСІННЬОГО КОНТРНАСТУПУ 2022 РОКУ

The article notes that the "white" cross of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is a (insignia)\tactical sign that has not only a utilitarian function of identification friend or foe. Also, this sign gained an additional religious and ideological meaning. In a religious context, this symbol is identified as the Greek cross, the catacomb cross, and also the Constantine cross (the monogram of Constantine the Great), "the sign of victory". The historical and mythological basis of the appearance of this symbol is analyzed. It is proved that there are clear historical parallels between the political situation of the times of Constantine the Great and the history of Independent Ukraine. The appearance of the Constantine cross is associated with turning points in Roman history: the victory of the new political system over the old one, the legalization of the new dominant religion, the crisis of the existing political system, and the sacralization of the new power model and the new ruler. In the same way, the appearance of the "white" cross of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is connected with the existential desire of the Ukrainian people for victory, the end of nation-building process through a common history (war), the struggle for the right to live, the birth of a common ideological basis for state-building, which is understood and supported by citizens. Ultimately, overcoming a political crisis and an inefficient state management system is common in both cases. The war in this case acts as a catalyst for this process. The "white" cross on military equipment, vehicles, avatars in social networks is a way to distinguish and unite people depending on their value system. Moreover, the interpretation of this symbol happens naturally ("not from above") through the process of perception and understanding by citizens (military and civilian) of the Ukrainian state. Actually, these perceptions, experiences and empathy are related to the (insignia)\tactical symbol of the Armed forces and they have the potential to transform into a symbol of value orientations, the Ukrainian way of life, the ideological foundations of the state and the national identity itself at the current stage of the Ukrainian history.

Identification Friend or Foe Mode Code Detection Using Deep Pulse Detector Network

Identification friend or foe, or its civilian variant known as secondary surveillance radar, is a cooperative airborne identification system that uses coded pulses for providing identity information via an interrogation–response mechanism. The major challenge in this mechanism is the difficulty in correctly decoding the IFF mode code data from the received responses, especially at low signal-to-noise ratios. Due to the high tolerances allowable (as per the Standardization Agreement 4193 and International Civil Aviation Organization Annex 10 aeronautical telecommunication standards for pulse width, pulse positions, and frame width), the statistical variations in the replies are high, which makes the rule-based algorithms complex and less robust. Also, the decoding becomes increasingly difficult due to the garbling of pulses from multiple close-by transponders. To address these challenges of IFF reply processing, this paper proposes modular blocks based on a deep neural network for end-to-end reply processing in the IFF system. IFF pulse detection and degarbling are performed using a convolutional neural-network-based approach, followed by code detection using a recurrent neural-network-based approach, and code tracking using a fully connected network. Because the network is trained to learn the statistical variations in data, it outperforms the conventional rule-based signal processing in terms of probabilistic code detection.

피아식별 AIMS 인증을 통한 항공기 안테나 성능검증 연구

In this study, we present a method for verifying the performance of an antenna used in an aircraft. Identification friend of foe equipment requires the AIMS certification of the US Department of Defense for interworking with the encryption device; the performance of IFF is verified through the verification process of DoD AIMS 1102 and DoD AIMS 1103 according to an aircraft model equipped with a transponder. It was determined whether the performance standards of the antenna and radiation pattern were met, and whether the aircraft that did not meet the required performance met the performance by replacing or additionally installing the antenna. After submitting the DoD AIMS 1102 requirement test documents and completing the preliminary preparation for the DoD AIMS 1103 verification, the antenna performance was verified not only in Mode 5 but also in the SIF mode through flight tests. Through the process of meeting the AIMS certification requirements, the performance verification of IFF was confirmed, and it is expected that it can be used for the verification of avionics antennas such as communication and navigation.

Fuzzy FMEA risk assessment approach for IFF system in military helicopters using Matlab R2022A

In this article, the author reviews the fuzzy Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (fuzzy FMEA) as one of the effective methods of risk assess- ment. Using the fuzzy logic toolbox of the MATLAB R2022a software, the Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) system of military helicopters is analysed in a case study, during which the fuzzy risk priority numbers (F-RPN) for this system of military helicopters is created. Finally, the author of this paper summarizes the results obtained.

