Existential Ideas Research Articles

Notes from Underground by F.M. Dostoevsky in XXth Century English Criticism

The article is devoted to the issue of the critical reception of F.M. Dostoevskys Notes from Underground in the XXth century. Some letters, as well as books on philosophy and literary criticism by such writers as D.H. Lawrence, J.M. Murry, C. Wilson and I. Murdoch are analysed. The reviews by the given authors correspond to two waves of interest in Dostoevsky - the first one took place at the turn of the XXth century followed by the second one in the middle of the century. The writers name the key characteristics of the Underground Man: vanity, egoism, self-division, desire for suffering and inability to act. Some critics of Dostoevskys Notes see the Underground Man as recurrent image and note his relevance to the ideas of existentialism, especially the one about inability to apprehend truth in a rational way.

A Literary Exploration of Existential Feminism in the Novella The Moon Opera Through the Application of Intertextuality Theory

Second-wave feminism was a period of feminist activity that began in the early 1960s in the western world, which focused on criticizing the patriarchal institutions or cultural practices throughout the society. Originating several centuries earlier, Chinese opera culture has been ahead of its time in demonstrating the male-dominated society’s oppression against women. As one of the principal founders of second-wave feminism, Simone de Beauvoir’s classical feminist theory in her book, The Second Sex, mainly introduced the sex-gender distinction. In this article, the author aims to reveal how Bi Feiyu, the writer of The Moon Opera, successfully conveyed existential feminist ideas, especially Beauvoir’s famous assertion that "one is not born but becomes a woman", through his careful selection of the art type Qing Yi (Qingyi is the main woman role in Peking Opera and often plays dignified, serious, and decent characters, which are mostly wives or mothers undergoing severe ordeal) and the portrayal of two generations of Qing Yi performers. In the process of analysis, the author not only examined Bi Feiyu’s application of intertextuality theory, but also derived conclusions from other mainstream feminist thoughts such as the feminist theory of the dressed female body and the transactional sex theory.

Pilsēta Jāņa Hvoinska dzejā

The article is dedicated to the evaluation of creative work by poet and translator Jānis Hvoinskis, and it characterises the content and artistic qualities of Hvoinskis’s poetry process. The main focus is on the representation of the phenomenon of the city as an essential and characteristic poetic chronotope segment in Hvoinskis’s poetry. The study aims to identify and assess the characteristic kinds of city concept formation and their importance in building Hvoinskis’s artistic style. The article highlights and evaluates the techniques for designing the artistic structure of the indivisible chronotope in Hvoinskis’s poetry. This view is based on the fundamental principles of phenomenology, i.e., an individual phenomenon (phainómeno) is crucial in the reflection of consciousness, inner temporality, intentionality, intersubjectivity, and lifeworld. In turn, the highlight of poetry subject’s primary condition and existential motifs is logically linked to the main ideas of existentialism in their attitude towards the reason of an individual’s existence, relationships to life and death, freedom of will and choice, determinism. The study’s theoretical and methodological basis includes the ideas of phenomenology theoreticians (Edmund Husserl, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and others) and the theories of existentialism philosophers (Søren Kierkegaard, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre). Hvoinskis’s poetry allows us to speak about a city as a concept, i.e., as a universal and capacious generalising notion (which includes images, notions, symbols) from which its associative components – poetry themes, motifs, images – derive. Thus, it is possible to speak about the depth dimension of the city phenomenon. The city phenomenon in Hvoinskis’s poetry is the landscape that has been adopted as the centre of the world of the lyric subject in both poetry collections that have come out to date: “Lietus pār kanālu e” (Rain over the Channel e, 2009) and “Mūza no pilsētas N” (Muse from City N, 2019). The depth dimension in Hvoinskis’s poetry appears in the natural synthesis of mythical and real chronotope, associatively impressive and plastic imagery, expressive style kindred to surrealism poetics. The city appears as a modernism project created by the logic of industrialisation, simultaneously revealing a metaphysical dimension where symbolic images as constituents of a myth preserve the memory of wholeness of the world. The emotional atmosphere of Hvoinskis’s poetry is defined by the highly existential atmosphere – despite the harsh indifference created by the city, the sadness of existential loneliness, social distance, and aversion towards life, the poet makes the tragic and ugly strangely appealing without losing the feeling of lightness and hope. The poet’s intense intuition and imagination exhibit the congeniality with the 20th-century French modernists. Hvoinskis’s poetry muse is death, which implies life.

