Modern Ideas Research Articles

Ancient Tyranny and Modern Dictatorship

Abstract This article traces the conceptual history of key terms used to describe and criticize bad political regimes, focusing on the displacement of “tyranny” by “dictatorship” and “authoritarianism.” Classical Greek thought understood tyranny primarily in terms of the character of rulers, whereas the modern idea of dictatorship emerged from a Roman conceptual framework that focused on authority and its legitimation. New problems of legitimation in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries diminished the utility of the character-centric concept of tyranny and increased the fruitfulness of dictatorship for political analysis. The emergence of the modern state in the nineteenth century shaped the conceptual field by increasing the salience of problems concerning the appropriation or usurpation of sovereignty, the distortion of popular legitimation and accountability, and the incentives for submission to illegitimate orders. I conclude that the use of “authoritarianism” is likely to increase in prominence, but that retaining multiple regime concepts enriches analysis.

Disorders of biomechanics of walking and foot deformation

Gait is a motor act which is necessary to do everyday tasks and social interaction. Moreover, it is an important psycho-emotional factor affecting the normal development of person. Nowadays we have a lot of research and hypotheses about when and how the most complex locomotor skill is formed. We made this review summarizing various Russian and foreign publications on this topic over the past 5–10 years to show modern scientific ideas in this field. The review represents the normal biomechanics of gait and the walking cycle in healthy people, factors which affect the development of gait in children, as well as its various pathological forms which may cause some deformities of the musculoskeletal system and diseases. Gait is the most complex cyclic process of interaction between biological mechanisms and social factors of human life. The hereditary and own biological aspects have an influence on gait formation, as well as the character, temperament, profession and upbringing of the child affect the gait biomechanics and the gait pathology in children.

Microbiome and atherosclerosis: state of the problem

Objective. To study modern ideas about the influence of the intestinal microbiome, oral cavity and atherosclerotic plaque on the development and progression of atherosclerosis (AS). Design and methods. The literature review was carried out by analyzing scientific publications in PubMed, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials, as well as guidelines and review articles within the period from 1997 to 2024. This review examines modern ideas about the above-mentioned non-traditional risk factors (RF) for AS. Conclusions. AS is a disease with a multifactorial pathogenesis. Understanding the role of both classical and non-classical RF in the development of atherosclerotic vascular disease is important for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic measures. Among the non-classical RF for AS is the role of the intestinal and oral microbiome. The fundamental mechanisms of the influence of the microbiota of the oral cavity and intestines on the development of AS include the following: the direct damaging effect of lipopolysaccharides and bacterial toxins on the vascular wall, the influence of microbial metabolites and increased permeability of the intestinal wall on the translocation of bacterial toxins into the systemic bloodstream, as well as the development of chronic lowlevel systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. This review examines modern ideas about the abovedescribed non-traditional RF for AS.

Cірководень: механізм токсичної дії, клінічні прояви гострого отруєння, патогістологічні ознаки та стратегія лікування

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a highly toxic gas. Among this group of poisonous substances – causes of death – it is second only to carbon monoxide. The mechanism of its toxicity has not been sufficiently studied and there is currently no specific antidote therapy. This gas is a high-priority chemical threat in industry, as well as a potential terrorist weapon of mass destruction, especially in wartime. Aim. Based on literary data and own researches, to summarize the current concepts of its toxicity mechanisms, clinical manifestations, treatment strategies and pathohistological signs of acute hydrogen sulphide poisoning. Materials and Мethods. Open sources of public information and scientific literature on the research topic were analysed. An analytical review of the publications of scientific online libraries PubMed, Medline, Elsevier was carried out. A retrospective analysis of the medical documentation of two cases with acute poisoning with H2S in combination with other toxic gases was carried out. The first case of acute poisoning with H2S and other sewage gases is in a patient who died in the conditions of a medical institution in the Kyiv region, who fell ill after a 15-minute stay in a household sewage septic tank. In the victim, the data of sectional and microscopic studies of lung tissue were also studied. The second case of acute H2S poisoning in combination with other gases of putrefaction is represented by three victims hospitalized at the clinic of the Research Centre of Preventive Toxicology, Food and Chemical Safety named after L.I. Medved, Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine after cleaning a deep tank with the remains of rotten sauerkraut. One of the victims died after 6 hours. The methods of system comparative and content analysis were applied. Results. Modern ideas about the mechanism of the toxic effect of H2S indicate that it is a rapidly metabolizing systemic toxicant that affects mitochondria, is the basis for the formation of tissue hypoxia, activation of oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, and apoptosis. Under the acute effects of H2S, the main target organs are the nervous, bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular systems. Until now, there are no specific antidotes for the treatment of H2S poisoning, so it includes oxygen, symptomatic and supportive therapy. New therapeutic agents – potential antidotes are at the stage of preclinical research, most of which are aimed at binding H2S. There is an urgent need for the development of new therapeutic agents – absorbents (scavengers) of H2S for the prevention and treatment of poisoning, reducing morbidity and mortality. Keywords: hydrogen sulphide, toxicity, acute poisoning, treatment, pathohistological signs.

