Identical Material Research Articles

Transforming Waste to Wealth, Achieving Circular Economy

Wastes are usually thought of as unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance which is discarded after primary use, or considered worthless, defective, and of no use. The term is often subjective, as not every application has identical raw material requirements and sometimes even objectively inaccurate. A starting point towards managing waste is the division in basic categories, ranging from municipal and agricultural waste to radioactive and explosive waste. Through proper collection of municipal solid waste, very important metals and other valuable sources can be recovered and used in new products, thus achieving significantly lower production cost and environmental impact. Success stories in waste management are reported in countries around the world. These typically showcase optimal waste transformation to wealth. Furthermore, applied waste management methods are specified. These actions should be adapted by every organization handling waste. At a managerial level, these must be considered as potential resources, commodities with significant economic, environmental and sociological added value. This paper attempts to identify and present the valuable resources and products that exist in waste streams, focusing mainly on their monetary value, based on data recovered from literature and raw materials stock markets. Municipal solid waste and non-hazardous commercial and industrial wastes are considered in this context. The methodology followed was based on identification and analysis of cities-communities and countries that have successfully adopted waste management policies towards circular economy and waste to wealth transformation.

Comparative analysis of QS3D versus droplet digital PCR for quantitative measures of EGFR T790M mutation from identical plasma

ObjectivesThe capacity of QuantStudio™ 3D (QS3D) and droplet digital PCR (dPCR) for the detection of plasma Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) mutations have been widely reported. Few comparative studies on the quantitative test of the identical DNA material, however, are carried out. Here we compared the performance of the two methods in detecting EGFR T790M mutation in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from the same lung cancer patients. MethodsWe recruited 72 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who initially respond to tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment but subsequently developed resistance. Two tubes of 10mL anticoagulant blood were collected and cfDNA was isolated from plasma. Identical cfDNA samples were analyzed for T790M mutation using QS3D and droplet dPCR in parallel. ResultsT790M mutation was detected in 15 and 21 cfDNA samples by QS3D and droplet digital PCR, respectively. The 6 discordant samples showed low mutation abundance (∼0.1%) and the discrepancy is caused by the stricter threshold settings for QS3D dPCR. The overall agreement between the two methods was 91.7% (66/72). The median allele frequencies for QS3D dPCR and droplet dPCR to detect T790M mutation was 2.01% and 2.62%, respectively. There was no significance in mutation abundance detected by both methods. Both methods are highly correlated with allele frequencies and copy numbers in T790M wild type and mutant, with R2 of 0.98, 0.92 and 0.95, respectively. ConclusionOur study demonstrated that QS3D dPCR are highly consistent with droplet PCR for quantitative determination of EGFR T790M mutation in plasma cfDNA.

Effect of Water Content in the Raw Material Mixture during Grinding on Alite Monoclinic Phase Formation

The article investigates the influence of the water content during grinding the raw material mixture on the formation of monoclinic phases M1 and M3 of alite using the Rietveld method. Four identical raw material mixtures were chosen, differing only in the water content for the grinding process. The milling process in a water environment in a PULVERISETTE 6 planetary mill was chosen for the preparation of the raw material mixture. Based on previous research in this area, a firing temperature of 1450 °C with soaking for 60 minutes was chosen. The results showed that the monoclinic M3 phase is predominantly formed. In contrast, the monoclinic M1 phase forms at lower firing temperatures than the M3 phase and with fewer crystallization nuclei due to less fine grinding. The results show that the amount of water used to grind the feedstock does not make any difference in the final amount of monoclinic M1 and M3 phases.

