Scientific Ideas Research Articles

STEM-Project based Learning in Physics Concept of Measurement to Enhance High School Students' Scientific Literacy

Students' scientific literacy in understanding physics concepts still needs to improve. This study aims to determine scientific literacy using STEM Project-based Learning (PjBL) in learning physics, especially measurement concepts. The study used the Classroom Action Research (CAR) method with the Kemmis and McTaggart model, including planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. The subjects were students in the tenth grade of SMA Negeri 8 Yogyakarta for the 2023/2024 academic year, consisting of 33 students. The data collection techniques and instruments used a written test with three questions describing scientific literacy, observation, and documentation. STEM-PjBL through project activities carried out in two learning cycles. In the first cycle, the teacher implemented a project for making posters regarding measuring instrument specifications, while in the second cycle, there was a project for making miniature measuring instruments. After the first cycle, students' scientific literacy increased to 0.48 with a moderate category. In the second cycle, it increased to 0.68. Using STEM-PjBL is thought to have just a modest improvement. These results underline the potential of STEM-PjBL as a fundamental teaching tool to improve students' scientific literacy as they show how well it fosters a strong awareness of physics ideas. Future studies could examine the effects of STEM-PjBL on more scientific ideas or within varied educational environments.

At the crossroads: Patočka and Althusser on the idea of modern science

At the crossroads: Patočka and Althusser on the idea of modern science

Векторы социальной психологии: опережая время (к 100-летию со дня рождения Галины Михайловны Андреевой)

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective.</strong> Analysis of the main methodological and theoretical directions in social psychology developed by Professor Galina Mikhailovna Andreyeva, one of the founders of Russian social psychology; consideration of the key problems of modern social psychology. <br><strong>Background. </strong>The vectors of scientific knowledge identified by G.M. Andreyeva and the problems she developed in the field of social psychology have become general methodological principles in various fields of psychological science. Among them there are the problems of joint activity and communication, which have become the basis for the study of social groups and personality. A fundamental principle of the new paradigm of social psychology offered by G.M. Andreyeva, – the issues of the influence of the social context and the influence of social changes on the formation (construction) of a person's world image and his social behavior. Significant moments in the field of social cognition created by G.M. Andreyeva are highlighted. The potential of her main ideas in modern psychology is shown. The main biographical data of Galina Andreyeva are presented, showing her life path and significant for the creation of the G.M. Andreyeva School of Social Psychology at Moscow University. <br><strong>Methodology.</strong> The article uses methods of deductive analysis; methods of historical and psychological hermeneutics. <br><strong>Conclusions.</strong> The main scientific ideas of G.M. Andreeva not only became the theoretical and methodological basis for understanding and explaining the fundamental problems of socio-psychological knowledge, but also made a huge contribution to understanding the ongoing social changes.</p>

On role models and Joe LeDoux.

Joseph LeDoux is a pioneering neuroscientist who has made profound discoveries that continue to impact our understanding of the neural basis of emotion and memory, particularly the role of the amygdala in threat conditioning. LeDoux's trailblazing and elegant studies were some of the first to examine the circuit basis of behavior. His work combined techniques to trace pathways into and out of the amygdala important for threat conditioning and related behaviors. Since that time, these types of circuit tracing studies have exploded in popularity across neuroscience, and I would argue, we all owe a debt to LeDoux for this. LeDoux has made numerous additional contributions to neuroscience and, by bringing emotion back to neuroscience, has helped unite neuroscience with psychology. A gifted writer with a knack for communicating complicated scientific ideas in an accessible manner, LeDoux has become an ambassador of science who uses his love of music to help educate and inspire. Perhaps more important than these laudable scientific achievements, LeDoux is also a true "gentleman" of science, showing that science need not be a contact sport. Here, I give a personal account on why Joseph LeDoux is one of my scientific role models.