Method for accurate multi-target discrimination and compound friend or foe identification of millimetre wave system based on laser ranging technology

This paper uses laser ranging technology, by multiplexing of ranging buttons, reconstruction of laser rangefinders and other equipment, and utilizing distance-based comparison methods to achieve accurate discrimination of millimetre-wave identification friend or foe systems under multi-target conditions, further improving identification reliability. The experiment proves that the method is feasible and effective.

Multilevel Identification Friend or Foe of Objects and Analysis of the Applicability of Post-Quantum Cryptographic Algorithms for Information Security

Introduction. Widespread use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the civilian and military spheres requires the development of new algorithms for identification friend or foe of targets, as used in the Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU) devices of the "Parol" system are designed to service approximately 110 objects military equipment. AFU automation systems allow the use of additional sources of information about various objects from civil or special data transmission networks, which can be the basis for building a networked multi-level system of state recognition. Predictions of the development of quantum computers foresee the possibility of breaking modern algorithms for information security in polynomial time in the next 5-10 years, which requires the development and implementation of new encryption algorithms and revision of modern parameters. The purpose of the article is to develop a new algorithm for state recognition of objects, which can be scaled to process the required number of manned and unmanned aerial vehicles. Potential threats to classical cryptographic protection algorithms for data networks, which will result in the execution of algorithms such as Grover and Shore on quantum computers, were also discussed. Results. The article proposes a new multilevel algorithm of state recognition based on modern cryptographic methods of information protection, which allows to perform reliable automated identification of objects, scale systems using data on potential targets from other sources through secure special networks. Grover's search algorithm does not give a strong increase in key search performance for symmetric encryption algorithms, so there is no need to increase the key lengths for this type of information security algorithms. Post-quantum asymmetric encryption algorithms require additional study and comprehensive testing of information security or increasing the key lengths of cryptographic algorithms, which corresponds to the number of qubits, i.e. more than twice. The most promising is the family of asymmetric post-quantum cryptographic algorithms based on supersingular isogenic elliptic curves. Conclusions. The developed algorithm of identification friend or foe of objects is more secure compared to existing algorithms and is focused on the use of modern on-board computers and programmable radio modems. Shore's algorithm and the like will be a significant threat to modern asymmetric cryptography algorithms when the number of qubits of quantum computers exceeds the number of bits in public keys more than twice. Keywords: identification friend or foe, symmetric encryption, asymmetric cryptography, quantum computer, post-quantum cryptography.

Hybrid Metamaterial for the Secondary Radar Antenna System

This paper proposes the gain enhancement of dual-band and dual-polarized asymmetric horn antenna for the secondary radar system using hybrid metamaterial techniques. The hybrid metamaterial is comprised of the structures of woodpile electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) for gain enhancement of the primary main beam of the radar system at the operating frequency of 1,300 MHz with horizontal polarization; and the wire medium structure that is placed beside the EBG structure for gain improvement of the identification friend or foe (IFF) main beam, which is operated at the center frequency of 1,060 MHz with vertical polarization. Meanwhile, the cooperated structures have to function to control the directions of the primary and IFF main beams retaining at 0° and 6°, respectively, too. When the hybrid metamaterial structure is placed at the front of an asymmetric horn’s aperture, with suitable parameters and optimized spacing, it is found to increase the gains of the two beams compared to the single asymmetric horn around 3 dB and retain the directions of original main beams. The comparison of the results between simulation and measurement, such as the reflected power (S<sub>11</sub>), gain, and radiation patterns, are in good agreement.

Specific emitter identification of radar based on one dimensional convolution neural network

Specific Emitter Identification (SEI) of radar has become a focus point of research and difficulty in the field of electronic reconnaissance, and the application of Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) signal in Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) system is beginning to raise increasing concern. At present, the research of deep neural network in the field of target recognition mostly focuses on the modulation pattern recognition of signal, but there are few applications for the specific emitter identification. In order to overcome the shortcoming that the effect of the traditional method is not excellent, a radar emitter target recognition method based on one-dimensional(1D) convolutional neural network is proposed for ADS-B signal in this paper. Taking the sequence data of ADS-B pulse signals as the training and testing samples of emitter target identification, the frequency domain features of ADS-B signal are obtained by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and the target identification is achieved by combining the convolution neural network with the fine feature extraction. The result of simulation demonstrates that the specific emitter identification based on frequency domain and one-dimensional(1D) convolutional neural network has an excellent recognition performance, which effectively resolves the shortcomings of the traditional method of feature extraction and low classification accuracy.