Lectura de las ideas de Miguel de Unamuno en su obra narrativa قراءة لأفکار ميغيل دي أونامونو في أعماله الروائية

يناقشالبحث مسيرة الکاتب والفيلسوف الإسباني ميغيل دي أونامونو، الذي طالما کانت أعماله تمتاز بأسلوب التفرد الضبابي الذي يتأرجح بين الأفکار الوجودية والتمسک بالقيم والتقاليد ومبادىء الديانة المسيحية (الکاثوليکية). يتناول البحث عددا من أعماله الأدبية في محاولة لسبر أغوار أفکاره، والتي بالنتيجة عکست انحيازه لکل ما هو إسباني، من تقاليد وقيم، بعد أن عانى من عدم تمکنه في إيجاد وسيلة لعمل تناغم بين المثل والأخلاق، والقيم الإجتماعية، من جانب مع حرکة التقدم الذي يتبنى الأفکار الحديثة التي تجسد المادية المجردة والبعيدة عن المعاني الروحية، وتلغي دور الثوابت الإنسانية عند الفرد، کالمشاعر، والمثل العليا، وروح الانتماء، لاسيما للدين والمذهب، من جانب آخر. بل وصل به الحد لينتقد بشکل صارخ أصحاب تلک الأفکار والداعمين لها من المذاهب المسيحية الأخرى، کالمذهب البروتستانتي، لهذا، فإن الفکرة الرئيسة التي تکونت لدينا، تبين أن الأفکار والعلوم المجردة، لا يمکن لها بأي شکل من الأشکال ان تنسجم بشکل کامل مع تطلعات الإنسان التي تحفظ له قيمته وکيانه الإنساني، وأن الحياة لا تعود لها قيمة عندما يتخلى الإنسان عن مبادئه وقيمه وتقاليده والموروث الاجتماعي لأسلافه الذين ضحوا من أجل تعزيز تلک القيم وصيانة بلدهم من الأفکار الهدامة. Abstract: In this research, we discussed the life of the Spanish writer and philosopher Miguel de Unamuno, and his literary works, which were always characterized by a unique style and hazy style, which fluctuates between existential ideas and commitment to values and tradition and the principal of Christianity (Catholic). We reviewed some of his most important literary works in an attempt to penetrate the depth of his ideas, and we found in all his literary production a reflection of his bias towards everything that represents Spanish tradition and values, when he was unable to find a way to formulate harmony between ideals, ethics and social values with a movement of progress that embraces modernist ideas that embody pure materialism and devoid of spirit, and which denies the role of human constants of feelings and ideals and belonging, specialty of religion and doctrine, but reached the limit in his actions to blatantly criticize the owners of these malicious ideas and who support them from other Christian denominations, such as the Protestant doctrine. Thus, the final idea that we have, shows that abstract ideas and sciences cannot in any way fit fully with the aspiration of man who maintains his value and his human and spiritual being. Life has no value when people abandon their principles, tradition and the social legacy of his predecessors who sacrificed to promote that value and to preserve their country from destructive ideas.

ИНОНАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ МИФОЛОГИЯ И ФОЛЬКЛОР В ВОЛЖСКОМ ТРАВЕЛОГЕ XIX ВЕКА

The Volga Travelogue is a large layer of travel essays in the 19th-century Russian literature. This layer has not become a subject of special research in literature studies. The “journey along the Volga” is distinguished by the wide diversity of issues and themes it discusses: the economic and industrial activities of the region, its cultural and historical sights, the uniqueness of the Volga region in an ethnographic perspective – of the multifaceted “Volga region resident”. One of the structural components of the travelogue is the Volga mythology and folklore: historical-geographical and cultural-ethnic information is supplemented with legends of the ancient Volga, Russian and non- Russian (Tatar, Mordovian, German, Kalmyk) legends. Describing the “non-Russian Volga”, writers refer to the national aspects of the life of different nationalities, the most important archetypes of their consciousness. A characteristic feature of N.P. Bogolyubov’s travelogue The Volga from Tver to Astrakhan is the non-Russian word as a marker of cultural identity: it is invariably present in the description of national customs. Telling about the “Mordovian places” of the Volga region, Bogolyubov describes specific rituals associated with the birth of a baby and with burials. The Muslim as a different national and cultural tradition of the Volga region particularly attracts writers’ attention. M.I. Nevzorov, in his Journey to Kazan, Vyatka and Orenburg in 1800, tells about the spiritual and religious experience of the Tatar people: writes about the ontological constants, acquaints the reader with epigraphic culture representing Muslims’ existential ideas about people and the universe. S. Monastyrsky, in his Illustrated companion along the Volga, presents Tatar legends about the winged snake Jilantau, about the “Black Chamber” and the khan’s daughter. These legends express the religious and poetic ideas of the people. Telling about the local cultural and mythological tradition is a characteristic feature of the Russian travelogue: an autochthon is represented by its ethnocultural identity. Folklore material functions in structural parallels – multilingual sources: V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, in his travelogue The Great River: Pictures from the Life and Nature on the Volga, gives two – Russian and Mordovian – versions of the legend about “Polonyanka”, and notes the particular poetry of the non-Russian text. In the combination of various – Tatar, Russian, Kalmyk – cultural and national constants of the lower Volga. German characterology is particularly expressed. A German legend associated with biblical material about the history of the prophet Elijah’s wandering through the desert to Sarepta of Sidon is fixed in the travelogues of Ya.P. Kuchin, S. Monastyrsky, and A.P. Valueva. The legend conveys the historical “memory of the place” – the foundation of the Sarepta colony. In the travelogues of V. Sidorov, N. Bogolyubov, descriptions of Buddhist Kalmyks, with their way of life, khuruls and gelyungs, are supplemented with Kalmyk legends about the Bogdo-Ola mountain. Folklore and mythology as categories of a non-native cultural text complicate the artistic system of the travelogue and contribute to the poetic comprehension of the poly-ethnic and poly-confessional Volga region.

ЕКЗИСТЕНЦІАЛЬНИЙ ПІДХІД ЯК ЗАСІБ КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНОЇ МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЇ СУЧАСНОЇ ВИЩОЇ МУЗИЧНОЇ ОСВІТИ

The article is devoted to the study of the substantive characteristics of the existential approach. Its fundamental positions, principles, scientific interpretations of key concepts are analyzed: existence, existentialism, existential. Peculiarities of modern understanding of existential knowledge and their practical application in existential pedagogy are investigated. According to researchers, the application of an existential approach in modern education is necessary and inevitable; life-affirming ideas of existentialism as a continuation of humanistic traditions in philosophy and psychology can serve as excellent support in substantiating the existential-value orientations of educational activity and constitute a methodological, theoretical and practical construct of the humanistic educational paradigm. It was found that to meet the need of modern education in a new open knowledge about man, expanding ideas about the development of a particular person, his inner world, meaning, deep experiences in communication with another person can existential pedagogy. It is determined that the main ideal goal of existential pedagogy is the formation of a person who is able to live his life optimally, making the most of his potential and realizing himself in socially significant activities. The opinion is expressed that the goal of modern higher music education, which is based on the principles of existential pedagogy, should be the formation of the existential sphere of personality. It is noted that the leading existences of the approach – the recognition of man as the main creator of his personality, the uniqueness of each individual, focus on personal growth, self-actualization, freedom of choice, etc. – successfully correlate with the demands of art education. It is proved that the existential approach has significant potential in the modernization of modern higher music education.