A Review on Recent One Pot Multi-Component Synthesis and Biological Properties of a Class of New Class of Chromenes, Coumarines, Chromeno-Pyrimidines, Pyrido-Pyrimidine and Quinazoline Heterocycles

The chromenes, coumarines, pyrido-pyrimidine and quinazoline cores possesses a vast number of biological activities such as anticancer, anti-malarial, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-tubercular activities and the conventional classical synthetic methods have harsh conditions having multistep process. Currently, researchers are in search of new methodology to eliminate the use of chemicals, solvents and catalysts, which are hazardous to human health as well as to environment. This review provides a concise overview of new dimensions of one pot multi-component synthetic approaches in designing chromenes, coumarines, pyrido-pyrimidine and quinazoline scaffolds. This review will give more scientific ideas to synthesis a variety of heterocyclic moieties in a new synthetic way following the one-pot multi-component method.

Монетарна ентропія в умовах економічної глобалізації

Introduction. Changes occurring in the nature of money in the context of globalization have long been of interest to economists. Instead, the events of recent years have shown that such changes can also be caused by profound transformations that are natural ones and subject to general physical laws. Problem Statement. Establishing the dependence of the further development of money as an economic category on the action of the second law of thermodynamics. The purpose is the analysis of scientific ideas at the junction of economics and physics (ecophysics) and their spread to the monetary sphere ,in particular considering the manifestation of monetary entropy in the process of the international monetary system. Methods. General scientific and special methods are used: analysis, synthesis, description, comparison, theoretical generalization and abstract-logical analyses. Results. This publication introduces the concept of monetary entropy as a state of chaoticization of the essence of money (entropy of money) and the monetary system as a whole. The development of monetary entropy is considered as the result of cyclical development according to the Hegelian model “thesis-antithesis-synthesis”, which allows to avoid complete chaosization of the monetary sphere due to its transition to a new level of the spiral of development. The current state of the development of money as an economic category and the international monetary system as a whole, caused by the impact of the globalization process on them, proves that they are at the stage of another transition from entropy to negentropy, which can lead to the emergence of Global Money. Conclusions. Turning to the issue of predicting the future of money, it should be noted that there is an opinion that soon money will simply become a relic of the past and disappear altogether, leaving the probable technological singularity as one of its consequences, the very liquidation (more precisely, the senselessness of existence ) of money as an economic category. One of the possibilities of the technological singularity is the emergence of a post-scarcity society in which there will be a surplus of resources and the needs of every member of society will be fully satisfied (a variant of capitalist communism, when even an unconditional basic income will appear to be an unacceptable minimum for satisfying needs, because the principle from each according to his abilities to each according to his needs will be implemented. However, the change will not happen overnight, so there will most likely be a transition period during which humanity will still use money and the concept of money will evolve rather than disappear completely.

Designing Learning Centres that Facilitate Knowledge Construction on Science Process Skills in Early Childhood Classrooms

Science education is perceived to have the potential to develop 21st century competencies. In Zimbabwe, the teaching of science in early childhood by using learning centres is considered as a way of empowering young learners with scientific knowledge and skills to become productive citizens in future. To strengthen the initiative, resources are being channelled and policies crafted to support the teaching of STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics). Despite considerable efforts to introduce STEM in early childhood development (ECD), research concerning the benefits of developing science skills using learning centres is sparse. This study adopted an interpretive paradigm and multiple case study design for three schools and three purposively selected ECD teachers. Data was solicited through semi-structured interviews, document analysis and classroom observations. The variable nature of learning centres in ECD classrooms is an indication of shortcomings in policy on teaching using learning centres. At learning centres, learners construct scientific knowledge, ideas and skills through interaction with peers and developmentally appropriate materials. Teachers should be creative and innovative and create learning centres that enable learners to explore the world and construct scientific knowledge through active participation and sharing ideas. A policy to guide the teachers on constructing appropriate learning centres for effective teaching of science skills should be drafted.

