Ideal Proportion Research Articles

Sawdust Ash as a Sustainable Binder in Geopolymer Concrete: A Study on Split Tensile Strength

Geopolymer concrete can serve as a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional cement by reducing the release of greenhouse gases during production. It is composed of an alkaline liquid containing sodium or potassium silicate and sodium or potassium hydroxide, along with a source material rich in silica and alumina. In a recent investigation, thirty geopolymer concrete samples were created in the laboratory using a mix design approach. The study focused on optimizing the split tensile strength of the concrete, particularly when using sawdust ash as the source material. The research revealed that subjecting sawdust ash to pyrolysis in the absence of oxygen significantly affects its pozzolanic characteristics and, consequently, the properties of the concrete. The study determined the optimum split tensile strength of sawdust ash-blended geopolymer concrete to be 2.9899 MPa. The specific concentration ratios of NaOH, Na₂SiO₄ to NaOH, sawdust ash in the binder, water to binder, and activator to sawdust ash were found to be 9.75, 1.8750, 37.5, 0.025, and 2.5, respectively. Additionally, computer programs developed using MATLAB were employed to optimize and predict the ideal mix proportion of sawdust ash-based geopolymer concrete.

Comparison of facial attractiveness with golden proportion anthropometrically in young North Indian females

The purpose of this anthropometric study was to assess the facial attractiveness by directly measuring various facial proportions and comparing them to golden ratio in a sample of young adult North Indian females. 120 female sample subjects were assessed for facial attractiveness. Frontal facial photographs of these females were obtained and subjected to score evaluation for grouping into 3 groups viz group I unpleasant face group, group II acceptable face group, group III pleasant face group, by a group of 6 evaluators individually. Anthropometric measurements were taken on the subject’s face in frontal view by marking various landmarks. Various facial proportions were measured and recorded using calibrated calipers and then compared with golden proportion.In group I, facial indices ratio Al-Al/ Ch-Ch (0.697) shows a comparable ratio to the golden proportion. Group II showed no relationship with golden proportion for any facial ratios. In group III, facial ratio Al-Al/ N-Sn (0.685) shows a comparable ratio to the golden proportion. There was no statistically significant difference found in the golden proportion among the three groups viz unpleasant face group, acceptable face group and pleasant face group. Ideal golden proportions may partially govern the standards of beauty, but they were not analogous to the beauty or facial esthetics of the attractive females in the present study. This may be the result because beauty perception is subjective & depends on a variety of factors.

Development of a Versatile Lipid Core for Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) Using Design of Experiments (DoE) and Raman Mapping.

The objective of this study was to develop a versatile lipid core for the 'brick-dust type of drugs' (poorly water-soluble and poorly lipid-soluble drugs). In the first step, excipients of different polarities were classified according to their behavior in aqueous solutions. Subsequently, binary mixtures were prepared with cetyl palmitate (Crodamol™ CP pharma, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil) as the solid lipid, and its miscibility with other excipients was evaluated using Raman mapping and classical least squares (CLS). Based on the results, the excipients Crodamol™ CP pharma (hydrophobic), Super Refined™ DMI (dimethyl isosorbide; hydrophilic, Mill Hall, PA, USA), and Super Refined™ Lauryl Lactate (lauryl lactate, medium polarity, Mill Hall, PA, USA) were chosen to compose the lipid core. The ideal proportion of these excipients was determined using a mixture design and the standard deviation (STD) of image histograms as the response variables. After statistical evaluation of the DoE results, the final composition was determined, and drugs with different logP (0 to 10) and physicochemical characteristics were evaluated in the optimized mixture. The drugs butamben (Sigma-Aldrich Co., Spruce Street, St. Louis, MO, USA), tacrolimus (NutriFarm, São Paulo, Brazil), atorvastatin calcium, and resveratrol (Botica da Terra, Campinas, Brazil) presented a homogeneous distribution in the optimized lipid core, indicating that this is a promising system to be used in nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulations of such types of drugs.