Multi-factor fuzzy prediction model of concrete surface chloride concentration with trained samples expanded by random forest algorithm

Although many factors affect the surface chloride concentration (Cs) of concrete structures in ocean exposure environments, establishing a quantitative prediction model that considers multiple factors using traditional regression methods is still a challenge. Herein, a multi-factor hybrid model combining the advantages of the random forest algorithm and fuzzy logic system is proposed. This hybrid fuzzy logic system can achieve quantitative, continuous, and visual expressions of the influence law of various environmental and material factors on Cs. It has high precision in predicting time-dependent Cs with multiple factors considered. The calculation results indicate that the stable value of Cs increases with increasing water-to-binder ratio (w/b). Nonetheless, when w/b is greater than a critical value, the increment in w/b no longer affects Cs. Nonetheless, w/b does not affect the time required for Cs to reach a steady state. Additionally, the mineral admixtures affect both the final stable value and required time. The service times required to achieve a stable value of Cs for ordinary cement concrete in the submerged, splash, and tidal zones are 2.75, 3, and 3.5 years, respectively. For concrete with identical material conditions, the stable value of Cs in the tidal zone is the highest, followed by that in the submerged and splash zones, and the atmospheric zone is the least. Finally, a predictive model of Cs, which is expressed using a multivariate function with piecewise coefficients, is proposed for quantitative predicting durability design and service life.

Effect of using blended learning on students’ achievement and motivation toward learning during the COVID-19 pandemic

Purpose - This study at the University of Jordan looked at how blended learning affected undergraduate students' academic performance and learning motivation. Design/ methodology/ approach - The study's design was quasi-experimental. To meet the study's goals, a motivational scale for learning and an achievement exam were created. In the summer semester of 2019/2020, the University of Jordan had 55 undergraduate students. Two groups of these students were created: a control group of 27 students and an experimental group of 28 students. The experimental group employed blended learning, which included online synchronous engagement with the course material, teacher, and peers, while the control group learned the identical material through traditional learning. Findings - The results of the investigation revealed a considerable improvement in pupils' academic performance and motivation. As a result, blended learning has proven to be a successful teaching and learning technique for raising students' academic achievement and motivation. Originality/ Value – Due to the COVID-19 pandemic laws, the experiment was only conducted after the students had returned to face-to-face instruction after six months of online instruction. This gave the study its novelty.

Probing bonded interfaces with finite-element resonant ultrasound spectroscopy

Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) has long been applied for non-destructive quantification of elasticity, geometry, and density in material samples. Improvements in mode imaging and finite element analysis now provide validation and predictive models for a growing range of sample types. We build on recent work which applied finite-element RUS to characterize layered samples. Our study takes a closer look at the utility of RUS to evaluate the bonded interface between layers, with extension to thin films. Forward modeling of bond properties provided insights into mode-dependent frequency shifts for various types of homogeneous bond changes such as thickness and stiffness. Experimental work consisted of RUS testing on Al-Ti samples diffusion-bonded at different pressures. Despite identical base materials, samples bonded at 2 MPa and 15 MPa exhibit spectral differences not explained by geometry variance alone, indicating sensitivity to the bond interface. Though highly geometry and material dependent, the sensitivity of RUS to interface properties appears to be roughly an order of magnitude smaller than to the constitutive material properties, emphasizing careful experimentation.

The role of voice fundamental frequency in the perception of anger in clear speech

In previous work, listeners rated clearly spoken neutral speech materials as sounding angry significantly more often than identical materials spoken conversationally. This effect varies widely among talkers, and a recent study compared acoustic characteristics of clear and conversational speech produced by talkers whose clear speech sounds angry to those of talkers whose clear speech does not sound angry. Of several well-known clear speech acoustic changes, only raised voice fundamental frequency (fo) differed for talkers who do and do not sound angry when speaking clearly. To test whether raised fo causes clear speech to sound angry, the present study used six talkers whose clear speech was rated as sounding angry and who also made sizeable fo shifts when speaking clearly. For each talker, nine pairs of identical sentences (one from each speaking style) were identified. Praat was then used to lower the pitch of the clear sentence to match the pitch of the conversational sentence and to raise the pitch of the conversational sentence to match the pitch of the clear sentence. Listeners with normal hearing will hear these sentences and rate the emotion they heard in each item from a set of six emotions.