New public health approaches to palliative care, a brave new horizon or an impractical ideal? An Integrative literature review with thematic synthesis

Access to palliative care for marginalized communities is frequently problematized as a major challenge facing palliative care services. The traditional response of asking what services can do for the disadvantaged has been invigorated by a new wave of public health measures that embrace death and dying as social processes and ask, what can be done together with such communities as partners working in palliative care. Such work has generated a significant amount of academic, social and political interests over the last 20 years; however, we are yet to see a consistent and sustained change in approach from providers. We argue that this is due to inherent tensions that arise when modelling death, dying and loss as a unified and shared social process. Unresolved tensions destabilize the theoretical foundations and risk misrepresentation of core philosophies. In this integrative review of 75 articles, we present previously undiscussed areas of contention drawing from a pan-disciplinary field of theoretical and empirical evidence. We conclude that new public health approaches lack a consistent and unified theoretical approach. From philosophical, ontological and existential ideas relating to how different stakeholders conceptualize death, to the processes by which communities are motivated and their constituent members empowered through responsibilized notions of duty and reciprocity, there is little acknowledgement of the complex tensions at hand. Increasing academic and political initiative alone is not enough to progress this movement in a manner that achieves its full potential. Instead, we must pay greater attention to the tensions described. This article aims to work with such tensions to better define the landscape of collective moral responsibility in end-of-life care. We believe that this is crucial if palliative care is to avoid becoming a technical speciality with community and communitization reduced to a mere technical solution to more profound questions.

The Literary Experience of God in Death’s Vicinity in the Works of Freedom Fighter Bronius Krivickas

Bronius Krivickas (1919–1952), a Lithuanian poet and fiction writer, a fighter against the Soviet occupation of Lithuania, reflects carefully the main ideas of existentialism: Søren Kierkegaard’s concept of individual freedom, Martin Heidegger’s notion of being-toward-death, the concept of a limiting situation developed by Karl Jaspers. In the worldview of B. Krivickas’s literary works, these ideas are associated with the context of Catholic philosophy and theology.This article investigates the notion of God within the existential limiting situation (especially the situation of death) in the literary works by B. Krivickas. The main critical perspective is the theology of literature.
 In the context of the dramatic experience of World War II, B. Krivickas’s short stories, a symbolist play A Tale About a Princess, and poetical prose works interpret God as being perceived through human conscience and a human longing for spiritual harmony. God is being thought of as the ultimate metaphysical mystery.In the period of Lithuanian fights for freedom, B. Krivickas’s poetry reveals an intense partisan self-consciousness. The poetry interprets the fight against the Soviet aggressor as a sacrifice for the nation’s freedom and compares it indirectly with the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ. According to the logic of existentialism, B Krivickas’s poetry claims that a human being is absolutely free, even if this means to choose freedom at the cost of life.God becomes the personal you for the fighter seen in B. Krivickas’s poetry. The main theme of the fighter’s dialogue with God is an existential complaint. The fighter experiences deep theodic dilemmas. He has no doubts about the righteousness of the war against the Soviet occupation, but he has deep doubts about the divine permission for evil to exist in the world. The faith of the poetic fighter is just his will to believe, his desire to believe. Thus the poetic figure of the fighter acquires both patriotic and religious heroism.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN’S AND MARTIN HEIDEGGER’S VIEWS ON THE NATURE OF HUMAN

Purpose. The paper is aimed at analyzing in a comparative way the philosophical conceptions of the human, proposed by Ludwig Wittgenstein and Martin Heidegger as the main representatives of the analytic and continental tradition of philosophizing in the XXth century. The theoretical basis of the study is determined by Wittgenstein’s legacy in the field of logical and linguistic analysis, as well as Heidegger’s existential, hermeneutical, and phenomenological ideas. Originality. Based on the analysis of the philosophical works of Wittgenstein and Heidegger, the initial principles of their anthropological concepts in the unity of transcendental preconditions, essential foundations, and correlations to the world in the technosphere are reconstructed. It is demonstrated that, despite the difference in the explanation of the peculiarities in the interpretation of the realm of the transcendental (as an extra-linguistic) and basic characteristic of the inner world of human, both philosophers emphasized the understanding of the human being through the prism of language and the need for anthropologization of science and technology. Conclusions. Wittgenstein and Heidegger developed their own original considerations on the nature of human being, which fully conform to the basic theoretico-methodological principles of their philosophical conceptions. The former focused on how language reflects a human’s world and serves as a means of expressing their knowledge and aspirations. The latter, on the contrary, interpreted the world as a reflection of language that expresses itself through human. As a supporter of analytic methodology and, accordingly, of accuracy in formulations, Wittgenstein came to the concept of the unspeakable in the process of reflection on the being of human over the language. But in Heidegger’s existential discourse, which is full of metaphors and neologisms, being of human is limited by the concept of Nothing. As a consequence, it is noted that the ontological status of values is transcendental to the world according to Wittgenstein, but it is immanent to the world, according to Heidegger. It is argued that the Austrian thinker developed a linguo-psychological approach to the study of human through the prism of the mental, but the German philosopher comprehended the human on the basis of the concept of self in the ontological sphere. It has been demonstrated that both thinkers have pointed to the challenges faced by humans in the development of science and technology while emphasizing the importance of substantiating their anthropological foundations.