Determination of the effectiveness of porcelain fine waste to enhance the performance of geopolymer concrete with recycled waste using central composite design and Taguchi method

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of incorporating bone china fine aggregate (BCA) in geopolymer concrete (GPC) with recycled coarse aggregate (RCA). A total of 25 experiments were conducted to optimize the mix design of GPC with coarse RCA and fine BCA. The suitability of a response surface model using the central composite design approach and the Taguchi method with an L25 orthogonal array was assessed. Both methods provide valuable insights and recommendations for achieving ideal mix proportions to enhance strength. The resulting model, with a higher coefficient of determination, successfully predicted the mechanical properties of GPC in fresh and hardened states. The findings suggest that GPC with up to 50% RCA and up to 100% BCA demonstrates optimal performance in terms of hardened mechanical properties. Furthermore, a strong correlation was observed between the predicted and actual values, indicating the reliability of the model.

Pengaruh Abu Serbuk Kayu Kulim dan Serbuk Tempurung Kelapa terhadap Kuat Tekan Beton

This research combines kulim wood dust and coconut shell powder as a substitute for concrete materials. Ash from kulim sawdust has silicca properties. Meanwhile, coconut shell powder can be mixed in concrete. This study aims to determine the effect of using kulim sawdust ash as a partial substitution of cement and coconut shell powder waste as a partial substitution of fine aggregate on compressive strength and to determine the ideal proportion of the percentage variation of added ingredients. Concrete planning uses an experimental method that refers to SNI 03-2834-2000, SNI 03-1974-1990 and the Unisla Concrete Practicum Guidebook. With a total sample of 12 test objects with the quality plan K-225. The results of the normal concrete compressive strength test with an N code of 19.55 MPa. The results of testing the compressive strength of concrete with added materials with code A1 are 19.29 MPa. The results of testing the compressive strength of concrete with added materials with code B1 are 18.84 Mpa. The results of testing the compressive strength of concrete with added materials with code C1 are 18.46 MPa. Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the added ingredients of kulim wood powder ash and coconut shell powder did not significantly affect the compressive strength of concrete and the higher the added material value the lower the concrete compressive strength value and the lower the added material value, the higher the concrete compressive strength value.

Investigating the improvements in morphometric and mechanical properties of mild steel coated with polymer-based hybrid nano composites

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the coexistence of polymers and nanoparticles, demonstrating improved mechanical and corrosion resistance characteristics when applied to mild steel surfaces. For this investigation, various polymer-based hybrid nanocomposite combinations were considered. Combinations of nanomaterials, such as multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTS), zinc oxide (ZnO), cerium oxide (CeO2), silicon oxide (SiO2), and graphene oxide nanoparticles (GO), as well as polymers including polyester, phenolic, epoxy, and polyurethane were employed. Mild steel samples covered with hybrid nano composites underwent 3.5% NaCl immersion and standard Salt Spray (Fog) test method ASTM B117:2016 to evaluate their corrosion resistant qualities. Tensile strength test (A370:2017) and hardness test [IS 101(Part-5, Sec.2):1988] were performed and determined the mechanical properties. An ideal proportion of polymer and nanoparticles combination that results in both enhanced mechanical and corrosion resistance characteristics was determined in this study. From the obtained results, epoxy resin has been exhibited a 97% corrosion resistance, with a 10% increase in tensile strength around 700 mg of surface hardness. The MSPS3 recorded with the highest of all the combination values of 89% corrosion resistance, 400 mg of surface scratch hardness and 25% increased tensile strength. In case of MZPU2, 80% corrosion resistance, 25% increased tensile strength with 600 mg of surface hardness. Whereas MGPH1 shown 69% anticorrosion, 600 mg of scratch hardness and 27% rise in tensile strength. With these outputs, this research can be applied to various materials for different engineering applications.

Does the Reform of the Parliamentary and Presidential Threshold Strengthen the Presidential System in Indonesia?

