Idea Of Logic Research Articles

On the frequency of symbols in sequences generated by nonlinear Feedforward generators

Due to their simple construction, LFSRs are commonly used as building blocks in various random number generators. Nonlinear feedforward logic is incorporated in LFSRs to increase the linear complexity of the generated sequence. In this work, we extend the idea of nonlinear feedforward logic to LFSRs over arbitrary finite fields and analyze the statistical properties of the generated sequences. Further, we propose a method of applying nonlinear feedforward logic to word-based {\sigma}-LFSRs and show that the proposed scheme generates vector sequences that are statistically more balanced than those generated by an existing scheme.

Why Images Cannot be Arguments, But Moving Ones Might

Some have suggested that images can be arguments. Images can certainly bolster the acceptability of individual premises. We worry, though, that the static nature of images prevents them from ever playing a genuinely argumentative role. To show this, we call attention to a dilemma. The conclusion of a visual argument will either be explicit or implicit. If a visual argument includes its (explicit) conclusion, then that conclusion must be demarcated from the premise(s) or otherwise the argument will beg the question. If a visual argument does not include its (implicit) conclusion, then the premises on display must license that specific conclusion and not its opposite, in accordance with some demonstrable rationale. We show how major examples from the literature fail to escape this dilemma. Drawing inspiration from the graphical logic of C. S. Peirce, we suggest instead that images can be manipulated (erased, dragged, copied, etc.) in a way that overcomes the dilemma. Diagrammatic reasoning can take one stepwise from an initial visual layout to a conclusion—thereby providing a principled rationale that bars opposite conclusions—and the visual inscription of this correct conclusion can come afterward in time—thereby distinguishing the conclusion from the premises. Even though this practical application of Peirce’s logical ideas to informal contexts requires that one make adjustments, we believe it points to a dynamic conception of visual argumentation that will prove more fertile in the long run.

Logical Ideas of Jan Łukasiewicz

Abstract This paper discusses the main logical ideas put forward by Jan Łukasiewicz within their historical context and further development.

Modality and folk psychology

The connection of the modern psychology and formal systems remains an important direction of research. This paper is centered on philosophical problems surrounding relations between mental and logic. Main attention is given to philosophy of logic but certain ideas are introduced that can be incorporated into the practical philosophical logic.
 The definition and properties of basic modal logic and descending ones which are used in study of mental activity are in view. The defining role of philosophical interpretation of modality for the particular formal system used for research in the field of psychological states of agents is postulated. Different semantics of modal logic are studied. The hypothesis about the connection of research in cognitive psychology (semantics of brain activity) and formal systems connected to research of psychological states is stated.

Investigation of Sequential Progressions in Iraqi English Students' Writings

This study attempts to describe and analyze how sequential progression topics employ in Iraqi English students' writings. The research materials are written essays gathered from sixty students(30 students from third and forth stages) . the students' writings are closely examined by utilizing the sequential topics as one of the topical progression types propose by Lautamatti (1987) in his Topical Structure Analysis, which examines the semantic relationship between discourse topics and sentence topics and provides insight into the internal coherence in paragraphsThe results indicate that the problem of incoherent and illogical ideas find in the most students' writings is properly due to use many indirectly related or unrelated sequential progressions in writing. The aims of the present study are: 1- The present study is designed to investigate to identify sequential progressions in Iraqi English students' writings . 2- It intends to show and improve the influence of sequential topics on the coherence of the students' writings . 3- Indicating how unrelated SPTs distract the reader from the main ideas of the paragraph . The hypotheses of the present study are: 1- The use of related SPTs in the students ' writings have the effective role in maintaining the main logical ideas in English writings 2- Unrelated SPTs can lead to digression and incoherence.

Combining logical and distributional methods in type-logical grammars

We propose a low-level way of combining distributional and logical ideas into a single formal system. This will be an instantiation of a more general system, adding weights to proof rules. These weights will not measure some sort of "confidence the proof is valid", but rather act as a way to prefer some proofs over others, where preference can mean "easier to process (for humans)" or "more coherent (combining words that make sense together)". The resulting system of weighted theorem proving can be implemented either as a best-first proof search strategy or as a polynomial-time approximation of proof search for NP-complete parsing problems.

