Ideal Quantum Gases Research Articles

Transverse Momentum Distributions of Final-State Particles Produced in Soft Excitation Process in High Energy Collisions

Transverse momentum distributions of final-state particles produced in soft process in proton-proton (pp) and nucleus-nucleus (AA) collisions at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energies are studied by using a multisource thermal model. Each source in the model is treated as a relativistic and quantum ideal gas. Because the quantum effect can be neglected in investigation on the transverse momentum distribution in high energy collisions, we consider only the relativistic effect. The concerned distribution is finally described by the Boltzmann or two-component Boltzmann distribution. Our modeling results are in agreement with available experimental data.

Bernoulli's formula and Poisson's equations for a confined quantum gas: Effects due to a moving piston

We study a nonequilibrium equation of states of an ideal quantum gas confined in the cavity under a moving piston with a small but finite velocity in the case in which the cavity wall suddenly begins to move at the time origin. Confining ourselves to the thermally isolated process, the quantum nonadiabatic (QNA) contribution to Poisson's adiabatic equations and to Bernoulli's formula which bridges the pressure and internal energy is elucidated. We carry out a statistical mean of the nonadiabatic (time-reversal-symmetric) force operator found in our preceding paper [Nakamura et al., Phys. Rev. E 83, 041133 (2011)] in both the low-temperature quantum-mechanical and high-temperature quasiclassical regimes. The QNA contribution, which is proportional to the square of the piston's velocity and to the inverse of the longitudinal size of the cavity, has a coefficient that is dependent on the temperature, gas density, and dimensionality of the cavity. The investigation is done for a unidirectionally expanding three-dimensional (3D) rectangular parallelepiped cavity as well as its 1D version. Its relevance in a realistic nanoscale heat engine is discussed.

The performance analysis of a micro-/nanoscaled quantum heat engine

A new model of micro-/nanoscaled heat engines consisting of two thin long tubes with the same length but different sizes of cross section, which are filled up with ideal quantum gases and operated between two heat reservoirs, is put forward. The working fluid of the heat engine cycle goes through four processes, which include two isothermal processes and two isobaric processes with constant longitudinal pressure. General expressions for the power output and efficiency of the cycle are derived, based on the thermodynamic properties of confined ideal quantum gases. The influence of the size effect on the power output and efficiency is discussed. The differences between the heat engines working with the ideal Bose gas and Fermi gas are revealed. The performance of the heat engines operating at weak gas degeneracy and high temperatures is further analyzed. The results obtained are more general and significant than those in the current literature.

Chemical potential for the interacting classical gas and the ideal quantum gas obeying a generalized exclusion principle

In this work, we address the concept of the chemical potential μ in classical and quantum gases towards the calculation of the equation of state μ = μ(n, T) where n is the particle density and T the absolute temperature using the methods of equilibrium statistical mechanics. Two cases seldom discussed in elementary textbooks are presented with detailed calculations. The first one refers to the explicit calculation of μ for the interacting classical gas exemplified by van der Waals gas. For this purpose, we used the method described by van Kampen (1961 Physica 27 783). The second one refers to the calculation of μ for ideal quantum gases that obey a generalized Pauli's exclusion principle that leads to statistics that go beyond the Bose–Einstein and Fermi–Dirac cases. The audience targeted in this work corresponds mainly to advanced undergraduates and graduate students in the physical–chemical sciences but it is not restricted to them. In regard of this, we have put a special emphasis on showing some additional details of calculations that usually do not appear explicitly in textbooks.

Modelling systems of classical/quantum identical particles by focusing on algorithms

A procedure modelling ideal classical and quantum gases is discussed. The proposed approach is mainly based on the idea that modelling and algorithm analysis can provide a deeper understanding of particularly complex physical systems. Appropriate representations and physical models able to mimic possible pseudo-mechanisms of functioning and having predictive validity are developed.

