Ideational Basis Research Articles

Ideational Basis of Civil Society Supporting the Sustainable Development Agenda

Ideational Basis of Civil Society Supporting the Sustainable Development Agenda

International Law in the Minds: On the Ideational Basis of the Making, the Changing and the Unmaking of International Law

International Law in the Minds: On the Ideational Basis of the Making, the Changing and the Unmaking of International Law

Operation Inherent Resolve and “Exposing the True Nature” of the Islamic State

The aim here is to consider the implications of the counter-ideological struggle against the Islamic State. While most other studies have looked at the other elements of Operation Inherent Resolve – specifically its military, counter-recruitment, financial and humanitarian initiatives – here the focus is on its Line of Effort Five; the attempt to expose its “true nature” through a sustained program of “ideological de-legitimization.” It firstly sets out the institutional structures through which this took place before, secondly, going on to analyze the discursive content of the strategic messaging that was disseminated. The overall argument put forward is that, in continuing the tendency to define the ideational basis of al-Qaeda’s violence in terms of what it is not, Line of Effort Five largely maintained the War on Terror’s established tropes of evilness, wantonness and inhumanity, thereby reinforcing the idea that miliary force could be the only possible recourse.

Political and Institutional Approaches to Advancing International Religious Freedom in the U.S. Foreign Policy in 1998–2020

The article traces the institutional and political evolution of the US implementing its concept of international religious freedom from 1998 to 2020. The concept became popular after the end of the Cold War when the defense of religion against socialistatheist ideas had lost its relevance due to political (the collapse of the Eastern bloc) and cultural (the growing importance of religion in many non-Western countries of the world) reasons. The article starts by reviewing the history of the emergence and development of the institutional infrastructure (legal acts, administrative entities, public and political organizations, think tanks, expert platforms, interdepartmental coordination formats, human rights projects, funding and grant programs, and new international organizations) that supported the US foreign policy advancing international religious freedom. The article divides the reconstruction of this process into two periods formed by adopting two acts: in 1998 — the International Religious Freedom Act, and in 2016 — the amendment to this Act named after congressman Frank Wolf. The study concludes that over the past twenty years, religion has finally developed as an independent track of the US foreign policy, although it has been developing inconsistently and has undergone repeated corrections. The concept of international religious freedom has become the ideational basis of this track, while the extensive institutional and political infrastructure serves as its apparatus. More than 80 percent of the world's population encounters religious persecution. It legitimizes the concept, which encourages widespread support for religious minorities as opposed to the religious majority, and opens the way for the US to build sustainable ties with religious communities and their leaders worldwide, allowing them to influence political processes in different regions. The US has recently promoted the integration of this policy track into international institutions, establishing the International Religious Freedom or Belief Alliance.

P472. Emotion Regulation in Suicidal Ideation and Behavior in Schizophrenia: A Preliminary fMRI Study

The neural basis of suicidal ideation and behavior (SIB) in schizophrenia may relate to deficits in circuitry related to emotion regulation. We examined brain activation during an emotion regulation task in people with schizophrenia with high and low levels of SIB.

Ideologies of Insurgency: A Comparison between Post-Colonial and Turkish Socialist Movements

Abstract The independence movements that emerged during the decolonization process generally defined themselves as socialism. These movements, which built world-making approaches around emphasis on independence, anti-Westernism, and anti-imperialism, basically faced three problems: rapid development, the construction of the state apparatus, and the creation of a nation. These three problems facilitated the contact of these movements with nationalism. Another result of the process is that the military bureaucracy usually leads the “revolution” processes. These countries, which entered a rapid development process, albeit briefly, were followed carefully by the socialist left in Turkey. In the period between 1960–65, Turkish socialism attaches importance to post-colonial movements with all its colors. In the period between 1965 and 1971, the perspective on experiences in these countries began to differ. Three important reasons for this situation are as follows: The differentiation of Turkey’s social, political, and economic structure from countries in the de-colonization process, the translation of Marxist classics and the disappointment created by post-colonial movements. All three reasons are based on the fact that Turkey’s historical experience differs from countries that have just gained independence. In this context, the article compares Turkish socialism and post-colonial movements between 1960–1971 on an ideational basis. This is important to understanding the foundations of subversive activities in Turkey.