Психология страха сотрудника органов внутренних дел в условиях войны и военного конфликта

The article considers issues related to: firstly, the analysis of understanding the emotional phenomenon of «fear» and other states of mental tension directly related to it; secondly, the clarification of the influence of fear on personality behavior patterns; thirdly, the presentation of modern techniques to identify the level of fear of various social strata of the population before the eventual scenarios of armed conflict and war, including nuclear war. According to the authors, this type of fear is acceptable for police personnel, the specifics of the service of whose employees, despite the high risk of their law enforcement mission, does not imply the unconditional direct participation of each policeman in the conduct of hostilities in war or in the format of a military conflict. The practical and scientific importance of studying current methods designed for a more in-depth study of fear is noted. Attention is focused on the correlation of fear and the role of socialization of the police in the general system of perception of the threat of war and military conflict by the population of the country. The absence of an array of modern ideas on this issue is stated. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the problem of fear of modern war and the possibility of using existing techniques to diagnose the specified emotional state of police personnel. The above is the novelty of the completed research. The methodological basis of the study was a systematic approach. Theoretical information is presented regarding the typology of personality behavior patterns, the formation of which is caused by a state of fear, and their psychological basis is fully acceptable for the personality of a police officer. The scope of the results is to minimize the level of mental tension of police personnel.

Pemikiran Modern Tentang Pendidikan

Education is a fundamental element in human resource development which plays a significant role in the nation's progress. As time goes by, various modern ideas about education have emerged which aim to improve the quality of learning and its relevance to society's needs. This article discusses several modern educational approaches, including environmental-based teaching, project-based learning, homeschooling, work schools, character education, and inclusive education. Each approach is analyzed based on its benefits, challenges and contribution to the formation of a holistic individual. In conclusion, the integration of these various methods in the education system can create a generation that is adaptive, creative and has high social responsibility.

Filovirus infections: science and innovation

Epidemics of Filovirus Hemorrhagic Fevers demonstrate an increase in incidence, a reduction in the intervals between outbreaks, the emergence of a risk of infection spreading to non-endemic regions in recent years. Filovirus infections are associated with high mortality due to the complexity of pathogenesis, the variety of spread routes, and severe and often irreversible clinical manifestations. The review contains information reflecting modern ideas about the taxonomy and structure of the genome of filoviruses, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, methods of treatment and immunoprophylaxis of hemorrhagic fevers. According to the latest revision of family Filoviridae taxonomy by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the family includes eight genuses, 15 species and 16 viruses. The genome is represented by a negative RNA strand that includes seven genes encoding seven structural proteins. The area of infections includes Africa, South and Central Europe, Southeast Asia, China. The natural reservoir of filoviruses is the fruit-bats mammals. The infectious process is based on the aberrant production of proinflammatory cytokines. There are three periods of the disease: prodromal, generalization and terminal. The main method for diagnosing filovirus infections is recognized as a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in real time. Etiotropic therapy is based on the use of monoclonal antibodies against viral glycoprotein. The World Health Organization has approved two vaccines against Filovirus Infections for use. Several vaccines approved for use have been developed and registered on the territory of the Russian Federation and China.