Правовое сотворчество публичной власти и общества как совместная деятельность

The article examines the phenomenon of legal co-creation of public authorities and society in relation to the category of joint activity. The interdisciplinary nature of these categories and the productivity of their joint research are indicated. Considering the basic concepts of joint activity developed in sociology and social psychology, the authors of the work come to the conclusion that the accumulated knowledge in these scientific fields can act as a fundamental theoretical and methodological basis for the study of legal co-creation as a special kind of joint activity in the law-making sphere. In substantiation of this thesis, the general signs of joint activity and legal co-creation are given, revealing their unified socio-psychological nature and characterizing the corresponding specifics. Some special legal features are also highlighted and the definition of the concept of legal co-creation is clarified. In conclusion, it is indicated that the use of the potential of methodological resources of interdisciplinary knowledge will provide a more in-depth knowledge of the essence and content, structure and forms of legal co-creation, which is a special kind of joint activity. The formulated scientific ideas are aimed at developing and enriching the theory of legal co-creation, and will also contribute to creating conditions for optimizing the practice of this legal activity.

Steroidal saponins: Natural compounds with the potential to reverse tumor drug resistance (Review).

Steroidal saponins are a type of natural product that have been widely used in Chinese herbal medicine, with a variety of pharmacological activities, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effects. Cancer has become a growing global health problem, and drug therapy is currently the most important clinical antitumor treatment. However, drug resistance is a major obstacle to the effectiveness of chemotherapy, resulting in >90% of deaths of patients with cancer receiving conventional chemotherapy. It has been found that steroidal saponins may exert an effect on the reversal of drug resistance in tumor cells by regulating apoptosis, autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and drug efflux through multiple related signaling pathways. The present study reviews the role and mechanism of steroidal saponins in the treatment of tumor drug resistance, aiming to provide a scientific basis and research ideas for the future development and clinical application of natural steroidal saponins.

Scientific legacy of Prof. Evgenia N. Sinskaya, Doctor of Biological and Agricultural Sciences: commemorating her 135th birthday

In 2024, we celebrate the 135th birthday of Evgenia N. Sinskaya (1889–1965). A leading expert in the taxonomy, evolution, ecology and geography of cultivated plants and their wild relatives, Prof. E. N. Sinskaya occupies a well-deserved honorable place among the outstanding Russian biologists of the 20th century.Prof. Sinskaya was undoubtedly no less talented as a prominent scientist, but as a writer as well. We believe that Prof. Sinskaya’s scientific ideas would be best recognized through acquainting the readers with the published results of her unique research and reconsidering her theoretical works on the taxonomy, phylogeny, and the problem of populations of higher plants. Therefore, on the eve of her birthday celebration, we present a chronological list of her major publications. This list can be recommended to young Russian scientists whose scientific interests extend from theoretical issues of plant biology to practical challenges of crop cultivation. Besides, the editors of the journal Vavilovia supply a list of unpublished works by E. N. Sinskaya in an attempt to incorporate archival documents into scientific circulation, thus encouraging further detailed studies dedicated to the scientific legacy of one of VIR’s most renowned scientists.

Ретроспективный анализ научных взглядов о государственно-общественном управлении образованием на материале eLibrary.ru

Introduction. Since 2000 up. to the present time, there has been an increase in scientific and applied public interest in the role of state and public education management (SPEM). This period is associated with a change in scientific, pedagogical and management ideas in SPEM, which allows for a retrospective analysis of scientific views on the problem, based on publications in the Russian scientific electronic library eLibrary.ru for the specified period. The purpose is to study and summarize scientific views on the state and public management of the education system in our country for the period 2000-2024 to determine further littlestudied directions for the development of state educational institutions. Materials and methods. Using a retrospective analysis of publications from the Russian scientific electronic library eLibrary.ru, recognizing and describing the stages of publication activity of Russian researchers on the problems of state-public education management, which are associated with the stages of development and implementation of the SPEM reform, are named. Based on a comparative analysis, the theoretical foundations of the organization of SPEM in the Russian Federation, general and specific approaches to the practical organization of SPEM at the regional and national level, and modern views on the topic were identified. Results. Systematization of information made it possible to identify the current state of knowledge of the problem, and to determine possible directions for further research of SPEM in the Russian education system. A three-stage periodization of scientific research into the SPEM model in Russia is proposed. Conclusions are drawn about the validity of the proposed periodization, and the problems of implementing state-public educational management at the present stage, little studied in the scientific literature are noted. Among the problems of implementing state education educational institutions that have been little studied in the scientific literature at the present stage, the following are noted: modern forms of management of an educational organization in the conditions of state education educational institutions, the potential of state educational institutions for the civil and patriotic education of students, features of the development of the digital educational space of school self-government in the state education educational institution system, mentoring technologies in working with schoolchildren in conditions of state and public school management.