The attempt to purify Indonesia's multiparty presidential system was only reflected after the Third Amendment to the 1945 Constitution. However, it took work to implement it. In practice. Various measures have been taken, including party alliances and introducing voting barriers in parliamentary elections. Therefore, analysing the relationship between electoral thresholds and their ideal proportions in the form of legal-political reforms to strengthen the Indonesian presidential system is interesting. This is in line with the purpose of this study, which is to uncover and analyse the legal politics of electoral thresholds in an attempt to strengthen the presidential system of government in Indonesia. The approach adopted in this study is a theoretical approach with legal, conceptual, comparative and historical approaches. This study concludes that the legitimate political renewal of the electoral vote threshold is not closely related to efforts to strengthen Indonesia's system of multiparty presidential government. The ideal way to reform the legal, political threshold for electoral votes would be to set the parliamentary threshold at 2.5%, but at the same time tighten controls over the parties participating in the election, and the 2.5% threshold serves as President to maintain a balance between the parliamentary and presidential thresholds. In addition, it is also important to strengthen consensus (consensus democracy) among coalition political parties. There is still a desire to abolish the presidential threshold through the People's Representative Council (DPR) instead of the Constitutional Court (MK).

Accurate compressive strength prediction using machine learning algorithms and optimization techniques

Numerous components' complex interrelationships and interconnectedness present a formidable obstacle in developing mix designs for high-performance concrete (HPC) formulation. The effectiveness of machine learning (ML) algorithms in resolving this paradox has been illustrated. However, they are classified as opaque black-box models due to the lack of a discernible correlation between blend ratios and compressive durability. The present study proposes a semi-empirical methodology that integrates various techniques, including non-dimensionalization and optimization, to overcome this constraint. The methodology exhibits a noteworthy level of accuracy when forecasting compressive strength (CS) across a spectrum of divergent datasets, thus evincing its extensive and all-encompassing efficacy. Moreover, the precise relationship that semi-empirical equations convey is of great significance to practitioners and researchers in this field, especially with respect to their predictive abilities. The determination of CS in concrete is a critical facet of the design of HPC. An exhaustive comprehension of the intricate interplay between manifold factors is requisite to attain an ideal blend proportion. The study’s findings indicate that RF can accurately predict CS. Moreover, the combination of optimization algorithms significantly enhances the model’s effectiveness. Among the three Optimization Algorithms under consideration, the COA optimizer has exhibited superior performance in augmenting the accuracy and precision of the RF prediction model for CS. As a result, RFCO obtained the more suitable value of R2 and RMSE obtained 0.998 and 0.88, alternatively.

Is There An "Ideal Instagram Face" for Caucasian Female Influencers? A Cross-Sectional Observational Study of Facial Proportions in 100 Top Beauty Influencers.

In the digital arena, wherein younger generations predominantly spend their time, social media continues to determine what is considered beautiful. Social media, particularly Instagram (Meta, Menlo Park, CA), is becoming a prominent aspect of the plastic surgeon-patient relationship. Therefore, the beauty ideal escalates without any barriers and breaks. The majority of influencers look alike. This sets a new trend for a beauty ideal. In this study, the authors aimed to analyze the facial proportions of 100 top female beauty influencers, to evaluate them for identifying the "ideal Instagram face," and to determine whether there existed a deviation from the standard golden ratio. The authors identified the top 100 beauty influencers, according to the latest rankings of November 2022. A detailed facial analysis has been conducted using the Fiji biomedical image analysis software. The primary outcome parameters included facial proportions such as lip ratio, Ricketts' line, and nasal dimensions. Secondary outcomes comprised BMI, age, and ethnicity. The results were collected and analyzed descriptively using graphs and statistics. Complete datasets were obtained from the top 100 female beauty influencers with a mean age of 31.3 ± 6.3 years (range, 24-38 years). The majority of influencers were Americans, followed by Germans and British. Based upon the mean of the aforementioned parameters, we could design the ideal Instagram face. There was no significant difference between the golden ratio and the new trend of the ideal Instagram face. Despite the existence of varied ethnic population groups and nonstandard measurements, the ideal Instagram face represents today's ideal trending face. The ideal Instagram face is symmetrical, matching the golden ratios, with a small and neat nose, full and lush lips, high cheekbones, as also a sharp and chiseled jawline. Further studies on this topic, involving a greater number of influencers with standardized measurements, should be advocated to identify the ideal facial proportions. This will lead to improvements in invasive and noninvasive cosmetic treatments.