A new future for dog breeding

Abstract The modern idea of purebred dogs has come under increasing critical scrutiny over recent decades. In light of this critical focus and other developments in society, some new trends in how companion dogs are bred and acquired have emerged. This means a diminishing influence from traditional kennel clubs with more dogs being sold without a pedigree, stricter legal restrictions on dog breeding, growing popularity of deliberate crosses of established breeds (i.e. so-called designer breeds) and growing hype around the benefits of mixed-breed dogs. We give an overview of these trends and discuss to what extent they will serve to promote dogs that are innately healthy, have good welfare and function well in their various roles in today’s world. We argue that newly invented designer breeds and mixed breeds also have worrying health and behavioural problems, and that the predictability of purebred dogs with respect to body size, basic behaviours, known need for grooming, disorder profiles and other attributes may well offer some benefits for a satisfying human-dog relationship seen from both sides. The optimal future seems to lie in the middle ground, where the future organised dog world (i.e. kennel and breed clubs or their successor organisations) will need to re-open the breed registries, remove wording from breed standards that currently promotes extreme conformation, support selection against disease-predisposing genotypes and phenotypes and refocus dog showing and breeding to promote health and appropriate behaviour.

Topic of Apriorism in Modern Discussions of the Evolution of Consciousness

Purpose. The article aims to: 1) to determine the place and role of a priori topoi of knowledge in the overall process of evolution of human consciousness, to clarify the relationship between innate and acquired human abilities; 2) to determine the creative potential of a priori and acquired human abilities on the basis of the evolutionary approach; 3) to clarify the basic intentions of a person which allowed him or her to reach a new level of adaptive behaviour. Theoretical basis. The article investigates the genesis and significance of the idea of a priori in the traditional theory of knowledge and its modern implications in the evolutionary theory of consciousness. The evolutionary approach allows us to rethink a fairly wide range of things that fall under the definition of a priori: from analytics, normativity, various attitudes of consciousness to human behavioural reactions. In the course of analysing Kant’s apriorism, which he used to justify the possibility of theoretical sciences, an attempt is made to determine the nature of a priori in the context of the evolutionary theory of consciousness. Although the idea of a priori was criticised by both Kant’s opponents (based on historical experience) and his followers (who opposed the formalism of a priori knowledge), the evolutionary theory of consciousness played a special role in this criticism and further development of this topic, contributing to a more detailed consideration of the genesis of the so-called a priori forms. Ultimately, through a combination of different forms of learning and a set of socio-cultural forms of mastering the world, man has managed to gain access to "potential intelligence" and a new "space for creation". Originality. The article substantiates the thesis that the evolutionary theory of consciousness allows explaining both the genesis of the a priori sphere and determining the mechanism of action of artificial formations or the achievements of human civilisation. Since people have gained the ability to generate and test hypotheses about reality instead of directly dealing with specific threats, the likelihood of wrong decisions and false preferences has arisen and is constantly growing. Therefore, in general, we have an urgent need for a double reflection – both on the limits of the application of a priori forms of knowledge and on the intentional attitudes of the human habitus. Drawing on the achievements of the evolutionary theory of consciousness, the author points to the possibility of a much broader approach to the problem of the a priori, which distinguishes not only different forms of knowledge, but also attitudes, biases, and intentions. In other words, the epistemological a priori is only a subdivision of the general sphere of innate and acquired human abilities. Hence, it can be argued that basic intentionality is also a kind of a priori, but it is widespread both in the field of ethics and in human behaviour. Conclusions. Based on Darwin’s ideas of natural selection, research in ethology, anthropology, neuroscience data, modern ideas about consciousness, etc., representatives of the evolutionary theory of consciousness proposed a more detailed approach to the study of the a priori. On the one hand, the belief in the apodictic reliability of a priori forms was undermined, and on the other hand, the complex nature of those forms of knowledge that Kant considered a priori was revealed. Ultimately, the idea of a priori leads us to questions about people’s ability to learn, to formulate tasks, hypotheses, theories, etc. In particular, the evolutionary theory of consciousness allows us to look at human cognitive abilities from the perspective of adaptation to environmental challenges.