Ultrasonic characterization of compressional and shear wave properties for additively manufactured photopolymers

Advanced applications of polymer additive manufacturing (AM) require knowledge of the material acoustic and complex elastic properties. Recently, ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) has been applied to the characterization of AM polymers; however, the available information is limited and there are little data on shear-wave and complex elastic properties. In this study, a two-sample method using ultrasonic measurements of compressional and shear phase velocity and attenuation was used to experimentally determine the complex elastic properties of 14 AM photopolymers manufactured using PolyJet systems. In this method, two samples of identical material properties but different thicknesses are measured using ultrasonic contact transducers, with the change in the time of arrival and amplitude providing the phase speed and attenuation. In order to determine the optimal thickness difference between the two samples, preliminary sets of samples were printed in a range of thicknesses, without a priori knowledge of the material properties of the AM polymers. Using a subset of these results, further analysis and optimization was conducted to better select the two thicknesses to use for each material sample. The results provided here are expected to aid in experimental design for characterization of polymers. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.]

Infusible thermoplastic resin based sandwich structures for wind blade applications and the influence of scrim on facesheet to core interface debonding

Infusible thermoplastic Elium® family of resins from Arkema have garnered much attention in recent years as a possible replacement for thermoset resins in laminate and sandwich composite manufacturing for wind blade applications due to its ease of recyclability and the ability to utilize existing manufacturing processes without imposing complicated variations. However, physical and mechanical properties of the proposed Elium® based thermoplastic composites must be comparable to existing epoxy (thermoset) based composites using manufacturing processes relevant for large wind turbine blades. A 13-meter-long demonstration blade was manufactured for that purpose and sandwich samples were obtained from that project for a detailed study. This paper details three-point flexural properties of unidirectional E-glass fiber reinforced acrylic and epoxy based sandwich panels with identical balsa wood core materials. In addition, to evaluate the relative merit considering debond failure mode, the interfacial critical strain energy release rate, predominantly in mode-1, was compared via single cantilever beam testing. In sandwich composites constructed with balsa wood core material, resin uptake by the balsa core is traditionally impeded via the insertion of a scrim material at the facesheet to core interface. Results revealed that inclusion of scrim mesh layer at the facesheet to core interface reduced flexural properties and strain energy release rates in panels infused with acrylic resin but did not significantly reduce these properties in epoxy infused facesheets.

Distinguishing between seemingly identical inks using scanning µXRF and heat maps

• Stages of writing and correction can be identified thanks to material analysis. • Seemingly identical inks can be distinguished with use of imaging µXRF. • The application of XRF heat maps allows identification of altered portions of text. • Stratigraphy of seemingly identical materials can be unveiled by µXRF and heat maps. This study will present a new approach to distinguishing writing inks that have the same elemental compositions and visual appearances. The approach is based on displaying the intensity of elemental distributions as heat maps that represent data recorded with a scanning µX-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The heat maps present the data so as to facilitate digitally identifying and distinguishing between inks used to produce, correct, and reink two medieval Torah scrolls. As ritual objects, Torah scrolls had to be written in accordance with exacting standards that evolved over time. This requirement led to successive stages of modifications, sometimes over centuries. Both vitriolic and non-vitriolic inks used to modify Torah scrolls can be visually identical to each other. Furthermore, different non-vitriolic inks usually have an identical elemental composition. The solid material analysis evidence and its presentation as heat maps made it possible to discriminate between original and altered portions of text that in some cases would have been impossible. Our interdisciplinary work brought together conservation, material science, paleography, and philology to enable the identification of complex stratigraphy in multiple stages of production, correction, and reinking.

Exploring the impact of nickel doping on the structure and low-temperature magnetic features of cobalt nano-spinel ferrite

Tailoring the magnetic features of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) has been achieved via varying the doping percent of nickel. The nickel-substituted cobalt ferrite NPs NixCo1-xFe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) are constructed by the eco-friendly coprecipitation method. The formation of a nearly cubic single-phase spinel frame is assured by the analysis of XRD data. Moreover, the Rietveld analysis based on structure refinement is implemented in this study to precisely determine the microstructural parameters and estimate the cation distribution. A linear drop-in lattice constant with boosting the Ni2+ ion percent is acclaimed, in regard to Vegard's law. The creation of nanoparticles that are nearly spherical along with polyhedron shape and have a diameter of (about 39–45 nm) has been affirmed by utilizing high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Also, the crystalline essence of the formed nanoparticles has been declared by selective area electron diffraction (SAED). The magnetic properties have been collected from the hysteresis loops and FC–ZFC curves. These curves have been tweaked as a function of low-temperature from 5 K up to 300 K and in the existence of an external magnetic field (± 70KOe). The magnetization curves revealed that CoFe2O4 (NPs) correspond to the hard ferrimagnetic material, whereas NiFe2O4 (NPs) matched well with identical soft ferrimagnetic material. Also, the divergence betwixt the theoretical and experimental values of the magnetic moment is well explained by the model of "Random Canting of Spins, (RCS)". In addition, a remarkable reduction is found in the recorded values of magnetic parameters by increasing Ni2+ content and decreasing the temperature towards 5 K. These findings imply the potential of Ni2+ ions doping in enhancing the magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite for vast magnetic applications.

