Idea Of Social Science Research Articles

Social Darwinism Revisited: How four critics altered the meaning of a near-obsolete term, greatly increased its usage, and thereby changed social science

Many social scientists still resist Darwinian insights. A possible reason for this is a fear of being associated with Social Darwinism. This article updates a 2002 search for appearances of Social Darwinism in articles and reviews on the JSTOR database. This database has since increased substantially in size, and it now includes far more publications in languages other than English. Use of the term Social Darwinism was rare before the 1940s. Talcott Parsons used it in 1932 to criticise the analytic use of the core Darwinian concepts in social science. Subsequently, and for the first time, Herbert Spencer and Willam Graham Sumner were described as Social Darwinists. This led to a major change of meaning of the term, where it was associated more, but not entirely, with free market individualism. With this reconstructed meaning, a 1944 bestselling book by Richard Hofstadter provoked an explosion of usage of the term in postwar years. The continuing use of the term is partly ideologically motivated and has served to deter consideration of Darwinian ideas in social science.

PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN TEMATIK BERBASIS WEBBED BERBASIS TEKNOLOGI MEDIA TERHADAP MATA PELAJARAN IPS UNTUK HASIL BELAJAR SISWA TEMA MAKANAN SEHAT KELAS V

Social studies learning is a life lesson that can be used for social science ideas to help citizens learn with methods that can be used in their daily lives. Foreground reality is the main culprit, because the students in the class are young children who still view the world as a whole, their learning still relies on real objects and their personal experiences. The second reason is that children's holistic thinking skills will be underdeveloped due to the application of separate subject-based learning in elementary schools. The early and upper classes were feuding, which was a third factor. In addition, teachers often emphasize certain concepts or learning methods. The purpose of this study is to assess efficiency. Social studies learning for fifth grade students at SDN 15 Patamuan using a thematic educational model of the webbed media technology type with mobility assistance, as well as for elementary school students in grade five Negeri 15 Patamuan. Using a similar model but without using the media. Class V of SD Negeri 15 Patamuan which was taught with examples of thematic learning of the Webbed type with help from class V and motion media technology at SDN 02 Patamuan without the help of technology utilizing motion media was able to compare the various social studies learning standards. This study uses a quantitative storytelling methodology. Using the Webbed-type integrated learning model can more effectively and efficiently advance student learning in accordance with integrated learning objectives, according to research conducted by fifth grade students at SDN 15 Patamuan. A teacher continues to play a role in the teaching and learning process from the perspective of content preparation, presentation, and student training.

CURRENT TRENDS IN THE STUDY, DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF ETHNIC CONFLICTS

The purpose of this article is to try to identify and analyze problematic issues of the methodology and methodology for studying ethno-national conflict, to characterize political and legal novelties in the field of regulation of ethno-national conflict in Russia and to outline the boundaries and formulate the characteristic features and signs of a “new normality” in the course of the ongoing development of the coronavirus pandemic, will in the long term be a determining factor for the further evolution of ethno-national conflicts, their study and management. For this, a special methodology was formulated, which includes the principles of systemic, theoretical-cognitive, institutional, instrumental and interdisciplinary approaches, mediated by the accepted in social science ideas about the relationship and interaction of subjective and objective factors in social processes with the relative independence of the subject. She allowed to achieve the following results: With regard to the methodological problems of theoretical and applied study of the ethno-national, a complex paradigm for the study of ethno-national conflicts was formed and it was established that in the modern English-language discourse there is a transition from the study of conflicts as phenomena in the system of ethno-national relations to their qualification as inter-religious; political novelties in the system of national relations of the modern Russian state are analyzed and characteristics of the current law enforcement in the system of ethno-national relations in Russia are given; the characteristic of the “new normalcy”, which is forming today in the course of the development of the COVID-19 pandemic, is given, conclusions are drawn regarding the crisis and post-crisis transformation of ethno-national conflicts and approaches to their resolution in the post-pandemic era. The conclusions of the work are as follows: ethno-national conflicts are an objectively cognizable phenomenon; their scientific understanding and analysis require the formation of an integrated (polyparadigmatic) approach. Political novelties in the system of interethnic relations in modern Russia (National Security Strategy) indicate that the country's leadership pays great attention to these issues. At the same time, the law enforcement practice, being, on the one hand, established in the criminal and administrative spheres in the civil law sphere, shows us the ill-considered actions of some subjects. With regard to ethno-national conflicts in the course of a pandemic and post-pandemic new normalcy, it should be stated that they will not disappear anywhere and, on the contrary, may acquire new forms, which will have to be promptly and adequately responded to.