INTERACTIVE METHODS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND FORMS OF INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION

Interactive methods of teaching English are innovative. Based on the research of A. L. Andreev, we understand the innovation process as “a purposeful, motivated process aimed at creating, mastering and using modern ideas that are relevant and adapted to specific conditions and meet clear criteria”. Teaching English is an integral system, the main goals of which are to form and develop foreign language communicative and cultural competence of students. At the same time, the focus should be on the individual characteristics of students, their active learning activities. The teacher needs to make every effort to form a positive motivation for learning English. At the same time, the contradictions between the demands of society and the low motivation of students to learn foreign languages in general indicate the need to use effective methods and forms of education that contribute to the formation of communicative competence.

Modern ideas of the role of the immune process and hemostasis in the pathogenesis of sepsis

The pathogenesis of sepsis as a pathological process, which is based on the body’s reaction in the form of generalized (systemic) inflammation to an infection of various nature, leading to acute multi-organ dysfunction, includes changes in the immune response, imbalance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, hemostasis disorders, hemodynamic disorders, microcirculation, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, and disorders of delivery, consumption, and utilization of oxygen. The predominance of the pro-inflammatory component over the anti-inflammatory one and damage to the primary barrier structures in the area of inflammation predetermines the breakthrough of inflammatory mediators into the systemic circulation. The dominance of the destructive effects of cytokines leads to a disorder of microcirculatory hemodynamics outside the primary focus, to the launch of disseminated vascular coagulation syndrome and organ failure. Sepsis is characterized by a hypercoagulable-hypofibrinolytic phenotype of changes in hemostasis, immunothrombosis as a result of endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, autocoid-induced coagulation, activation of the external and internal coagulation pathways, and a decrease in the activity of the anticoagulation and fibrinolytic systems. Tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-2, interferon γ, IL-10, HLA-DR (human leukocyte antigen – DR isotype), C3, C4, C5, C1 complement inhibitors, C3a, C5a, IgA, IgM, IgG, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD3+CD56+, CD3+CD19+ can be considered as biomarkers of changes in the immune response in sepsis. In order to detect hemostasis disorders in sepsis, promising biomarkers may be: total platelet count, von Willebrand factor, factor VIII, protein C, thrombomodulin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, tissue-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor. Further study of the immunological and coagulation links of the pathogenesis of sepsis will make it possible to determine the key diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of sepsis. We analyzed 125 literature sources on the eLibrary, Medline, PubMed, RSCI sites, of which 64 sources met our criteria for use in a systematic review.

Medical problems of learning difficulties in schoolchildren

Background. Learning difficulties among schoolchildren are an important issue in both education and health care. As a rule, the understanding of this problem is ambiguous among different specialists (physicians, teachers, psychologists). Despite the fact that the medical view of these disorders is reflected in the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, in the section “Specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills” (F81), it often remains outside the field of attention of the pediatric service.The aim. To consider the pediatric component of learning difficulties in schoolchildren and to propose methodological approaches to its possible solution by the efforts of a pediatrician.Materials and methods. A total of 360 literature sources published from 2006 to 2024, indexed in the RSCI, PubMed, Scopus, were analyzed. For the article, 30 literary sources were used.Results and discussion. The review presents modern ideas about learning difficulties in schoolchildren and the medical and biological causes of their formation. It is shown that the main causes of learning difficulties are hereditary polymorphisms of various genes responsible for the development and functioning of the body, which exhibit their altered function against the background of social and biological risk factors. The role of different specialists in the treatment and correction of these disorders is reflected. It is shown that currently known treatment methods are symptomatic and ineffective.Conclusion. For the effective treatment, it is necessary to find out the cause of the formation of disorders associated with learning difficulties in schoolchildren. An important role in their diagnosis should be played by a pediatrician who has the opportunity to observe the growth and development of the child from the moment of his birth.