Performance Prediction and Analysis of Identification Friend or Foe(IFF) Radar by using Modeling & Simulation Methodology

Performance Prediction and Analysis of Identification Friend or Foe(IFF) Radar by using Modeling & Simulation Methodology

Research on MSK Demodulation Method for M-Sequence in IFF System

M-Sequence, short for Maximum Linear Feedback Shift Register Sequence, is widely used in identification friend or foe (IFF) system because of its good equalization and autocorrelation characteristics, and Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) signal has been paid more attention in military communication field because of its excellent signal characteristics. A new demodulation method for MSK modulation signal of M-Sequence is studied. The MSK signal is sampled by A/D converter, and an integration circuit is designed in the FPGA. The same M-Sequence is generated by the same M-Sequence source polynomial as the integrator coefficient. The peak value of the integrated signal is judged to determine the M-Sequence. When the symbol rate is 1 Mbps and the carrier rate is 1 Mbps and M-Sequence is 5 bits, the recognition time of the new method is less than 1 us, which is less than one fifth of the recognition time of the traditional demodulation method. This method simplifies the demodulation process and is easy to implement. It improves the recognition speed of M-Sequence in MSK modulation signal and provides some reference value for the development of IFF system.

A Study on the Improvement of the Identification Friend or Foe Rate of Patriot Using DMAIC

A Study on the Improvement of the Identification Friend or Foe Rate of Patriot Using DMAIC

RFID in Transportation

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) has existed for a number of years, with some in the industry believing that the industry had its start during World War II with the advent of the Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) method of identifying allied aircraft. In that system, a transponder within the aircraft detected the signal from the shore-based radar systems and responded with a specific encoded signal as a return. While this may have been the impetus of RFID, the first commercial applications had to wait on advancing technology developments to enable success.

무인항공기 탑재 안테나 간 간섭을 고려한 안테나 최적 위치 분석

본 논문에서는 무인항공기에 탑재된 안테나 간의 간섭을 고려한 안테나 최적 위치 분석에 대해서 서술하였다. 분석은 전방향성 안테나들 중 운용 주파수 대역이 인접하고, 상호 간 이격거리가 가까운 곳에 위치한 안테나들을 선정하여 수행하였다. 분석을 수행한 안테나는 제어용 데이터링크, TCAS(Traffic Collision & Avoidance System), IFF(Identification Friend or Foe), GPS(Global Positioning System)와 RALT(Radar ALTimeter) 안테나들이다. 안테나 최적 위치 분석은 세 단계로 구분된다. 첫 번째 단계는 안테나 용도, 형상 및 방사패턴을 고려한 안테나 초기 위치 선정 후 안테나 장착 시 무인항공기 구조물에 의한 안테나 방사패턴과 반사손실 특성 변화를 관찰하여 최적의 특성을 갖는 지점을 선정하는 것이다. 두 번째 단계는 안테나 간의 결합특성과 송신 안테나의 불요파 세기 및 수신안테나의 최저수신감도를 고려하여 안테나 간 간섭 정도를 분석하는 것이다. 간섭이 발생할 경우, 간섭이 미발생하는 최소이격거리를 분석하여 간섭이 발생하지 않는 최적 위치를 선정한다. 마지막 단계는 안테나 간 추가 거리 이격으로도 간섭이 제거되지 않을 경우, 안테나 간 주파수 이격 분석을 통한 주파수 간섭 대책을 확정하는 것이다. 이러한 분석 과정은 개발단계에서 안테나 간 간섭을 예측하여 간섭이 발생하지 않는 안테나 최적 위치 선정에 유용하게 사용된다.