Social capital and education – An attempt to synthesize conceptualization arising from various theoretical origins

The concept of social capital has become in recent decades one of the most powerful ideas in social science. Having its roots in sociology and economics, it has consistently “settled” in almost all...

COVID-19 as a challenge to the Economics, society and Politics

Purpose: to consider in detail the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the modern world, in relation to three dimensions – the economy, society. Politics, to outline the most problematic points of negative effects generation, to propose directions for the restoration of the world system within the framework of the formation of a new post-COVID-19 ”normality”.Methods: includes the principles of systemic, theoretical-cognitive, institutional, instrumental and interdisciplinary approaches, mediated by the accepted in social science ideas about the relationship and interaction of subjective and objective factors in social processes with relative independence of the subject.Results: today, the world around us and human civilization, together with the impressive process of globalization, has entered the stage of the emergence of new challenges that were not previously presented to it or were not manifested so powerfully. The first of these challenges of the current 21st century is undoubtedly the COVID-19 pandemic. Today it is stated that, according to the most optimistic estimates, the fall of the world economy may exceed the crisis of 2008–2009. In terms of social practices and communications, COVID-19 is already forcing us to design a new “normality” that will become a reality in the post-COVID-19 era. In the field of politics, it is stated that in authoritarian and authoritarian regimes, a more effective public response to restrictive measures was ensured.Conclusions and Relevance: at the present stage, the market and the signals it gives, by asset class, recession and recovery patterns, should be closely monitored not only by economists, but also by sociologists. political scientists, politicians and public figures. Urgent and decisive political action is needed not only to contain the pandemic and save lives, but also to protect the most vulnerable in our society from economic collapse and to maintain economic growth and financial stability.

Проблема следования правилу Витгенштейна и философско-правовые исследования

The article presents an analysis of K.A. Rodin's argument that after publishing of Peter Winch's book “The Idea of Social Science” (1958) the discussions of rule-following problem concerning to social epistemology and the methodology of social studies have not had tangible results. It is shown by the example of modern legal studies that this conclusion is not valid. On the contrary, Wittgenstein's problem of rule-following and the very idea of rule-shaped activity have proved to have a great importance for an analytical legal philosophy and turned into an independent subject of study.

What are Public Ideas?

The authors explore how newspaper articles engaging seven publicly prominent social science ideas develop from ideas in the public to public ideas when mediators and interpretants use them, and oscillate between these uses as part of an unfolding career.

Loss Aversion: Will It Be Greater than the Gain?

<p>Loss aversion is one of the most widely accepted ideas in social science, that is, the loss is greater than the gain. This paper is divided into four parts. First of all, the construction of loss aversion is introduced and discussed. The second part is about the evidence that supports loss aversion. As a result, the current evidence does not support losses, which are generally more influential than gains. The third part is to solve the following questions: despite the evidence to the contrary, why aversion is still generally accepted as a general principle among social scientists, including consumer psychologists. The aim of the analysis is to link beliefs about loss aversion to more general concepts, such as acceptance and adherence to scientific beliefs. In the last part, how to understand the relative impact of loss and income from the context, and how to broaden the new field of investigation in the field of consumer psychology are discussed.</p>