Clinical Response of Major Depressive Disorder Patients With Suicidal Ideation to Individual Target-Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.

Suicidal ideation increases precipitously in patients with depression, contributing to the risk of suicidal attempts. Despite the recent advancement in transcranial magnetic stimulation, its effectiveness in depression disorder and its wide acceptance, the network mechanisms of the clinical response to suicidal ideation in major depressive disorder remain unclear. Independent component analysis for neuroimaging data allows the identification of functional network connectivity which may help to explore the neural basis of suicidal ideation in major depressive disorder. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data and clinical scales were collected from 30 participants (15 major depressive patients with suicidal ideation and 15 healthy subjects). Individual target-transcranial magnetic stimulation (IT-TMS) was then used to decrease the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex activity through the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Thirty days post IT-TMS therapy, seven of 15 patients (46.67%) met suicidal remission criteria, and 12 patients (80.00%) met depression remission criteria. We found that IT-TMS could restore the abnormal functional network connectivity between default mode network and precuneus network, left executive control network and sensory-motor network. Furthermore, the changes in functional network connectivity between the default mode network and precuneus network were associated with suicidal ideation, and depressive symptoms were related to connectivity between left executive control network and sensory-motor network. These findings illustrate that IT-TMS is an effective protocol for the accurate restoration of impaired brain networks, which is consistent with clinical symptoms.

The Hijab Penalty: Feminist Backlash to Muslim Immigrants

AbstractWhy do native Europeans discriminate against Muslim immigrants? Can shared ideas between natives and immigrants reduce discrimination? We hypothesize that natives' bias against Muslim immigrants is shaped by the belief that Muslims hold conservative attitudes about women's rights and this ideational basis for discrimination is more pronounced among native women. We test this hypothesis in a large‐scale field experiment conducted in 25 cities across Germany, during which 3,797 unknowing bystanders were exposed to brief social encounters with confederates who revealed their ideas regarding gender roles. We find significant discrimination against Muslim women, but this discrimination is eliminated when Muslim women signal that they hold progressive gender attitudes. Through an implicit association test and a follow‐up survey among German adults, we further confirm the centrality of ideational stereotypes in structuring opposition to Muslims. Our findings have important implications for reducing conflict between native–immigrant communities in an era of increased cross‐border migration.

Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation in Suicidal Ideation and Behavior in Schizophrenia: A Preliminary Study

The neural basis of suicidal ideation and behavior (SIB) in schizophrenia is poorly understood but may relate to deficits in circuitry related to emotion regulation. We examined cortical thickness and brain activation during an emotion regulation task in people with schizophrenia with high and low levels of SIB.

Global reform meets local context: cultural compatibility and practice adoption in public sector reform

PurposeThe paper proposes that public sector organizations facing institutionalized reform pressure may not only integrate the reform into their operation when it fits but also pace the integration while undergoing organizational cultural transformations to fit with the reform. The newly cultivated cultural characteristics, nonetheless, need to be compatible externally with the ideational basis of the reform and internally with existing values and beliefs embodied by the organizations.Design/methodology/approachBuilding on a neo-institutionalist perspective, the paper develops a model which considers the possibilities and conditions that local cultural change in the reforming organizations may facilitate reform integration. To test the model's analytical potential, the paper analyzed reform responses of semi-autonomous agencies from Denmark, the Netherlands and Sweden under the New Public Management (NPM) reform. Ordinary least square (OLS) regression models were performed on the survey data collected from agency heads (or representative) during the peak of the reform trend. Analyzing this sample of later adopters whose government generally enjoyed high degrees of capacity and autonomy provided a preliminary test to the model's potential.FindingsSignificant statistical relations were found between the adoption of operation-level NPM practices and the extent that an agency's cultural characteristics fit with both the ideational basis of NPM and the exiting value-belief mix the agency embodied. Agency characteristics of “proactive responsiveness” and “goal-oriented cooperation” were found significantly related to adoption of NPM practices, showing the possibility of cultivating local cultural changes in reforming organizations.Originality/valueWhile compatible with neo-institutionalist emphasis on local continuity, the paper describes an alternative scenario of reform integration for public managers.