GaN HEMT: Dominant Force in High-Frequency Solid-State Power Amplifiers

The gallium nitride (GaN) high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) has emerged as the dominant force in high-frequency solid-state power amplifiers (PAs)-not that it does not have competition. Silicon (Si) bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and Si laterally diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor (LDMOS) field-effect transistors (FETs) are still commercially available. They are viable alternatives to GaN HEMTs in aerospace/defense applications such as L-band transponders/interrogators for the identification friend or foe; Link 16 data links; electronic warfare; and surveillance radar; and, in the case of Si LDMOSs, commercial cellular base stations. These older technologies can be favored due to their mature heritage, good performance, and low cost. The pseudomorphic HEMT (PHEMT) is ubiquitous in microwave and millimeter-wave power applications. Vacuum electron devices (VEDs) still reign in the regime of brute power. The GaN HEMT has been displacing these technologies as it has matured and costs have come down.

From local checklists to online identification portals: a case study on vascular plants.

Checklists, the result of time-consuming exploration and painstaking bibliographic research, can be easily converted into online databases, which have the advantage of being updatable online in real time, and of reaching a much wider audience. However, thousands of local checklists (Natural Parks, protected areas, etc.) are still available on paper only, and most of those published online appear as dry lists of latin names, which strongly reduces their outreach for a wider audience. The University of Trieste has recently started the publication of several local checklists in a way that may be more appealing for the general public, by linking species' names to archives of digital resources, and especially to digital identification tools produced by software FRIDA (FRiendly IDentificAtion). The query interfaces were developed on the basis of feedback from a wide range of users. The result is no longer a simple list of names accessible on the Web, but a veritable multimedial, interactive portal to the biodiversity of a given area. This paper provides an example of how relevant added value can be given to local lists of taxa by embedding them in a complex system of biodiversity-related resources, making them usable for a much wider audience than a restricted circle of specialists, as testified by the almost 1.000.000 unique visitors reached in 2014. A critical mass of digital resources is also put at disposal of the scientific community by releasing them under a Creative Commons license.

An EBSPK-/MPPSK-Modem Based Transceiver for Radar-Communications

A joint communication and ranging system would constitute a unique platform for future weapon platform or intelligent transportation system to affect the essential tasks of Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) system and location sharing services, in terms of both spectrum efficiency and cost effectiveness. In this paper, the design of efficient modulation system which is suitable for simultaneously performing both data transmission and range measurement is proposed. The approach is based on extended binary phase shift keying (EBPSK) orM-ary Position Phase Shift Keying (MPPSK) modulated waveforms utilized in digital communication. In particular, requirements that allow for employing such signals for range measurements are investigated. Also, Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) target detection performances of the new proposed system are discussed when target velocity and time delay take different values. Moreover, Doppler tolerance range of impacting filter for demodulating EBPSK/MPPSK pulse signal at 10 GHz is considered. In addition to theoretical considerations, the paper presents simulations and measurement results of the new systems, demonstrating the high spectral utilization of integrated communication and ranging applications.

A Preamble Detecting Algorithm of MOD-5 Interrogating Signal

Propose a preamble detecting Algorithm in the processing of MOD-5 signal, after researching in the feature of MOD-5 interrogating preamble pulse. This paper resume the MOD-5 working principle, demonstrate the algorithm flow and simulation parameters. An analysis of the simulation result had been done at last. This algorithm can provide the ability of noise suppression and precise timing. On that basis, it can be the foundation in IFF (Identification Friend of Foe) signal processing with the purpose of increasing successful identification probability.

RFID: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

Radio frequency identification (RFID) has existed for a number of years, with some in the industry believing that the industry had its start during World War II with the advent of the Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) method of identifying allied aircraft. In this system, a transponder within the aircraft detected the radar energy from the shore-based radar systems and responded with a specific encoded signal as a return. While this may have been the impetus of RFID, the first commercial applications had to wait on advancing technology developments to enable success.

Security in application layer of radar sensor networks: detect friends or foe

AbstractBecause accurate identification cannot be obtained when the Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) sensor is employed separately, a radar sensor network (RSN) is designed to improve the identification capability in this paper. The content of this paper is focused on the information fusion algorithm, which is one of the key technologies in the RSN. The fuzzy c‐means and the Bayesian network are chosen as the fusion algorithm. This algorithm can implement the identification friend or foe automatically after being trained by the training samples and expert's experience, and reduce the effect of uncertainties in the process of identification. At the same time, the algorithm can update the identification result with the augmentation of observations. The RSN can be expanded, if more information can be obtained, to adapt to the complicated environment, on the basis of this algorithm. The simulation results prove the validity and efficiency of the algorithm. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.