Analytical pair correlations in ideal quantum gases: Temperature-dependent bunching and antibunching

The fluctuation-dissipation theorem together with the exact density response spectrum for ideal quantum gases has been utilized to yield a new expression for the static structure factor, which we use to derive exact analytical expressions for the temperature-dependent pair distribution function g(r) of the ideal gases. The plots of bosonic and fermionic g(r) display "Bose pile" and "Fermi hole" typically akin to bunching and antibunching as observed experimentally for ultracold atomic gases. The behavior of spin-scaled pair correlation for fermions is almost featureless, but bosons show a rich structure including long-range correlations near T(c). The coherent state at T=0 shows no correlation at all, just like single-mode lasers. The depicted decreasing trend in correlation with decrease in temperature for T<T(c) should be observable in accurate experiments.

Ideal quantum gas in an expanding cavity: Nature of nonadiabatic force

We consider a quantum gas of noninteracting particles confined in the expanding cavity and investigate the nature of the nonadiabatic force which is generated from the gas and acts on the cavity wall. First, with use of the time-dependent canonical transformation, which transforms the expanding cavity to the nonexpanding one, we can define the force operator. Second, applying the perturbative theory, which works when the cavity wall begins to move at time origin, we find that the nonadiabatic force is quadratic in the wall velocity and thereby does not break the time-reversal symmetry, in contrast with general belief. Finally, using an assembly of the transitionless quantum states, we obtain the nonadiabatic force exactly. The exact result justifies the validity of both the definition of the force operator and the issue of the perturbative theory. The mysterious mechanism of nonadiabatic transition with the use of transitionless quantum states is also explained. The study is done for both cases of the hard- and soft-wall confinement with the time-dependent confining length.

Statistical and thermal physics with computer applications

This textbook carefully develops the main ideas and techniques of statistical and thermal physics and is intended for upper-level undergraduate courses. The authors each have more than thirty years' experience in teaching, curriculum development, and research in statistical and computational physics. Statistical and Thermal Physics begins with a qualitative discussion of the relation between the macroscopic and microscopic worlds and incorporates computer simulations throughout the book to provide concrete examples of important conceptual ideas. Unlike many contemporary texts on thermal physics, this book presents thermodynamic reasoning as an independent way of thinking about macroscopic systems. Probability concepts and techniques are introduced, including topics that are useful for understanding how probability and statistics are used. Magnetism and the Ising model are considered in greater depth than in most undergraduate texts, and ideal quantum gases are treated within a uniform framework. Advanced chapters on fluids and critical phenomena are appropriate for motivated undergraduates and beginning graduate students.Integrates Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations as well as other numerical techniques throughout the text Provides self-contained introductions to thermodynamics and statistical mechanics Discusses probability concepts and methods in detail Contains ideas and methods from contemporary research Includes advanced chapters that provide a natural bridge to graduate study Features more than 400 problems Programs are open source and available in an executable cross-platform format Solutions manual (available only to teachers)

D-dimensional Bose gases and the Lambert W function

The applications of the Lambert W function (also known as the W function) to D-dimensional Bose gases are presented. We introduce two sets of families of logarithmic transcendental equations that occur frequently in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics and present their solution in terms of the W function. The low temperature T behavior of free ideal Bose gases is considered in three and four dimensions. It is shown that near condensation in four dimensions, the chemical potential μ and pressure P can be expressed in terms of T through the W function. The low T behavior of one- and two-dimensional ideal Bose gases in a harmonic trap is studied. In 1D, the W function is used to express the condensate temperature, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$T_C$\end{document}TC, in terms of the number of particles N; in 2D, it is used to express μ in terms of T. In the low T limit of the 1D hard-core and the 3D Bose gas, T can be expressed in terms of P and μ through the W function. Our analysis allows for the possibility to consider μ, T, and P as complex variables. The importance of the underlying logarithmic structure in ideal quantum gases is seen in the polylogarithmic and W function expressions relating thermodynamic variables such as μ, T, and P.

Joule-Thomson Coefficients of Confined Ideal Quantum Gases

By using the pressure and entropy of a system obtained from the grand potential of ideal quantum gases confined in a long tube with a fixed transverse cross section of area and the fundamental relations of thermodynamics, expression for the heat capacity at given longitudinal pressure and area of cross section is derived, from which the linear expansion coefficient and the Joule-Thomson coefficient (JTC) of the system are obtained. Moreover, the effects of the finite size on the heat capacity, expansion coefficient and JTC of the system are discussed in detail. It is significant to find that the absolute values of the JTCs of confined ideal quantum gases increase with the decrease of the systemic size and temperature.