Социокультурные аспекты понимания смерти в сравнении с традиционным христианским учением

The work presents various periods of history and modernity of the socio-cultural attitude to death. Religious and secular approaches to this issue are compared simultaneously. The importance of the topic in determining the further development of society and its attitude to human life is explained. The authors substantiate the significance of the moment of death as one of the determining factors in the structure of the modern world. The influence of secular worldview and anti-religious propaganda on this problem field is determined. The purpose of the research is to identify and consider the socio-cultural aspects of understanding death in modern society in comparison with the traditional Christian attitude to death. Scientific novelty of the study is a comprehensive comparison of the changes in the understanding of death within the traditional Christianity and its influence on the formation of society in the world; a critical examination of the implications for society of the ideas of existentialism; introduction to the scientific field of new materials, memoirs on the subject.

Чыӊгыз Айтматовдун Ааламы Жана Философиясы

Чыңгыз Айтматовдун чыгармачылыгы кыргыз маданиятынын гана эмес, дүйнөлүк маданиятынын алтын казынасына кирген көркөм бийиктик болуп эсептелинет. Ошондон улам жазуучунун мурасын философиялык жактан талдоо максаты коюлду. ―Айтматовдун ааламы‖ аттуу түшүнүктүн негизги маанилери изилденип, байыркы грек ―микрокосмос‖ менен ―макрокосмос‖ түшүнүктөрү аркылуу каралып чыкты. Айтматовдун ааламынын үч негизги мааниси белгиленип келет: Айтматовдун инсан катарында бул дүйнөнү, жалпы ааламды кабыл алуусу өзгөчө керемет болгондуктан, жазуучунун ааламы менен дүйнөлүк ааламдын өз ара байланышы каралып чыгат; инсан менен инсандын баарлашуусу катарында Айтматовдун окурмандарга карата улуу насааты белгиленет; кыргыз элинин нукура байлыгын, руханий маданиятын, кыргыз жашоосун жалпы дүйнөгө сүрөттөлүшү да чагылдырылып келет. ―Айтматовдун философиясы‖ аттуу түшүнүгү болсо экзистенциалдык алкакта каралып чыкты. Адамдын маӊызы бы бийик, же болбосо кыйынчылыктарды туудурган күнүмдүк жашоосу бу бийик – Айтматовдун сөзү менен айтканда, бул бир ойлоно турган нерсе экен. Айтматовдун философиясы аттуу түшүнүктүн эң бир даана чагылдырылган мааниси жазуучунун трагедия категориясын кабыл алуусунда көрүнүп турат. Айтматов трагедиянын бир гана негативдүү маанисин алдыга койбостон, анын ички мазмунунда маанилүү, пайдалуу жана позитивдүү нерсе да жатат деп санаганы философиялык жааттан каралып чыгат.