Geopolitical games in Eurasian regionalism: ideational interactions and regional international organisations

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the ideational interaction underlying attempts at regional integration and cooperation in Eurasia. While the ideas and values of the European Union have been relatively well-studied within the theory of Europeanisation, the key concepts, ideas, values and principles driving Eurasian regionalism have remained out of the main focus of Western scholarship. This paper aims to shed more light on this ideational basis of Eurasian regionalism by unveiling the discourse developed in Russian scholarship and available only in Russian. Understanding interactions between institutions will always remain partial as long as the ideational interaction is not addressed. Such concepts as ‘integrative mentality’, as a segment of the wider category ‘foreign policy mentality’, and the theory of neo-Eurasianism have been incorporated into Russian political discourse and therefore affect public opinion through specific interpretation of economic, political and cultural processes in the EU’s near neighbourhood and the EU as an actor. The analysis presented in this paper indicates the development of new ideational competition, in addition to the well-documented geopolitical one. The paper also aspires to contribute to emerging research on public support to governmental strategic choices and self-legitimation of international organisations in Eurasia.

Činioci i mehanizmi očuvanja i afirmacije srpske strateške kulture

The paper discusses the issue of preservation and affirmation of the Serbian strategic culture with the aim of identifying some of the key factors and mechanisms that influence its articulation. As national culture represents a broader ideational basis of strategic culture, the case of the Serbian nation points to certain factors of national culture (literary heritage, history and geography) that determine the access to the issues of the use of force and war. When it comes to social institutions that have an impact on the education and behavior of individuals, and thus on preservation and affirmation of strategic culture, according to the criterion of contribution in this field, educational and media institutions are the most important. Therefore, the subject of this paper consists of presenting the way of articulating these factors of the Serbian strategic culture through educational and media institutions. The consideration of the role of these institutions also includes the presentation of the results of the research on the state of security culture among young people in the Republic of Serbia. The significance of this research stems from the fact that, among other things, it provides insights into the attitudes of high school students regarding the contributions of educational and media institutions in understanding security issues.

The changes of amplitude of low frequency fluctuation in adolescent depression patients with suicidal ideation: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Objective To investigate the changes of brain activity in adolescents with first-episode major depressive disorder (MDD) and its significance. Methods Totally 42 first-episode MDD patients with suicidal ideation (SU group), 17 MDD patients without suicidal ideation (NSU group) and 29 healthy controls (HC group) were examined by psychological assessment and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The differences of brain functional activities between the three groups were compared by amplitude of low frequency fluctuation(ALFF). The relationship between the difference of zALFF value in brain regions and the severity of depression, intensity of suicidal ideation were further analyzed. Results The zALFF values in the left hippocampus(MNI: x=-21, y=-33, z=0) and left Frontal_Sup_Medial(MNI: x=3, y=33, z=63) of the three groups were significantly abnormal (P 20, uncorrected). The results of Post-hoc test showed that the zALFF value of left hippocampus increased significantly (F=28.931) and decreased significantly in left Frontal_Sup_Medial(F=16.648)in SU group , compared with NSU group and HC group(P 0.05). In SU group, the zALFF values of left hippocampus and left Frontal_Sup_Medial were not correlated with total scores of HAMD-24(r=-0.214, -0.103) and suicide ideation intensity factor scores(r=0.115, -0.055)(P>0.05). Conclusion Abnormal autonomic nervous activity exists in left hippocampus and left Frontal_Sup_Medial in adolescent MDD patients with suicidal ideation, which may be the neurological basis and biological index of suicidal ideation. Key words: Major depressive disorder; Suicidal ideation; Adolescents; Amplitude of low frequency fluctuation