Joule–Thomson Coefficient for Strongly Interacting Unitary Fermi Gas

The Joule–Thomson effect reflects the interaction among constituent particles of macroscopic system. For classical ideal gas, the corresponding Joule–Thomson coefficient is vanishing while it is non-zero for ideal quantum gas due to the quantum degeneracy. In recent years, much attention is paid to the unitary Fermi gas with infinite two-body scattering length. According to universal analysis, the thermodynamical law of unitary Fermi gas is similar to that of non-interacting ideal gas, which can be explored by the virial theorem P = 2E/3V. Based on previous works, we further study the unitary Fermi gas properties. The effective chemical potential is introduced to characterize the nonlinear levels crossing effects in a strongly interacting medium. The changing behavior of the rescaled Joule–Thomson coefficient according to temperature manifests a quite different behavior from that for ideal Fermi gas.

Quantum gravity effects on statistics and compact star configurations

The thermodynamics of classical and quantum ideal gases based on the Generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) are investigated. At low temperatures, we calculate corrections to the energy and entropy. The equations of state receive small modifications. We study a system comprised of a zero temperature ultra-relativistic Fermi gas. It turns out that at low Fermi energy $\varepsilon_F$, the degenerate pressure and energy are lifted. The Chandrasekhar limit receives a small positive correction. We discuss the applications on configurations of compact stars. As $\varepsilon_F$ increases, the radius, total number of fermions and mass first reach their nonvanishing minima and then diverge. Beyond a critical Fermi energy, the radius of a compact star becomes smaller than the Schwarzschild one. The stability of the configurations is also addressed. We find that beyond another critical value of the Fermi energy, the configurations are stable. At large radius, the increment of the degenerate pressure is accelerated at a rate proportional to the radius.

THERMOSIZE EFFECTS IN CONFINED QUANTUM GAS SYSTEMS

Based on the grand potentials of ideal quantum gases, the number of particles, internal energy, three diagonal components of the pressure tensor, and other thermodynamic quantities of the ideal quantum gas systems confined in a rectangular box are analytically derived. It is found that the internal energy of the systems is non-extensive and that the other thermodynamic quantities, which are extensive under the thermodynamic limit condition, are also non-extensive. It is also found that the pressure tensor of the quantum gas systems in a confined space is, in general, no longer isotropic because of the geometric effect of the boundary. Moreover, the influence of the size effect of the containers on the properties of the systems and the thermosize effects in the confined quantum gas systems such as the Seebeck-like, Peltier-like and Thomson-like thermosize effects are discussed with the help of the assumption of local equilibrium. It is very significant to note that the new concept of the "mix" heat capacity, which is neither the heat capacity at constant pressure nor the heat capacity at constant volume, must be introduced in the investigation of Thomson-like thermosize effect. The results obtained may be directly used to analyze the thermodynamic properties and thermosize effects of the confined classical gas.

Polypseudologarithms revisited

Lee, in a series of papers, described a unified formulation of the statistical thermodynamics of ideal quantum gases in terms of the polylogarithm functions, $\textup{Li}_{s} (z)$. It is aimed here to investigate the functions $\textup{Li}_{s} (z),$ for $s = 0, -1, -2, ...,$ which are, following Lee, referred to as the polypseudologarithms (or polypseudologs) of order $n$. Various known results regarding polypseudologs, mainly obtained in widely differing contexts and currently scattered throughout the literature, have been brought together along with many new results and insights and they all have been proved in a simple and unified manner. In addition, a new general explicit closed-form formula for these functions involving the Carlitz--Scoville higher tangent numbers has been established.