‘A New Trend in Store Design’

In 1945 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company released a portfolio of speculative designs for store fronts and retail interiors featuring glass. Titled There is a New Trend in Store Design, it was directed at designers and architects, and, through them, potential customers for their range of products. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company was just one among many building material manufacturers competing for market share in the United States of America following World War II. This essay demonstrates how a set of unbuilt retail designs that were never intended to be constructed can illuminate prevailing trends of design and the socio-political, economic, and cultural contexts that informed their production. By examining drawings of unbuilt interiors, this essay establishes the types of contextual information that can be gleaned through an interpretive exploration of such works, including economic and social conditions, architectural and retail design trends, typical drawing modes and techniques, developments in building materials and practices, and approaches to advertising. Through an analysis of the historical circumstances that underpinned the portfolio’s production, it is established that unbuilt design drawings contain clues that foreshadow built designs to come, and by exploring these design ideas alongside the designers’ statements, a richer understanding of the subject of the designs, in this case, post-war retail premises, may be uncovered. This essay explores not only the use made of unbuilt interiors as marketing material but also the role of the glass and interior in the expression of Modernist ideas. Specifically, it reveals the importance of glass in the Modern retail interior, as it developed from being viewed solely as an enclosed internal space into becoming a critical part of the store’s ‘open front’, reconceptualising the fa.ade condition of architecture in the commercial context of urban retail spaces in post-war North America and marking this period as a turning point in design history.

Features of the Structure and Nutrition of the Fish Population in Mountain Glacial Lakes on the Western Slopes of the Urals

The paper analyzes the modern structure and food relations of the fish population of the small glacial lakes of the Urals. The features that are expressed primarily in the reduction of the species richness of the local ichthyofauna and the predominance of a single-species fish population are revealed. The number of fish species inhabiting these reservoirs correlates with the height of their location above sea level, the area and the value of the redox potential of water. It is shown that the fish population of many small Ural lakes of the Pechora River basin is formed by a single species. It is established that the single-species fish part of the aquatic communities of mountain lakes can be represented by Arctic char, Siberian and European grayling, pike, lake and common minnow, roach and perch. The maximum number of such lakes was found in the highest mountainous region of the Circumpolar Urals. The relative abundance of fish and shifts in the trophic structure of the fish part of aquatic communities are considered. Fish-ichthyophages mainly switch to eating invertebrates, while cases of cannibalism are rare. The data obtained are analyzed from the standpoint of modern ideas about the glacial history of the Urals.

Humanizing urban spaces: an evaluation of smart technologies and community integration in Ali Mendjeli, Constantine

The rapid urban development in most Algerian cities has primarily focused on providing housing, often at the expense of other amenities and the human dimension in new built environments. This is particularly evident in the new city of Ali Mendjeli in Constantine, where significant shortcomings in urban facilities have affected residents' utilization of urban spaces. To address these issues, the research explores the potential of employing smart technologies in these spaces. The aim is to propose planning solutions that incorporate modern ideas for humanizing the study area. The research employs an inductive methodology to monitor and analyze the current situation, using a matrix to evaluate the implementation of smart technologies in the city's urban spaces. The study includes both theoretical and applied aspects, and concludes with results and recommendations.

SHIPPING AS AN INTERPRETIVE STRATEGY

As the author finds the available definitions of the shipping practice insufficient, the paper starts with a new proposed definition: shipping is an interpretive strategy that involves perceiving a relationship between two or more fictional characters (or media personalities) as romantic and/or sexual. After clarifying the term ‘interpretive strategy’ as established by S. Fish, the paper proceeds to examples of shipping influencing the reading of the original text, particularly in the creation of fanfiction. The analysis reveals how a fanfiction piece inspired by M. Khvylovyi not only reframes the themes of the original text through shipping but also reinterprets Khvylovyi himself, bringing his figure closer to the modern idea of the Ukrainian national myth. The paper also addresses potential issues with the proposed definition, especially concerning the inclusion of RPF despite the theory’s purely literary origin. Since interpretive communities are unstable and ever-changing, and the same is true for the fan communities, strategies first applied for the benefit of media analysis were transferred to RPF fandoms, as members continually migrate and change their interests. Additionally, the process of creating fanfiction about real people requires a certain level of canon construction. When creating RPF, authors choose which aspects of publicly available information to include or exclude, similarly to what H. Jenkins described in his underlying work “Textual Poachers.” This interpretive process still needs guiding strategies, and thus the theory still functions. The paper concludes with affirmation of shipping as a powerful interpretation tool. It must be noted, however, that its application is often influenced by other factors, particularly the reader’s national identity.