Loading capacity prediction and optimization of cold-formed steel built-up section columns based on machine learning methods

This study aims to improve the loading capacities of cold-formed steel (CFS) built-up section columns by optimizing cross-sectional geometric dimensions with constant material consumption. An optimization framework was proposed, in which well-trained machine learning (ML) models were employed to predict the compressive strengths of columns, and a genetic algorithm was utilized to generate solutions and search for optimal results. To enhance the training efficiency of ML models, a two-step model construction scheme was adopted with empirical variables and radii of gyration involved. A dataset of 246 test and finite element results covering two cross-section prototypes, namely one closed (CW) section and one open (OI) section, was collected from the literature. Two powerful ML algorithms including neural networks and the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) were introduced to predict column loading capacities. Forty optimized results incorporating five groups of benchmark built-up sections and four member lengths for each cross-section prototype were obtained. To examine the applicability of the proposed optimization framework, the forty optimized results were verified by the validated finite element models. The analysis results showed that the constructed two-step ML models in this study performed well in predicting the loading capacities of the CFS built-up section columns. More precisely, the values of coefficient of determination (R2) for strength predictions of the ML models based on the testing set are all not less than 0.966. With identical material consumption, the proposed optimization framework considerably improved the compressive strengths of the CFS built-up section columns. The strength enhancements of the optimized CW- and OI-sections under compression were up to 21% and 91%, respectively, which manifested that the proposed optimization framework could be applied in the optimum design of the CFS built-up section columns.

Asymmetric Histone Inheritance: Establishment, Recognition, and Execution.

The discovery of biased histone inheritance in asymmetrically dividing Drosophila melanogaster male germline stem cells demonstrates one means to produce two distinct daughter cells with identical genetic material. This inspired further studies in different systems, which revealed that this phenomenon may be a widespread mechanism to introduce cellular diversity. While the extent of asymmetric histone inheritance could vary among systems, this phenomenon is proposed to occur in three steps: first, establishment of histone asymmetry between sister chromatids during DNA replication; second, recognition of sister chromatids carrying asymmetric histone information during mitosis; and third, execution of this asymmetry in the resulting daughter cells. By compiling the current knowledge from diverse eukaryotic systems, this review comprehensively details and compares known chromatin factors, mitotic machinery components, and cell cycle regulators that may contribute to each of these three steps. Also discussed are potential mechanisms that introduce and regulate variable histone inheritance modes and how these different modes may contribute to cell fate decisions in multicellular organisms.

Nanomechanical, Structural and Electrochemical Investigation of Amorphous and Crystalline MoO3 Thin-Film Cathodes in Rechargeable Li-Ion Batteries

In this work, a comprehensive investigation of amorphous and crystalline modification of identical electrode active material as a thin-film electrode for a future all-solid-state Li-ion battery application is presented and discussed. Using the proposed micro-battery system, we aim to unravel the effect of the crystallinity of the positive electrode material on the intrinsic durability of all-solid-state thin-film Li-ion batteries during prolonged electrochemical cycling. We demonstrate the preparation, structural-, nanomechanical and electrochemical characteristics of molybdenum (VI) oxide (MoO3) thin-film cathodes based on their different crystallinity. The nanomechanical properties of the electrode layers were determined using nanoindentation along with acoustic emission studies. Based on the electrochemical test results, as-prepared thin films that did not go under any heat treatment showed the best performance and stability throughout cycling around 50 μAh initial capacity when cycled at C/2. This suits well their nanomechanical properties, which showed the highest hardness but also the highest flexibility in comparison with the heat-treated layers with lower hardness, high brittleness, and numerous cracks upon mechanical loads. According to our results, we state that amorphous-type electrode materials are more durable against electro-chemo-mechanical-aging related battery performance loss in all-solid-state Li-ion batteries compared to their crystalline counterparts.