TWO-VALUED WEAK KLEENE LOGICS

Abstract In the literature, Weak Kleene logics are usually taken as three-valued logics. However, Suszko has challenged the main idea of many-valued logic claiming that every logic can be presented in a two-valued fashion. In this paper, we provide two-valued semantics for the Weak Kleene logics and for a number of four-valued subsystems of them. We do the same for the so-called Logics of Nonsense, which are extensions of the Weak Kleene logics with unary operators that allow looking at them as Logics of Formal Inconsistency (LFIs) and Logics of Formal Underterminedness (LFUs). Our aim with this work, rather than arguing for Suszko’s thesis, is to show that two-valued presentations of these peculiar logics enlighten the non-standard behavior of their logical connectives. More specifically, the two-valued presentations of paraconsistent logics illustrate and clarify the disjunctive flavor of the conjunction, and dually, the two-valued presentations of paracomplete subsystems of Weak Kleene logics reveal the conjunctive flavor of the disjunction.

AREL TO ENHANCE STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILLS IN DEBATING

Speaking skill is believed as an essential part of language instruction at every level because it supports learning in multiple ways. Debate is considered as the best method to enhance students‟ speaking skills that used to construct the argument, create the logic idea, work in group, sharing knowledge and arrange the information to be delivered in debating. This is a qualitative research focuses on AREL to enhance the students‟ speaking skills in debating. The aims of this research are finding out the implementation of AREL in debating; investigating how AREL reflected on students speaking performance and revealing the obstacles faced by teacher and students in applying AREL. The research was conducted in a senior high school and involved tenth-grade students who became a delegation in each class as the candidates to compete in the debate competition in Cianjur. The instruments used for this research were observation, questionnaire, and interview. Moreover, there were stages in implementing AREL included: introducing debate of WSDC, implementing AREL (Assertion, Evidence, Reason, and Link-back), giving a stimulant, and constructing the argument. By using AREL in debating, the students became confident to speak English and got a lot of benefits from the debate not only for their speaking skills but also advancing their critical thinking. They showed their ability to explore the argument by giving a logical reason and strong evidence in order to elaborate on their argument. It was also reflected in the students speaking performance including conversational discourse, pronunciation, accuracy and fluency, affective factors, and the interaction effect. However, AREL is difficult to apply for students with insufficient ability in reading information and constructing or arranging their speech. In addition, the students were still in tenth grade and it was also such an obstacle because their speaking skill is still low. Furthermore, the students have more obstacles in their speaking skills such as memorization, anxiety, less vocabularies, and grammatical error.

On the Logical Idea of Objective Concept

On the Logical Idea of Objective Concept

Logic, Being and Nothing

AbstractThe first part of this essay develops the idea of logic as the science of thought, articulating, and thus being, the self-consciousness of thought. It explains that logic, so understood, is nothing other than metaphysics, the science of what is in so far as it is. Self-consciousness, then, thought itself, is not empty, but the source of all content. The second part of the essay discusses the opening paragraphs of Hegel’sScience of Logic; it shows how, in these paragraphs, thought is revealed to be the source of its own content in virtue of its original negativity. Thus the second part begins to make concrete the idea of logic provided by the first.

Space of fuzziness: avoidance of deterministic decisions in the case of the inverse function

We investigate responses of prospective secondary school teachers to a task related to the inverse function concept. We utilize ideas of fuzzy logic as a theoretical lens in analyzing the participants’ demonstrated avoidance of refuting the existence of an inverse to a quadratic function. The analysis is based on 29 responses to a scripting task, in which participants composed a hypothetical dialog between a teacher and students. The findings demonstrate three categories of fuzzy evaluations of a mathematical statement: (a) false blurred to be true; (b) almost false; and (c) almost true. We offer possible reasons for the prevalence of fuzzy thinking in general, and in discussing the inverse of a function in particular.