Dynamical pair correlations of classical and quantum fluids perturbed with weak long-range forces

We study time dependent correlation functions of ideal classical and quantum gases using methods of equilibrium statistical mechanics. The basis for this is the path integral formalism of quantum mechanical systems. By this approach the statistical mechanics of a quantum mechanical system becomes the equivalent of a classical polymer problem in four dimensions where imaginary time is the fourth dimension. Several non-trivial results for quantum systems have been obtained earlier by this analogy. Here we will focus upon particle dynamics. First ideal gases are considered. Then interactions, that are assumed weak and of long range, are added, and methods of classical statistical mechanics are applied to obtain the leading contribution. Comparison is performed with known results of kinetic theory. These results demonstrate how methods developed for systems in thermal equilibrium also is applicable outside equilibrium. Thus, more generally, we have reason to expect that these methods will be accurate and useful for other situations of interacting many-body systems consisting of quantized particles too. To indicate so we sketch the computation of the induced Casimir force between parallel plates filled with ions for the situation where the ions are quantized, but the interaction remains electrostatic. Further in this respect we establish expressions for a leading correction to ab initio calculations for the energies of the quantized electrons of molecules. To our knowledge these two latter applications go beyond earlier results.

Dynamics of uniform quantum gases, I: Density and current correlations

A unified approach valid for any wavenumber q , frequency ω , and temperature T is presented for uniform ideal quantum gases allowing for a comprehensive study of number density and particle-current density response functions. Exact analytical expressions are obtained for spectral functions in terms of polylogarithms. Also, particle-number and particle-current static susceptibilities are presented which, for fugacity less than unity, additionally involve Kummer functions. The q - and T -dependent transverse-current static susceptibility is used to show explicitly that current correlations are of long range in a Bose-condensed uniform ideal gas but for bosons at T > T c and for Fermi and Boltzmann gases at all temperatures these correlations are of short range. Contact repulsive interactions for systems of neutral quantum particles are considered within the random phase approximation. The expressions for particle-number and transverse-current susceptibilities are utilized to discuss the existence or nonexistence of superfluidity in the systems under consideration.

Multiplicity fluctuations and correlations in limited momentum space bins in relativistic gases

Multiplicity fluctuations and correlations are calculated within thermalized relativistic ideal quantum gases. These are shown to be sensitive to the choice of statistical ensemble as well as to the choice of acceptance window in momentum space. It is furthermore shown that global conservation laws introduce nontrivial correlations between disconnected regions in momentum space, even in the absence of any dynamics.

Performance characteristics of a quantum Diesel refrigeration cycle

The Diesel refrigeration cycle using an ideal quantum gas as the working substance is called quantum Diesel refrigeration cycle, which is different from Carnot, Ericsson, Brayton, Otto and Stirling refrigeration cycles. For ideal quantum gases, a corrected equation of state, which considers the quantum behavior of gas particles, is used instead of the classical one. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of quantum gas as the working substance on the performance of a quantum Diesel refrigeration cycle. It is found that coefficients of performance of the cycle are not affected by the quantum degeneracy of the working substance, which is the same as that of the classical Diesel refrigeration cycle. However, the refrigeration load is different from those of the classical Diesel refrigeration cycle. Lastly, the influence of the quantum degeneracy on the performance characteristics of the quantum Diesel refrigeration cycle operated in different temperature regions is discussed.

The virial equation of state for unitary fermion thermodynamics with non-Gaussiancorrelations

We study the roles of the dynamical high order perturbation and statistically non-linearinfrared fluctuation/correlation in the virial equation of state for the Fermi gas in theunitary limit. Incorporating the quantum level crossing rearrangement effects, thespontaneously generated entropy departing from the mean-field theory formalism leads toconcise thermodynamical expressions. The dimensionless virial coefficients with complexnon-local correlations are calculated up to the fourth order for the first time.The virial coefficients of unitary Fermi gas are found to be proportional to thoseof the ideal quantum gas with integer ratios through a general term formula.Counterintuitively, contrary to those of the ideal bosons () or fermions (), the second virial coefficient a2 of Fermi gas at unitarity is found to be equal to zero. With the vanishing leadingorder quantum correction, the BCS–BEC crossover thermodynamics manifests thefamous pure classical Boyle’s law in the Boltzmann regime. The non-Gaussiancorrelation phenomena can be validated by studying the Joule–Thomson effect.

Increase of temperature of an ideal nondegenerate quantum gas in a suddenly expanding box due to energy quantization

We show that due to energy quantization the temperature of an ideal nondegenerate quantum gas in a rectangular box always increases after a sudden expansion of the box and a subsequent thermalization. The maximal increment of temperature is proportional to the square root of the product of the initial absolute temperature by the energy of the first discrete quantum level, i.e., it is proportional to the first power of the Planck constant.