Geopolitical Aspects of Demographic Processes: Development of Scientific Ideas of L. L. Rybakovsky

Demographic processes play a key role in the formation of the geopolitical picture of the world. Population size, its age structure, growth rates and migration flows have a significant impact on the economic power of states, their military potential and their ability to project power in the international arena. This article examines contemporary and historical views on the significance of demographic factors in the geopolitical competition of countries and the measurement of a state's national power. The study covers both contemporary and historical aspects of the issue. The paper provides a systematic review of the evolution of scientific views on the significance of demographic factors in the geopolitical context. Particular attention is paid to modern methodological approaches to measuring the national power of a state considering demographic indicators. The article offers a critical analysis of existing models for assessing geopolitical influence based on demographic factors and considers their applicability in the context of global demographic transformations. The study also addresses topical issues of the impact of demographic trends on the geopolitical strategies of states in the 21st century, including the problems of population aging, migration processes and demographic imbalances between developed and developing countries. Special attention is paid to the analysis of geopolitical aspects of demographic processes in the works of the outstanding Russian demographer L.L.Rybakovsky. The paper considers the key concepts of the scientist, including demographic security, the geopolitical significance of migration processes, the relationship between demography and spatial development of Russia, as well as the role of demographic policy as an instrument of geopolitical influence.

FORMATION OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY IN THE REGION AS A FACTOR OF SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT

Capital is always looking for favorable conditions to preserve and increase, respectively, the institutional factors of investment activity in the regions of the country are crucial to ensure its attraction. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the impact of investments on the main economic indicators of the region's development, on its spatial development. The article examines the importance and role of investments and provides a brief overview of scientific ideas about the content of the concept of «spatial development. It is shown that when developing a spatial development strategy, it is necessary to apply a systematic approach. During the research, general scientific methods of analysis and special methods of economic and statistical research were used. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the state of investment activity in the region has unstable growth trends, in particular investments in fixed assets. In conclusion, the main aspects of the relationship between investment activity and the spatial development of the region are summarized.

Increasing Students' Interest in Physics through Laboratory Experiments

This work is about how to make the study of physics fascinating for schoolchildren. We will focus on how to use laboratory classes to make the learning process more fun. We want to understand how to get students interested in physics. We think laboratory experiments are a good way. They allow students to experiment and see how scientific ideas work. This work is devoted to the study and implementation of effective methods to increase students' interest in physics. Special attention in this process is paid to the use of laboratory experiments as the main tool. Laboratory experiments are seen as a powerful attraction tool that allows students to interact directly with scientific concepts and laws. In the course of the work, modern approaches to teaching physics were analyzed, and the advantages of using laboratory experiments in the framework of increasing the interest of students were revealed. An important aspect of the study is also the identification of potential obstacles and difficulties in the implementation of laboratory experiments in the educational process. In the curricula of mathematics and physics in elementary school, the question of the consistency of the study of approximate calculations is discussed. As part of the seventh grade of physics, specific methodological recommendations are given for performing laboratory work and solving problems.

Обзор научно-педагогической деятельности и вклада отечественного ученого М. Н. Гернета в развитие уголовно-правовой и криминологической науки