Epistemologia Kanta jako rozwiązanie sporu empiryzmu z racjonalizmem

The article concerns some of the most important elements of I. Kant’s epistemology and its connections with earlier epistemological ideas, namely rationalism and empiricism. The history of dispute between rationalism (Descartes, Leibniz) and empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, Hume) is hereby shortly presented while Kant’s own philosophical achievements are suggested to be both alternative and synthesis of these. The main core of this paper is summary of basis of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason; some most important categories are described: apriorism, synthetic and analytical judgements, knowledge a priori and a posteriori, main ideas of transcendental esthetics (two forms of pure intuition: time and space), main ideas of transcendental logic (forms of judgement and twelve categories). Also the meaning of Kant’s „copernican revolution” is presented as a turning point for classical German philosophy as well as for whole modern epistemology.

Notes on Some Ideas in Lloyd Humberstone’s Philosophical Applications of Modal Logic

Lloyd Humberstone’s recently published Philosophical Applications of Modal Logic presents a number of new ideas in modal logic as well explication and critique of recent work of many others. We extend some of these ideas and answer some questions that are left open in the book.

Two Early Arabic Applications of Model-Theoretic Consequence

We trace two logical ideas further back than they have previously been traced. One is the idea of using diagrams to prove that certain logical premises do—or don’t—have certain logical consequences. This idea is usually credited to Venn, and before him Euler, and before him Leibniz. We find the idea correctly and vigorously used by Abū al-Barakāt in 12th century Baghdad. The second is the idea that in formal logic, P logically entails Q if and only if every model of P is a model of Q. This idea is usually credited to Tarski, and before him Bolzano. But again we find Abū al-Barakāt already exploiting the idea for logical calculations. Abū al-Barakāt’s work follows on from related but inchoate research of Ibn Sīnā in eleventh century Persia. We briefly trace the notion of model-theoretical consequence back through Paul the Persian (sixth century) and in some form back to Aristotle himself.

POLYMORPHISM AND THE OBSTINATE CIRCULARITY OF SECOND ORDER LOGIC: A VICTIMS’ TALE

AbstractThe investigations on higher-order type theories and on the related notion of parametric polymorphism constitute the technical counterpart of the old foundational problem of the circularity (or impredicativity) of second and higher-order logic. However, the epistemological significance of such investigations has not received much attention in the contemporary foundational debate.We discuss Girard’s normalization proof for second order type theory or System F and compare it with two faulty consistency arguments: the one given by Frege for the logical system of the Grundgesetze (shown inconsistent by Russell’s paradox) and the one given by Martin-Löf for the intuitionistic type theory with a type of all types (shown inconsistent by Girard’s paradox).The comparison suggests that the question of the circularity of second order logic cannot be reduced to Russell’s and Poincaré’s 1906 “vicious circle” diagnosis. Rather, it reveals a bunch of mathematical and logical ideas hidden behind the hazardous idea of impredicative quantification, constituting a vast (and largely unexplored) domain for foundational research.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE COHERENCE OF READER’S LETTERS IN THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER

The objectives of the study are: 1) to find out how coherent of the texts in reader’s letters of Jakarta post newspaper. 2) to find out the coherence markers found in the texts. 3) to find out the dominant coherence markers found in the texts.ance it just collected and analyzed the data then drew a conclusion based on the data without taking into general conclusion. The data analyzed were 5 texts of reader’s letters of Jakarta Post newspaper which published on May 2014. The instrument of this study was documentation in the form of reader’s letters texts in Jakarta Post newspaper published on May 2014.The analysis of the texts was based on the logical order and transitional signals used. The result of the analysis showed that the reader’s letter texts in the Jakarta Post newspaper have logical ideas that arranged orderly and the transitional signals used were appropriate with its function. So, it can be concluded that the texts were have good coherence. Coherence markers found in the texts were in the type of coherence relations which functioned as temporal sequence, cause-effect, similarity, condition, contrast, elaboration, example, and violated expectation. The dominant coherence markers found were the coherence markers which include in the type of temporal sequence, cause-effect, similarity, condition and contrast relation. The coherence markers make the texts more coherent because it helps to make the communication clearer for the readers. The writer has some suggestions for English lecturers and the readers. The writer suggests the English lecturers to use reader’s letter texts of English newspaper as the examples in teaching writing, especially about coherence of the texts. Moreover, the readers can use this result of the study as the reference in studying writing. Thus, the readers can make the coherence writing that readable and can be understood easily by the others