After Progress Perhaps Another Education is Possible: We Can Be Pagans for More Than One Day!

This paper attempts to bring together a series of ideas/concepts from the work of Isabelle Stengers, Didier Debaise, Jean-Francois Lyotard, Anna Tsing and others in order to apply them to the notion ‘after progress,’ which has some bearing on the theme of this special issue on degrowth. As Savransky and Lundy (2022) argue, ‘the notion of “progress” is arguably the defining idea of modernity’. Whilst this idea of progress has been the object of criticism, its prevalence is still pervasive. But what would living after progress or following a degrowth agenda look like, particularly within contexts of educational policy and practice? After progress perhaps another education is possible. The paper takes on board this suggestion, and rather than viewing education in schools and elsewhere in terms of its current concerns in the West with individual achievement, competition, and standards, we see it as promoting diversity, conviviality, working, thinking, agreeing and disagreeing in common.

Волны, орбитальный угловой момент, связанные состояния в континууме, фракталы и метаповерхности: многопрофильное радио

The article purpose is to introduce the reader to a number of non-standard ideas that reflect new paradigms of modern radio physics, radio photonics, radio engineering, radar, artificial intelligence, and so on. The author characterizes the new concept, which takes full advantage of the physical properties of electromagnetic waves and the universality of the topology of fractal sets, as a “multi-profile radio”. New concepts for processing of multidimensional signals in modern radio physical systems are considered. Presents a wide range of applications and implementation of topological texture-fractal processing (TTFP) of information created by the author and his students in radio physical systems. Modern ideas of photon-ics and radiophotonic are discussed: dynamic manipulation of electromagnetic waves using intelligent metasurfaces (MS). A review on THz wireless communication channels using orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing is presented. A review of THz wireless communication channels using orbital angu-lar momentum multiplexing is presented.

Cluster structure of nickel and its alloys with chromium in the liquid state

Modern ideas about the structure of liquid metals and alloys are considered. The main emphasis is placed on the cluster model and its structural parameters. The effect of chromium concentration in nickel-chromium melts on the change in the parameters of the cluster structure is shown. The calculation results are compared with the previously obtained experimental X-ray diffraction data and the results of studying the temperature dependences of the physical properties of nickel and its alloys with chromium in the liquid state. Attention is drawn to the fact that at a temperature close to 1900ºС the cluster radius becomes less than 10 Ǻ and these are the critical temperatures characteristic of binary and multicomponent nickel melts, upon reaching which structural changes occur in the melts and the metallic liquid becomes more equilibrium. and microhomogeneous.

Muhammadiyah; Modern Thinking and Progress

This research explores modern Muhammadiyah thought and the development of its role in the social, religious and educational context in Indonesia. Muhammadiyah, founded by K.H. Ahmad Dahlan in 1912, was one of the Islamic organizations that pioneered the renewal of Islamic thought by prioritizing rationality, education and social charity. This article analyzes the basic principles of modern Muhammadiyah thought, such as the purification of Islamic teachings from the practices of superstition, heresy and khurafat, as well as the integration of religious values ​​with the dynamics of modern progress. Using a qualitative approach, this research highlights how Muhammadiyah formulates strategies in facing global change through education, health and economic development of the community. The findings show that Muhammadiyah has succeeded in maintaining its relevance as a modern Islamic movement by building a progressive network of educational institutions, health services and charitable businesses. This study also identifies the challenges faced by Muhammadiyah in maintaining the values ​​of moderation amidst various social and political dynamics in Indonesia. The results of this research contribute to understanding how Muhammadiyah realizes modern ideas in building an inclusive and dynamic Islamic civilization.