The Invention of Neo-Socialism: The Dynamics of Schism and Doctrinal Distinction in the French Socialist Party

AbstractWhat is the relationship between schism and political identity? Existing scholarship has tended to focus on the determinants of schism while treating the ideational basis on which schisms are made as largely fixed. In this paper, I develop a new interpretation of the 1933 “neo-socialist schism” within the French Socialist Party to highlight how new political identities can be constituted in and through the process of schism itself. The 1933 schism is often understood as the convergence of a doctrinal revision called “neo-socialism” and a separate tactical challenge to the party's parliamentary practice. But a careful reading of the factional conflict within the party reveals that it was the preceding tactical debate over ministerial participation that was transformed over time into a debate over socialist doctrine. This distinction between “tactics” and “doctrine” performatively defined the limits of acceptable party discourse, and as such was both a weapon and a stake in the factional conflict. I trace the evolution of this conflict and show that, so long as the minority faction was weak, the issue of participation was widely considered “tactical” and thus safe for discussion. But when minority strength grew, the majority sought to redefine the conflict as doctrinal to delegitimate the challengers. Finally, only when a schism appeared inevitable did the challengers themselves adopt the label of “neo-socialism.” Neo-socialism was thus not a pre-constituted political heresy driving the schismatic process, but the contingent and emergent outcome of this very process.

The neural correlates of ideation in product design engineering practitioners

In product design engineering (PDE), ideation involves the generation of technical behaviours and physical structures to address specific functional requirements. This differs from generic creative ideation tasks, which emphasise functional and technical considerations less. To advance knowledge about the neural basis of PDE ideation, we present the first fMRI study on professional product design engineers practising in industry. We aimed to explore brain activation during ideation, and compare activation in open-ended and constrained tasks. Imagery manipulation tasks were contrasted with ideation tasks in a sample of 29 PDE professionals. The key findings were: (1) PDE ideation is associated with greater activity in left cingulate gyrus; (2) there were no significant differences between open-ended and constrained tasks; and (3) a preliminary association with activity in the right superior temporal gyrus was also observed. The results are consistent with existing fMRI work on generic creative ideation, suggesting that PDE ideation may share a number of similarities at the neural level. Future work includes: functional connectivity analysis of open-ended and constrained ideation to further investigate potential differences; investigating the effects of aspects of design expertise/training on processing; and the use of novelty measures directly linked to the designer’s internal processing in fMRI analysis.

WHY CAN HUNTER-GATHERER GROUPS BE ORGANIZED SIMLARLY FOR RESOURCE PROCUREMENT, BUT THEIR KINSHIP TERMINOLOGIES ARE STRIKINGLY DISSIMILAR: A CHALLENGE FOR FUTURE CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH

Cross-cultural research involves explanatory arguments framed at the meta-level of a cohort of societies, each with its own historical development as an internally structured and organized system. Historically, cross-cultural research on hunter-gatherer groups initially was in accord with the general anthropological interest in determining the ideational basis for differences in systems of social organization, but more recent work has shifted emphasis to the phenomenal level of factors affecting the mode of adaptation to an external environment. This has left a major lacuna in our understanding of the reasons for cross-cultural differences among ideational systems such as kinship terminologies in hunter-gatherer societies. I address this lacuna in this article through cross-cultural comparison of hunter-gatherer kinship terminologies at an ideational, qualitative level. The means for so doing is first worked out using the kinship terminology of the Hadza, an East African hunter-gather group. Next, comparison of the Hadza and their kinship terminology with two other hunter-gatherer groups prominent in the anthropological literature, along with their kinship terminologies, makes evident a major disjunction between, on the one hand, the similarity of hunter-gatherer societies at the phenomenal level of activities such as food procurement and, on the other hand, striking differences among the same groups at the ideational level of the structural organization of their kinship terminologies. The reason for the striking differences between the ideational and the phenomenal levels is not immediately evident and remains a topic to be addressed in future cross-cultural research.