The Voice of Nat Nakasa: Unconventional Journalists as Sense-makers in a “New Normal”

ABSTRACT Any situation on the brink of change requires guides to assist in navigating such a new shared social space. Journalism is one such form of guidance. However, just as societal conditions are constantly in flux, so are the conditions under which journalism is practised. This is particularly true for the current generation of journalists with the lines between mainstream and alternative forms of journalism almost completely obscured. While the journalistic landscape is fluid, lessons for navigating this world can be found in the work of journalists from previous eras. This article places the work of South African journalist Nat Nakasa, a member of the 1960s Drum Generation, in conversation with the ideas of existentialism to further an understanding of existentialism in a South African context, and for South African journalism. This is achieved by identifying themes in Nakasa’s work and linking these to some of the ideas of existentialism. The article argues that maintaining a public sphere within a democratic society requires a media sphere with space for mainstream and unconventional journalism. At the hand of an analysis of Nakasa’s work, the article presents a possibility of how unconventional journalism can be a vital element to a pluralistic media environment and to guide society through any period of change.

My-body-for-others or my-body-for-itself? Reflections on my encounter with the art of striptease and the way it has transformed the relationship I have with my body

My body-for-others or my body-for-itself? This is the question explored in this article. It is centred on my experience as a performer, student, and observer of the art of striptease and how my engagement with this art has facilitated for me a process of transition from the body-for-others—a bodily state characterised by a profound sense of scrutiny, loss, invisibility, and isolation—to the-body-for-itself, which, by contrast, is enriched by self-discovery and self-celebration and moves freely and sensually towards the world and others. The article discusses the process through which, in the context of our tenaciously restrictive visual culture, striptease can lead to a deeper intimacy between the performer and his or her body and to a greater capacity for bodily expression and fulfilment. It considers the role that loss and lust play in this process, as well as the healing and transformative power of eros. This article employs a combination of memoir and scholarly analysis. Diary entries, memories, and reflections are used to evoke the essence of this experience and to offer the reader a phenomenological grasp of striptease. Existential ideas, particularly those of Sartre and Merleau-Ponty, provide a framework to articulate and conceptualise its potentially transforming power while also capturing the complexities and ambiguities of my engagement with this art.

Subjectivity in Caring for the Human Condition. Existential Ideas of Paul Tillich as an Inspiration for Pedagogy

The article discusses the issue of subjectivity in caring for the valuable existence of the individual. While following the ideas of Paul Tillich, I appeal for a widening of the interpretation space in pedagogical thought, by applying concepts from outside the canon’s framework. The use of Tillich’s analysis helps to affirm the autonomy of a person, with their centrality, and the right to remain unaffected by the pressure of collective conventions; this contributes to self-actualization and happiness. The examination of views by the great Protestant humanist Paul Tillich is extremely important and much needed for pedagogy, as it inspires the shaping of existential sensitivity in the course of formation and education, while taking care of individuals.

The intertwining of reconciliation and displacement: a lifeworld hermeneutic study of older adults’ perceptions of the finality of life

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to explain and understand the existential meaning of the finality of life from the perspective of healthy older adults. Method: Participants were recruited from a major project on older adults’ life situations. They were interviewed about their thoughts on the end of life, and their responses were interpreted using a lifeworld hermeneutic approach. Results: The findings showed that thinking about the inevitable finality of life involves feelings of liberation, frightening thoughts, a comforting promise of something beyond death, acceptance of the concept of death as a companion in life and a desire to live. Philosopher Simone de Beauvoir’s existential ideas about ageing and death were then used to further explain and understand the meaning of the finality of life and to support a comprehensive understanding. de Beauvoir suggests that when the temporal horizon of existence shrinks, one lives closer to the finality of life. For a comprehensive understanding, attributing meaning to the finality of life required the intertwining of reconciliation and displacement. The interpretations were further discussed using ideas from the fields of existential philosophy and caring science in order to develop a basis for caring practice. Conclusions: The conclusions suggested that professional health care for older adults would benefit from a lifeworld-led caring science approach that includes readiness for a caring dialogue that focuses on existential issues.