Leading from below? Decisions, responsibility and creativity as a group dynamic

PurposeThis paper aims to bring back into view some of the original ideas from which the Therapeutic Community (TC) developed today. If we forget the origins of therapeutic communities way back in the past, we cannot be in the best position to make decisions for the present. The underlying principles of the TC are a combination of social science ideas, psychotherapeutic practices and a political urgency to do something for disadvantaged people. There is a need to try to keep all branches of the past roots in play together.Design/methodology/approachLearning from the past.FindingsThe past has a relevance that must not be forgotten in present reflection.Originality/valueThis is a reflective exercise at the heart of the therapeutic community practice.

Wittgenstein’s Problem of Rule-Following and Legal Philosophy Studies

The article presents an analysis of K.A. Rodin’s argument that after publishing of Peter Winch’s book “The Idea of Social Science” (1958) the discussions of rule-following problem concerning to social epistemology and the methodology of social studies have not had tangible results. It is shown by the example of modern legal studies that this conclusion is not valid. On the contrary, Wittgenstein’s problem of rule-following and the very idea of rule-shaped activity have proved to have a great importance for an analytical legal philosophy and turned into an independent subject of study.

Public Ideas: Their Varieties and Careers

In light of ongoing concerns about the relevance of scholarly activities, we ask, what are public ideas and how do they come to be? More specifically, how do journalists and other mediators between the academy and the public use social science ideas? How do the various uses of these ideas develop over time and shape the public careers of these ideas? How do these processes help us understand public ideas and identify their various types? In addressing these questions, we make the case for a sociology of public social science. Using data from newspaper articles that engage with seven of the most publicly prominent social science ideas over the past 30 years, we make three contributions. First, we advance a pragmatic, cultural approach to understanding public ideas, one that emphasizes fit-making processes and applicative flexibility. Second, we define public ideas: social science ideas become public ideas when they are used as objects of interest (being the news), are used as interpretants (making sense of the news), and ebb and flow between these uses as part of an unfolding career. Third, we construct a typology of public ideas that provides an architecture for future research on public social science.

Theory Must Not Go on Holiday. Wittgenstein, the Pragmatists, and the Idea of Social Science

Theory Must Not Go on Holiday. Wittgenstein, the Pragmatists, and the Idea of Social Science

The Science and Politics of Race in Mexico and the United States, 1910–1950. By Karin Alejandra Rosemblatt

This book is a unique addition to the history of American states’ ardent attempts to cope with their multicultural societies during the first five decades of the twentieth century. Rosemblatt, an established scholar of race and gender in Latin America, has produced a remarkable study of the U.S. and Mexico at a time when social sciences in both countries were growing, and state agencies in both nations made attempts to manage and aid vulnerable populations. Skillfully weaving the history of social science ideas and state policies aimed at indigenous people in early twentieth-century Mexico and the U.S., the author transcends comparison and provides a truly transnational study. Rosemblatt’s goal is to study the efforts of social scientists “who worked with state officials to understand how to manage racial difference within and across nations” (3). The book has three sets of arguments, one for each nation and then a third about the relationship between the two. The author finds important distinctions between the two countries’ intellectual perspectives and policy outcomes, even as scientific communities in each nation freely shared ideas. For example, in the U.S., the overarching goal was “sensitive” acculturation of indigenous people in the context of the overarching assumption that indigenous cultural expressions would “disappear” once no longer functional. Mexican scientists’ energies, on the other hand, were largely devoted to documenting in great detail the cultural diversity in their nation, and they resisted generalizing theories. Finally, Rosemblatt convincingly demonstrates that Mexican scholarship influenced U.S. social science—in spite of the fact that scientists in both countries acknowledged the imbalance of power between the two.