Logical Normativity and Rational Agency—Reassessing Locke's Relation to Logic

A substantive body of literature has been dedicated to explaining Locke's crucial role in the development of a new in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, commonly referred to as the logic of ideas or facultative I examine Locke's relation to from a different angle. I focus on two philosophical issues that permeate his remarks about in various texts. One is about what grounds the alleged authority of putative logical rules. The other concerns the relation between and the psychology of reasoning. These issues are not only historically significant but also continuous with an ongoing modern discourse in philosophy of logic.

Intrusion Detection Using Fuzzy Logic in Software Defined Networking

Software Defined Networking is a network administration innovation used to monitor and control the network activities. SDN segregates the control plane from information plane which control the network. SDN Controller is a core part of the network. Due to the partition of planes, SDN controller is inclined to the distributed denial of service sorts of assaults. Fuzzy logic essentially manages the vulnerability of things in light of participation work. Fuzzy logic is utilized as a part of interruption discovery for breaking down the bundle stream of network flows. The bundle stream data is gathered and measured through insights, which incorporates some level of vulnerability. Another importance behind utilizing fuzzy rationale is that there is no certain limit of comprehension between ordinary behaviour and anomalous behaviour which adds extra layer of vulnerability to the issue. With a specific end goal to conquer these sorts of vulnerabilities the fluffy rationale idea is being utilized. Fuzzy logic helps in better identification of interruption in Software Defined Networking. In this paper, the Fuzzy logic idea is utilized as a part of Software Defined Networking for better expectation of assaults.

Legal Truth (Menakar Kebenaran Hukum)

Law as part of human knowledge have various views on the truth. The legal truth is more likely to be assessed according to the perception and point of view of each one, the truth of the law will be assessed in accordance with the standards of the existing measures on him. Not infrequently respective claims to truth are obtained, causing antagonism and conflict. For that we would need to measure the truth of the law into a theorization. Legal correspondence theory of truth to understand the truth as empirical reality sensory contained in the community, to get this truth by the method of inductive reasoning, which draw conclusions from the events that are specific to the incidence of common law. The coherence theory of truth to understand the law as a result of conceptual ideas of rational logic of human reason, to obtain this truth by the method of deductive reasoning, which draw conclusions from the events that are common to a special legal events. While the pragmatic theory of truth law basing the truth if it can provide benefits for humans.

Design, synthesis and application of carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotubes/tetrahexahedral platinum nanocrystals nanocomposites biosensor for simultaneous determination of guanine and adenine in DNA

In this work, we provided a logical idea to design, synthesis and application of a high-performance electrochemical biosensor based on carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotubes/tetrahexahedral platinum nanocrystals nanocomposites, which can realize high-performance simultaneous determination for guanine and adenine in DNA. The morphology evolution of platinum nanoparticles from nanospheres to tetrahexahedral nanocrystals was also briefly studied in our work. The carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotubes/tetrahexahedral platinum nanocrystals nanocomposites biosensor showed excellent synergistic effects in electrocatalytic oxidation of guanine and adenine in DNA, compared with other reported sensors, our proposed nanocomposites biosensor showed wider linear range of 0.05–100μmoldm−3 and 0.05–100μmoldm−3 with lower detection limit of 0.01μmoldm−3 (S/N=3) and 0.01μmoldm−3 (S/N=3) for guanine and adenine respectively. And it also exhibited excellent selectivity, stability and reproducibility. Moreover, the proposed biosensor was successfully applied in real DNA samples determination, which has great significance in application of the bioscience and clinical diagnosis.