Introduction. This scientific study provides a brief overview of the creative path of the great Russian and Soviet scientist, Professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University – Mikhail Nikolaevich Gernet. Based on the analysis of scientific works written during the Soviet period of M. N. Gernet’s life and activity, the author outlined his personal point of view on his role in the evolving of a number of legal branches, as well as in the development of Russian legal science. This research will enable young Russian scholars and practitioners, as well as specialists interested in studying the origins of Russian law, to gain better and more thorough understanding of the content of legal phenomena, events, as well as legislative processes unfolding at the present time. Methods. The methodological basis of this study was formed by private-scientific methods, primarily content analysis of documents and legal methods, as well as general scientific methods, including historical, system analysis, generalisation, modelling and others. Results. In the course of this research project, it was possible to convincingly prove that that M. N. Gernet made a significant contribution to the development of criminology within legal science. His profound, fundamental, and advanced scientific research, both theoretical and practical, not only advanced the field for his time but also had a lasting impact on the field. Today, criminology is a sub-branch of criminal law, and its influence on Russian criminal legal theory is substantial. In addition, the author concludes that in the scientific works written by M. N. Gernet, most of the author’s points of view are based solely on humanistic approaches. Even when considering issues related to criminal punishment, the author endeavoured to expand the use of the parole system. Most of Professor M. N. Gernet’s scientific ideas are imbued with the principles of justice. Throughout his life, he sought to bridge the gap between theoretical scientific concepts and practical applications.

SOME ASPECTS OF STUDYING THE DISCIPLINE «THEORY AND PRACTICE OF COMMUNICATION» BY FUTURE PHILOSOPHERS

The article emphasizes that communication is one of the most important means that a person needs to transform the environment and interact in it; the definition of this phenomenon in the scientific literature is not unambiguous, but since one of the aspects of the professional activity of future philosophers will be teaching, in the course of studying the course «Theory and Practice of Communication» it is necessary to know the peculiarities of pedagogical communication and its importance for the organization of the educational process. The discipline «Theory and Practice of Communications» at Poltava V. G. Korolenko National Pedagogical University is taught to students of the second (master’s) level of higher education, specialty 033 Philosophy; the subject of this discipline is the general theoretical and practical foundations of communication theory, basic concepts, methods of analysis and tools of communication processes, features of practical application of mass communication technologies in the socio-political sphere of society and information relations. The skills of scientific communication, in particular in the formation of the scientific competence of future philosophers, are defined as the ability to present thoughts and scientific ideas by verbal means of communication and in writing. Given the current processes of development of Internet technologies and virtual reality, the attention of students is drawn to the importance of social networks for communication, and dissemination of various content of everyday, political, private, and other aspects. In the course of studying the course, master’s students majoring in Philosophy should be taught the importance of developing alternative and additional communication, in particular, that social interaction is impossible without communication as a social activity. Therefore, the practical aspect of using such means of communication is extremely relevant. Future philosophers should master the key categories of the course «Theory and Practice of Communication» (the concept of communication skills, personal communication skills, communication barriers, speech culture, etc.) It is concluded that the professional communication of a philosopher is a crucial component of his/her professional and personal development and one of the ways of forming the professional identity of a Master of Philosophy, which is provided by a number of opportunities that have been created at the Poltava V. G. Korolenko National Pedagogical University.

Значение руководителя служебного коллектива органа внутренних дел в формировании нормативного поведения его участников: эмпирическое исследование

Introduction. Increasing the effectiveness of the activity of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation in modern conditions focuses on psychological factors of its implementation both individually (by particular employees) and in the process of cooperative actions (by service staffs). Special consideration should be given to the role of the head as an organiser and regulator of the activities of subordinate employees, who is responsible for the quality and legality of their actions. Existing ideas on the interaction of service staff members characterise the role of the head in different ways, but empirically insufficiently verify its significance in teams with different levels of functional relations and normative behaviour. The prerequisite of the present research is the replenishment of scientific and practical knowledge of the role of the head of the service staff as a regulator of functional relations and normative behaviour of internal affairs officers. The purpose of the research is to reveal the significance of the attitude to the head of the service staff when assessing the influence of functional characteristics of relations in the service staff on the understanding normative behaviour among its members. Research methods. A set of psychodiagnostic questionnaires was used: ‘Subjective assessment of intragroup relations’ (S. V. Dukhnovsky, K. V. Zlokazov), ‘Attitude of an employee to the performed activity, his direct supervisor and his reputation’ (A. A. Sarsenova), ‘Normativity. Intelligence. Regulation’ (S. V. Dukhnovsky, V. M. Kofanov). The sample of the research consisted of 160 employees of internal affairs bodies (112 males and 48 females aged from 29 to 43 years). Regression analysis was used as a method of data processing. Results. The authors found out that the normative behaviour of service team members is determined by functional-negative characteristics of their interaction and is an independent cause of service discipline violations. This fact testifies that negative forms of interaction of service team members (aimlessness, uncontrollability, connivance) as well as relations (hostility, negativism and conflict) reduce the level of normative service behaviour. It is determined that the attitude of employees to the head of the service team mediates the influence of functional-negative characteristics, acting as a regulator of their service behaviour. The results of the research expand scientific ideas on psychology of management of formal groups (by the example of service staffs) and can be used in preparation of employees of internal affairs bodies for positions of junior and middle supervising staffs.