Social Exclusion and Well-Being

One of the most interesting ideas in social science is the notion that individuals are motivated by concerns about their relative position. We investigate whether individuals feel worse off when they are socially excluded and also if there are greater degrees of social exclusions among their neighbors. To answer these questions, we use nationally representative household survey data from six transition countries, Kazakhstan, Macedonia, Moldova, Serbia, Tajikistan and Ukraine. First, we revisit the previous findings of the negative (in some cases, positive) effect of the reference group income (or earnings) on self-reported well-being (SWB) of individuals. We find that, controlling for an individual's own consumption, higher consumption of reference groups are associated with lower levels of SWB in the pooled sample of individuals from six countries. When the results are estimated by countries, reference group consumption has no effect on SWB in Kazakhstan, Macedonia, Moldova and Serbia while it has negative effect in Tajikistan (consistent with relative income hypothesis) and positive effect in Ukraine (consistent with Hirschman's tunnel However, these results are not consistent across alternative conceptualization of appropriate reference groups, with the exception of Tajikistan, which appears to be driving the aggregate results. Second, we find that socially excluded households have lower levels of SWB while controlling for own consumption and consumption of reference group, a finding consistent across alternative conceptualization of the reference groups. Finally, we investigate whether individuals feel worse off when there are greater degrees of social exclusions in their reference groups (social solidarity effect). We find a strong evidence for our conjecture.

Exploring methodological innovation in the social sciences: the body in digital environments and the arts

In this paper we examine methodological innovation in the social sciences through a focus on researching the body in digital environments. There are two strands to our argument as to why this is a useful site to explore methodological innovation in the social sciences. First, researching the body in digital environments places new methodological demands on social science. Second, as an area of interest at the intersection of the social sciences and the arts, it provides a focus for exploring how social science innovation can be informed by engagement with the arts, in this instance how the arts work with the body in digital environments and take up social science ideas in novel ways. We argue that social science engagement with the arts and the relatively unmapped terrain of the body in digital environments has the potential to open up spaces for innovative social science questions and methods: spaces, questions and methods that have potential for more general social science methodological innovation. We draw on the findings of the Methodological Innovation in Digital Arts and Social Sciences (MIDAS) project a multi-site ethnography of the research ecologies of the social sciences and the arts related to the body in digital environments. We propose a continuum of methodological innovation that attends to how methods are moved across research contexts and disciplines, in this instance the social sciences and the digital arts. We illustrate and discuss the innovative potential of expanding and re-situating methods across the social sciences and the arts, the transfer of methods and concepts across disciplinary borders and the interdisciplinary generation of new methods. We discuss the catalysts and challenges for social science methodological innovation in relation to the digital and the arts, with attention to how the social sciences might engage with the arts towards innovative research.

Promoting Exports, Preventing Poverty: Toward a Causal Evidence Base

Near the climax of the Scientific Revolution, two influential theories in chemistry were put forward within five years of each other. In 1662, Robert Boyle proposed that the volume and pressure of gases are inversely proportional: decreasing the volume of an amount of gas pressurizes it predictably. Next, in 1667, Johann Joaquim Becher posited that all flammable substances contain the element terra pinguis , which he claimed is released during combustion. Georg Stahl later renamed the combustible element phlogiston . Both Boyle's and Becher's theories went on to profoundly affect the science and practice of chemistry for the next century. But only one of the ideas has survived: Boyle's Law remains a foundational principle of modern chemistry. On the other hand, Becher's terra pinguis/ phlogiston was definitively disproved by Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier's closed experiments, reported in 1783, in which he demonstrated that burning requires oxygen and that solids sometimes gained mass when combusting. Yet for more than a century, chemists believed in phlogiston and used the idea to guide their work. As social scientists searching for remedies to global poverty, in some ways we find ourselves in a similar position as chemists in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. David Ricardo's Law of Comparative Advantage, one of the most pivotal ideas in social science—the single economic proposition that Nobel laureate Paul Samuelson (⇓) asserted was both nontrivial and nonobvious—suggests that specialization and exchange might provide a powerful antidote to poverty. The mathematical proof is compelling. Most social scientists, indeed most educated people, believe it. But in combating global poverty, is Ricardo's Law like Boyle's Law? Or is it like phlogiston? The only way to know is through compelling empirical support. However, the causal evidence base for trade as an antipoverty strategy is scanty, at least so far. Observational evidence, capable of suggesting …