The Contribution of ”Folia Turistica” to the Development and Popularisation of Philosophical Research on Tourism

Purpose. A review and discussion of philosophical works published in the “Folia Turistica” journal and the categorical, thematic and problematic contribution of philosophical reflections contained in them to multidisciplinary research on tourism. Method. Query of 49 issues of “Folia Turistica”, selection of articles and reviews on tourism from the perspective of philosophical disciplines or selected philosophical concepts. Analysis, comparison, interpretation oriented towards an existential sense, values and ideas, synthesis. Findings. The review of philosophical publications in the “Folia Turistica” journal has demonstrated the quantitatively and qualitatively significant contribution of philosophical approaches, interpretation and conceptualisation of tourism and the mobility of human travel to tourism research. The specificity of the philosophical problematisation of the phenomenon of travel consists in highlighting and analysing its ideal, essential, existential, epistemic and symbolic qualities and meanings that find its significance in the axiological preferences, in the area of intentionality, attitudes and experiences. Research and conclusions limitations. The work is limited to the description and comparative analysis of articles published on the pages of one journal, its results and generalisations are, therefore, not a universal concept. Practical implications. Promotion of the “Folia Turistica” journal in the Polish and global academic debate on the multi-faceted phenomenon of tourism. Outlining the philosophy of tourism as an innovative and inspirational field of research. Originality. The work is a discussion and interpretation of publications of other authors-philosophers, but it contains elements of independent interpretation and synthetic recapitulation. Type of work. Presentation, description and qualitative interpretation of theoretical analyses of tourism in the field of philosophy and its sub-disciplines, as well as investigations conducted from the perspective of selected philosophical positions (phenomenology, hermeneutics, existentialism, metaphysics of hope, etc.).

THE CONTRIBUTION OF ”FOLIA TURISTICA” IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND POPULARISATION OF PHILOSOPHICAL RESEARCH ON TOURISM

Purpose. A review and discussion of philosophical works published in the "Folia Turistica" journal and the categorical, thematic and problematic contribution of philosophical reflections contained in them to multidisciplinary research on tourism. Method. Query of 49 issues of "Folia Turistica", selection of articles and reviews on tourism from the perspective of philosophical disciplines or selected philosophical concepts. Analysis, comparison, interpretation oriented towards an existential sense, values and ideas, synthesis. Findings. The review of philosophical publications in the "Folia Turistica" journal has demonstrated the quantitatively and qualitatively significant contribution of philosophical approaches, interpretation and conceptualisation of tourism and the mobility of human travel to tourism research. The specificity of the philosophical problematisation of the phenomenon of travel consists in highlighting and analysing its ideal, essential, existential, epistemic and symbolic qualities and meanings that find its significance in the axiological preferences, in the area of intentionality, attitudes and experiences. Research and conclusions limitations. The work is limited to the description and comparative analysis of articles published on the pages of one journal, its results and generalisations are, therefore, not a universal concept. Practical implications. Promotion of the "Folia Turistica" journal in the Polish and global academic debate on the multi-faceted phenomenon of tourism. Outlining the philosophy of tourism as an innovative and inspirational field of research. Originality. The work is a discussion and interpretation of publications by other authors-philosophers, but it contains elements of independent interpretation and synthetic recapitulation. Type of work. Presentation, description and qualitative interpretation of theoretical analyses of tourism in the field of philosophy and its sub-disciplines, as well as investigations conducted from the perspective of selected philosophical positions (phenomenology, hermeneutics, existentialism, metaphysics of hope, etc.).

A philosophy to fit “the character of this historical period”? Responses to Jean-Paul Sartre in some British and U.S. philosophy departments, c. 1945–1970

ABSTRACT Anglophone philosophers are often associated with rejecting philosophy’s moral guidance function after 1945. This article builds on existing work on Jean-Paul Sartre’s reception in universities to show that, actually, many British and U.S. philosophers embraced moral guidance roles by engaging with his work and that they promoted creativity and choice in society as a result. Sartre first came to philosophers’ attention in the context of post-war Francophilia, but interest in him quickly went beyond the fact that he was French and expanded to include the wider existentialist movement that he was a part of. Sartre had enduring popularity among English-speaking philosophers because his philosophy resonated with the older British and U.S. philosophies of idealism and pragmatism that, like his, were inspired by Hegel. Sartre’s respondents also valued existentialism because, to them, it made certain Judeo-Christian principles relevant, thus protecting religion at a time when they believed it was threatened with decline and by the advance of specialisation. Anglophone philosophers who were interested in Sartre spread their responses to him through teaching an expanding student population, but also reached the wider public through activism, journalism, broadcasting, and government advisory roles. In doing so, philosophers integrated their interpretations of existential ideas into several aspects of culture in post-war Britain and U.S.A.