Relacijsko sebstvo in moderni subjekt v klasični in sodobni kitajski filozofiji: od etike vlog do transformativnega sebstva

Članek izhaja iz predpostavke, da sta razsvetljenska koncepta avtonomnega subjekta in humanizma v sedanji obliki zastarela in neprimerna za idejno osnovo sodobnega časa. Svobodna volja posameznika nima več opore v etičnih maksimah, saj te znotraj visoko diferenciranih socialnih in tehnoloških kontekstov sodobnih družb ne morejo več služiti kot zanesljivi kriteriji realizacije moralnih imperativov. To pa pomeni, da je ogrožena tako moralna kot tudi politična avtonomija posameznika. Avtorica izhaja iz predpostavke, da sodijo tovrstne ideje po drugi strani k najpomembnejšim kulturnim in filozofskim dediščinam Evrope in da je zato treba ta koncepta postaviti v plodno kontrastivno, poliloško in dialektično razmerje s sorodnimi dediščinami neevropskih kultur. Sinteza različnih tradicij humanizma namreč ni samo mogoča, temveč tudi nujna. Članek se pri tem osredotoča na pregled subjektu sorodnih konceptov znotraj kitajske filozofije, pri čemer poudari tradicionalne osnove ter specifično kitajsko razumevanje pojma sebstva.

¿Fin del proyecto alternativo ALBA? Una perspectiva política y económica

The Bolivarian Alliance for our America (ALBA) and its additional TCP (Trade Treaty of the People), driven by Cuba and Venezuela, emerged as an alternative to US hegemony and the proposal to create a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). Since 2014, the initiative has faced a double crisis: the critical political and economic situation in Venezuela that limits the financing of ALBA; and the uncertainties of post-Castro Cuba that constrains its ideational basis. The article addresses three research questions: To which theoretical paradigm does ALBA correspond when distinguishing between discourse and reality? What are its ideational and material outcomes? Will ALBA survive despite financial and political restrictions in Cuba and Venezuela? These questions are answered in three sections. The first inscribes ALBA in relevant theoretical debates, the second focuses on an empirical analysis of its objectives and results, while the final section addresses the existential crisis in Venezuela and changes in Cuba. The article concludes with a forecast of ALBA’s future. The authors maintain that the dynamics and results of ALBA respond to a realist soft balancing strategy, which contrasts with its regionalism-integration and counter-hegemony neo-Marxist discourses. With this background, the two empirical sections argue that the viability of ALBA depends on three intertwined elements: its counter-hegemonic character of challenging the US (soft balancing); the continuity of the Cuban and Venezuelan regimes; and the available economic resources.

S126. Association Between Suicidal Ideation and Cortical Volume in a Sub-Clinical Sample of Young Individuals

Suicide is one of the leading causes of death among 15-29 years old individuals and approximately 800,000 people die due to suicide every year. A better understanding of the neuroanatomical basis of suicidal ideation (SUI) remains an important challenge in ongoing attempts to understand and treat this psychiatric disorder.

The figure of the fanatic: a rebel against Christian sovereignty

ABSTRACTThis article contends that the Western European figure of the fanatic – the ideational basis of today’s surveillance order – has since its birth in the Reformation possessed a particular political form: that of the rebel against Christian sovereignty. Western European political thought has not, however, considered this revolutionary state to be the inevitable result of an inherent ontology. Rather, suspect populations have been understood as being in a state of imminent fanaticism, which is only realized through a contingent process of becoming. The article argues that this template for understanding the fanatic was articulated through a Christian episteme of political theology that grouped Christianity, Judaism, and Islam together within a single referential frame. Finally, it asserts that the Christian subject disappeared from this frame as a consequence of the Enlightenment project of revolutionary secularism, leaving the colonized Muslim and the minority Jew as the West’s potential fanatics.