In vitro propagation and improving accumulation of coumarin in Lycium barbarum, a rare plant in the flora of Egypt

BackgroundThe conservation of natural populations of plants is very important for maintaining biological diversity. Lycium barbarum (goji berries) is classified as a very rare plant in the Egyptian flora. Goji berry is a fruit commonly known as ‘super-fruit,’ due to its beneficial constituents and medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of media formula added with various cytokinins on axillary bud induction of L. barbarum from shoot tip. An additional objective of this study was to investigate the effect of 2,4-D, TDZ, zeatin, IBA and NAA on growth and development of the plant through different stages. The present study also aims to improve coumarin accumulation as one of the most active constituents in the plant.ResultsSterilized shoot tips of L. barbarum were cultured without growth regulators on different media formulas: Murashige and Skoog basal medium (MS medium), Gamborg’s medium (B5 medium) and Woody plant medium (WP medium). MS medium gave the best shoot induction. The maximum multiplication rate of shoots was recorded on MS medium supplemented with 225.24 µM 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP). The best callus induction rate from in vitro derived young leaves was obtained on MS medium with 552.60 µM thidiazuron (TDZ). At 176.20 µM TDZ, the maximum shoot proliferation ability was obtained through organogenesis from the callus. MS medium with 220.25 µM TDZ produced the highest number (15 buds) and forming rate (96%) of adventitious buds through direct organogenesis. On MS medium with 304.86 µM naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 100% rooting was obtained. Almost 95% of the in vitro-generated plantlets were successfully acclimatized. Furthermore, suspension culture containing MS medium with 552.60 µM TDZ and cinnamic acid at a concentration of 763 μM increased coumarin synthesis (1.95-fold), compared to control.ConclusionThe in vitro regeneration of plants via leaf-mediated shoot organogenesis protocol presented in this study is well suited for L. barbarum propagation and produced large quantities of identical planting materials for desert revegetation and pharmaceutical industries. A very effective indirect regeneration method via callus culture provides a potential for this ethnomedicinal plant to be improved by genetic transformation procedures, in addition to mass propagation of elite plants. The cell suspension culture medium with 763 µM cinnamic acid had the highest coumarin accumulation.

Anisotropic scaling for thin-walled vibrating structures

A calculus for scaled experimentation has recently appeared in the open literature founded on the continuous (metaphysical) concept of space scaling. The new theory for isotropic scaling (termed finite similitude) is a single-parameter theory that provides similitude rules that link unlimited numbers of scaled experiments to predict the behavior of any full-scale system. A facet of the theory is that it relates scalar, vectorial and tensorial coefficients and is therefore indirectly influenced by the choice of inertial-coordinate frames characterizing the full and scaled experiments. This feature is explored in this paper to relate objects that are skewed with a particular focus on thin-walled vibrating structures, which find widespread industrial usage but also benefit from anisotropic scaling in their thickness direction.The focus here is on the recently developed first-order finite similitude theory involving two scaled-down experiments for scaled vibrational analysis. The efficacy of the proposed scaling method is examined by means of analytical and numerical simulations. Case studies involving thin-walled plates and hollow beams, subject to free and forced vibration, confirm that titanium prototypes can be represented with high accuracy (∼0% error) by scaled models of identical and different materials (viz., steel and aluminum).

음향진동 헬스케어 기구의 가진력 향상을 위한 자기장 생성에 관한 연구

Development in medical technology has played a crucial role in increasing disease survival rate and life expectancy. And the development of medical devices has led to the development of portable medical devices that can be conveniently used in homes to accommodate modern people’s busy lives. Infrared therapy devices, portable physical therapy devices, and electric massage machines are now commonly used in homes. An acoustic vibration health care device is now one such device. The device was developed based on research that showed when micro acoustic and vibration signals were applied to the damaged body parts, the resulting microscopic stimulation healed wounded cells, shortened the recovery time, and promoted cell division. We conducted this study to understand acoustic vibration health care device’s electromagnetic field characteristics and improve their performance. Using the ANSYS Workbench, we analyzed the magnetic flux density of the device’s permanent magnets. To increase the device’s vibration force, we stacked the magnets of equal size and identical material properties, ran a simulation, and compared the results. We aim to use the data collected from analyzing the magnetic field characteristics and the permanent magnets’ characteristics to improve the designs of acoustic vibration health care devices.