Developing Visual Literacy: Historical and Manipulated Photography in the Social Studies Classroom

The importance of visual literacy development is demonstrated using social studies examples from an innovative, collaborative arts program. Discussion of the Visual Thinking Strategies approach, connections to the Common Core State Standards, prompts for higher-order critical thinking, and the application of historical and social science ideas in the classroom are presented.

Spektorsky and the Fate of His History of Social Philosophy

Evgeny V. Spektorsky (1875–1951) based his monograph, a survey of the history of social science ideas, on his teaching experience at the universities of Warsaw, Kiev, Prague, Belgrade and Ljubljana. The manuscript, finished by mid-1931, was accepted for publication by the Slovenska Matica publishing house on the recommendation of Anton Lajovic, lawyer and composer. Entitled The History of Social Philosophy, it was translated into Slovenian by Josip Vidmar and published in two volumes in 1932 and 1933. The print run was high: 5,000 copies of Volume I and 4,500 copies of Volume II. Spektorsky argued for a genetic analysis of the history of social science thought, which he saw as a treasury of ideas influencing human life. He emphasised the impact of ideas because these had, in his view, left a deeper impact on the history of mankind than scientific studies or proofs of eternal truths. Although critical of Marxism, whose pretensions to a scientific world view he saw as a mere propaganda move, Spektorsky never accepted dogmatic views.

Decentring Capitalism through Pedagogy: Bolshevism to Ballet in Three Steps

This paper outlines an approach to teaching business school undergraduates about fundamental change in the distribution of power, or revolution under capitalism. This is based on a comparative analysis of three film extracts from: Eisenstein’s Battleship Potemkin (1925) and Strike (1925); and Billy Elliot (2000). Similarities and contrasts across these extracts can help students appreciate different theoretical perspectives on power and collective resistance to capitalism. These extracts introduce undergraduates to a central distinction in critique of capitalism - between a Marxist account of revolution (class consciousness is sufficient for successful revolution), and a Marxist-Leninist account (revolutions must be led). Following a well established tradition of connecting Marx's ideas to Aristotle, the paper outlines how this approach is underpinned by a theory of aesthetic engagement based on Aristotle’s intellectual virtues, or different ways of knowing. Comparative analysis of these films is proposed as a way to overcome two barriers to learning about these fundamental ideas in social science: the institutionalized, managerialist logic of business schools under capitalism; and the lack of experience of collectivism among business school undergraduates.

As frames collide: making sense of carbon accounting

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to make sense of the tensions and contradictions between different conceptions of the meaning of carbon accounting.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on theories of framing to help explain the divergent understandings and practices currently encompassed by the term “carbon accounting”. The empirical core of the paper is based on a review of the literature and illustrated through examples of some of the contemporary problems in carbon accounting.FindingsTensions and contradictions in carbon accounting can be understood as the result of “collisions” between at least five overlapping frames of reference, namely physical, political, market‐enabling, financial and social/environmental modes of carbon accounting.Practical implicationsUnresolved tensions in carbon accounting can undermine confidence in climate science, policies, markets and reporting, thereby ultimately discouraging action to mitigate climate change. Understanding this problem can contribute to finding practical solutions.Originality/valueThe paper makes three distinct contributions to the emerging theoretical literature on carbon accounting. First, it provides a unique “unpacked” definition of carbon accounting that attempts to represent the contemporary range of meanings encompassed by the term. Second, it demonstrates how social science ideas about framing can help explain why definitions and understandings of carbon accounting vary. Third, by making the interactions between different forms of carbon accounting explicit through the metaphor of colliding frames of reference, the origins of some of the contemporary intractable issues in carbon accounting can be better understood.