СВОБОДА ЯК ОСНОВА ФІЛОСОФІЇ ЛЬВА ШЕСТОВА

The philosophy of Lev Shestov has a close connection with life. The thinker considered it necessary to pay attention to the most burning issues, one of which is the problem of freedom. The article analyzes the phenomenon of freedom as the fundamental principle of Shestov's philosophy. It also reflects the main philosophical ideas of the thinker, analyzes the correlation of religion and philosophy in his work. It is noted that freedom occupies the central position for Shestov. Real philosophy doesn’t exist and can’t exist without it. At the same time, Shestov insists that logic is the main opponent of freedom. The article analyzes Shestov's argumentation concerning this issue. It is emphasized that the philosopher puts faith in God above reason, since God is the Truth, and the human mind tends to wander. It was also revealed that Shestov considered it impossible to judge the meaning of the universe rationally. The philosopher asserts that logic cannot be the only one method of perception of the existance, he is looking for the other forms of penetration into the secrets of the world order. Exactly such method for him occurs the faith in God. Only the faith gives an opportunity to comprehend the secrets of the world. Shestov anticipated the main ideas of late existentialism. The philosopher was worried about the problems of individual human existence, the search for a way out of hopelessness. The philosophy of Lev Shestov deserves careful and detailed studying. But, unfortunately, not enough attention was paid to his work, that fact determined the relevance of this work. The purpose of the study is to identify the importance of freedom as the basis of the philosophy of Lev Shestov, to reflect the central ideas of the thinker. It is concluded that Lev Shestov considered the faith in God is the only possible way of perception, since only faith can give a true freedom. The thinker sees a direct correlation between faith in God and philosophy.

ALL-ROUND WANDERINGS. ETHOS AND EPIPHANIES OF THE ABODE

Purpose. To expose the ethos and epiphanies of “all-round wanderings”, i.e. deliberate microtravels in dwelling places. This concept is implication of the idea of a place as ethos, i.e. the axiosphere of the abode according to one of fontal senses the ancient Greeks assigned to ethos. The aura of genius loci values uncovers the epiphanic potential of the all-round world. Understood as such, ethos may become a premise to construct the ethics of travel in general, i.e. travel sensu stricto, world travel. A presentation inter alia, of Marc Augé’s concept of “non-places” serves as an introduction to these reflections. According to this concept, there is a decline of traditional places, sedentism, homedwelling and rootedness in the area of so-called “hypermodernity” which is marked by extraordinary human mobility, artifact transfers and diffusion of cultures. The main exit point of the presented article is the polemic thesis to such a view. The author advocates the attitude that the abode not only remains a persistent and indefeasible existential value in modern life but also possesses the wandering potential as a niche of micro-travels. Method. Literary criticism and philosophical analysis of journey essays by selected authors explicated with reference to the fundamental ontology of Martin Heidegger and the eidetic micro- philosophy of Stefan Symotiuk. Understanding the interpretation (hermeneutical) directed towards existential meanings, values and ideas, comparison, synthesis. Findings. Indication of some axiological components of the ethics of travel understood as a preserving of ethos, careful and responsible form of feeling at home en route into the world. Epiphanic experience from being „here and there”, in the area surrounding the abode and within the remote world may be a leeson of authentic and responsible feeling the reality in its details and vast perspective of geo-physical and cultural horizon of life. Research and conclusions limitations. The work is not empirical but analytical and descriptive. Practical implications. Ethics is practical knowledge from sources. Reconsidering the basics of ethics of travel and tourism in the context of dwelling, the world may form an interesting proposal for the ideological and axiological complement of existing ethical codes in tourism. Originality. The concept of non-oppositional understanding of the ideas regarding place and route, dwelling and travel mobility. Type of paper. The article presents theoretical concepts from the field of culture studies and philosophy together with literary criticism of selected travel essays.