Controlling the Flexibility of MIL-88A(Sc) Through Synthetic Optimisation and Postsynthetic Halogenation.

Breathing behaviour in metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), the distinctive transformation between a porous phase and a less (or non) porous phase, often controls the uptake of guest molecules, endowing flexible MOFs with highly selective gas adsorptive properties. In highly flexible topologies, breathing can be tuned by linker modification, which is typically achieved pre‐synthetically using functionalised linkers. Herein, it was shown that MIL‐88A(Sc) exhibits the characteristic flexibility of its topology, which can be tuned by 1) modifying synthetic conditions to yield a formate‐buttressed analogue that is rigid and porous; and 2) postsynthetic bromination across the alkene functionality of the fumarate ligand, generating a product that is rigid but non‐porous. In addition to providing different methodologies for tuning the flexibility and breathing behaviour of this archetypal MOF, it was shown that bromination of the formate‐bridged analogue results in an identical material, representing a rare example of two different MOFs being postsynthetically converted to the same end product.

Identifying the Physiological Response of the Human Organism to Aerobic Exercise

The implementation of motor skills as an environmental factor favorable to maintaining health, effort and work capacity, the body is made since the period of growth and development, when the whole personality is formed and consolidated on a bio-psychosociallevel. The training process in maintenance fitness took place in identical material conditions and the methodology applied was the same for both groups, they differed depending on the skills and capacity of the technical elements. Physical tests on motorskills were applied with a battery of specific tests, especially aerobic exercises that increase the tone of the muscle regions. Through the variations of means on muscle groups and regions, the muscle tone of the experimental group increased, managing to achieve theself-control of the correct outfit, realizing where the vicious attitudes of the outfit were the case.

Geochronology, geochemistry and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopes of the alkaline–carbonatite complex in the Weishan REE deposit, Luxi Block: Constraints on the genesis and tectonic setting of the REE mineralization

The Weishan rare earth element (REE) deposit at the southeastern margin of the North China Craton (NCC) is one of the three largest carbonatite-associated REE deposits (CARDs) in China. The REE-bearing carbonatite veins formed within quartz syenite and were controlled by NW- and NE-trending faults. The laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) U–Pb ages of zircons from the quartz syenite and postmineralization granite porphyry dyke samples of the Weishan REE deposit yield weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages of 124.6 ± 1.5 Ma (n = 10, mean squared weighted deviation (MSWD) = 1.7) and 123.3 ± 1 Ma (n = 13, MSWD = 1.7), respectively. The quartz syenite and REE-bearing carbonatite in the Weishan REE deposit have similar Sr–Nd–Pb isotope compositions, and their diagenetic and metallogenetic ages are the same within error, indicating that they have a very close genetic relationship and originate from identical material sources. The Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotope compositions of both the quartz syenite and REE-bearing carbonatite are within the range of those of the Mesozoic isotopically enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath the southeastern margin of the NCC. The Weishan REE-bearing carbonatite is extremely enriched in REEs, Sr, and Ba and has a high Ba/Th ratio. A positive correlation between the REE and Ba contents and a negative correlation between the REE content and Sr/Ba ratio are observed in the Weishan carbonatite, indicating that the excessive enrichment of Sr, Ba, and REEs in the Weishan REE deposit might be related to the involvement of CO2-rich fluids from recycled marine sediments. Taking previous results on the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the NCC into consideration, we infer that the parent metallogenic magma of the Weishan REE deposit formed by the partial melting of the REE-refertilized and isotopically enriched SCLM, which had been previously metasomatized by melts derived from the subducted South China Block (SCB) during continental collision and by high-flux REE- and CO2-rich fluids derived from subducted marine sediments and oceanic crust during the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.