Phases of Progression: Students’ meaning-making of Epigenetic Visual Representations within and between Levels of Organization

AbstractThis study investigates the progression of students’ meaning-making of epigenetic phenomena while discussing multiple visual representations depicted at different levels of biological organization. Semi-structured focus group sessions involving ninth-grade students (aged 15-16) from a Swedish lower secondary school were video recorded. Students’ meaning-making with regard to form, function and transfer of scientific ideas was explored by analyzing students’ physical pointing and verbal utterances while interacting with and discussing the epigenetic visual representations. The study uncovered four phases of progression in students’ meaning-making. In phase 1, students’ focus is on unpacking scientific ideas within a single representation. In phase 2, students apply and transfer scientific ideas between different visual representations at the same organizational level. In phase 3, their meaning-making develops into linking between various levels of organization. Here, downward linking, from higher to lower levels, relies on form descriptions that limit the transfer of scientific ideas. In contrast, upward linking, from lower to higher organizational levels, relies on both descriptions of form and functional explanations, which facilitates the transfer of scientific ideas. Finally, in Phase 4, and manifested as “yo-yo reasoning”, students engage in a dynamic and repeated process of downward and upward linking that expresses a coherent understanding of epigenetics. The study findings underscore the significance of recognizing progression phases in facilitating students’ meaning-making of multiple representations of epigenetic phenomena. Future research could expand on these insights by investigating students’ meaning-making across other science education domains.

Development characteristics, problems and countermeasures of major scientific and technological infrastructures in the field of life sciences

The major science and technology infrastructure in the field of life science is an indispensable and important content in the large-science facility landscape. It encompasses cutting-edge, strategic, and fundamental aspects. This field differs from traditional facilities such as particle physics, astronomy and nuclear energy. Moreover, it represents a relatively underdeveloped area in China's facility landscape. Unique characteristics are observed in terms of capital investment, physical form, facility lifespan, digitization degree, organizational structure, project risk, and development effect when compared to traditional facilities. Despite its importance, challenges persist in project establishment, investment, management, and construction. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the condensing mechanism for addressing major scientific issues in the life science field, improve the strategic investment layout, facilitate the localization of technical equipment based on original scientific ideas, and strengthen the differentiated management capacity of life science facilities.

Gestational diabetes mellitus as a predictor of health disorders and lipid metabolism in newborns and infants (literature review)

Background. Diseases of the endocrine system in their mothers, namely gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), have a significant impact on the increase in morbidity in newborns. The main adverse outcome for children of mothers with GDM is macrosomia, as prenatal exposure to hyperglycemia increases the risk and programs the offspring to develop diabetes and/ or obesity in adulthood.Objective. To summarize modern scientific ideas about the impact of GDM on immediate and long-term disorders of health and lipid metabolism in newborns and young children.Material and methods. An extensive literature review was conducted using the MEDLINE database (PubMed) using keywords and filter: randomized controlled trial, meta-analysis, systematic review.Research results. This review summarizes the main evidence on the impact of maternal hyperglycemia on the health of her child and provides new information on the role of GDM in lipid disorders in newborns and young children.Conclusion. Children born to mothers with GDM have an increased risk of developing obesity and impaired glucose tolerance from a very early age and throughout all periods of child-hood. Maternal hyperglycemia affects both during pregnancy and the rate of physical development of children in early life. These studies are important given that neonatal fat, rather than birth weight, is an important risk factor for the development of obesity later in life.to summarize modern scientific ideas about the effect of GDM on immediate and long-term disorders of health and lipid metabolism in newborns and young children.