Método de dosagem de concretos visando a durabilidade com base no conceito de empacotamento de partículas

Abstract Concrete presents complex behavior, being a difficult material to define the ideal proportion of its constituents. To overcome this challenge, many mix design methods have been developed over time. However, most of these methods do not consider durability parameters during the procedure. Thus, the objective of this article is to present a mix design method for concrete, with properties of workability (slump rating from 50 mm to 220 mm), axial compressive strength (class of 25MPa to 55MPa), and durability as response parameters. From the application of the proposed method, it was possible to create mix design and performance diagrams. It was noticed that all concretes fell into the pre-established consistency class and presented axial compressive strength results close to the predetermined values. Moreover, it was possible to obtain indications of the material's durability.

Maxillary Anterior Teeth Dimensions and Relative Width Proportions: A Narrative Literature Review.

Predictable results in the aesthetic treatment of anterior teeth can be obtained by resorting to the concept of dental aesthetics and, in particular, defining the ideal tooth dimensions and proportions to obtain a harmonious smile. Considering the great variety of articles dealing with the topic, and the lack of updated reviews, this narrative literature review aims to evaluate current knowledge on anterior teeth dimensions and to verify the existence and the potential applications of the anterior teeth proportioning theories (Golden Proportion, Golden Percentage, RED Proportion, and Golden Rectangle). PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were comprehensively searched using different keywords and term combinations. The research includes articles published up to June 2023, no time limits were set, and only articles in English were included. Inclusion criteria comprehended reviews, clinical studies, and in-vitro studies. A total of 66 articles were selected. Two main topics were identified: "Anterior teeth dimensions", "Golden Proportions, Golden Percentage, RED Proportions, and Golden Rectangle". As far as tooth dimensions are concerned, different width ranges are recognized for men and women and for different ethnic groups. Perfectly symmetric contralateral elements are found in low percentages of subjects. The correlation between dental dimensions and facial parameters is not always present, and it strongly depends on the sample's ethnicity and gender. Ideal tooth proportions were only partially identified.

Effects of bioavailability of macronutrients on overall control of plasma glucose: a review

Macronutrients play a crucial role in management of type 2 diabetes. This is seen in their ability to modulate plasma glucose concentrations. However, the ideal proportions of macronutrients to be consumed in order to maintain ideal plasma glucose concentrations remains elusive. Therefore, this paper set out to conduct a review to investigate the relationship between macronutrients and plasma glucose concentrations from a physiological perspective. The review was conducted using papers obtained from various databases such as MEDLINE (Pubmed), Open Access Journals Elsevier, Free Medical Journals and Google Scholar. The research papers included general reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized control trials that examined the effect of macronutrients on plasma glucose concentration as well as papers on mathematical models describing the relationship between macronutrient bioavailability and plasma glucose concentration. The review assessed the effect of various macronutrients on post-prandial plasma glucose concentration, post-prandial plasma insulin, post-prandial glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide plasma concentration, and post-prandial glucose-like peptide-1 plasma concentration. The results of the review showed that carbohydrates influence plasma glucose concentration in a dose dependant manner but this is dependent on their bioavailability. This bioavailability was shown to be subject to fluctuations determined by food processing techniques, food structure, and food matrix. The results also showed that some specific types of fats and proteins indirectly influence plasma glucose concentration through their effect on incretin hormones. The effect of fats and proteins on incretin hormones was through different mechanisms and pathways. In-lieu of the findings, the review concludes that the macronutrient composition of diets designed for type 2 diabetic patients should take into consideration the physiological relationship between the macronutrients and plasma glucose concentrations. In this way, diet proportions can be made in such a manner as to determine the exact amounts that will realize near normal plasma glucose concentrations for a type 2 diabetic patient. Key words: bioavailability, glucose-insulin system, macronutrients, incretin hormones, type 2 diabetes, glucose absorption models

Evaluation of dispersive nature of soil in the piping affected regions of Kerala

The soil piping erosion has been closely related to the soil composition and its dispersive nature. The phenomenon of dispersivity is explained by the property by virtue of which the soil breaks down into their component particles upon exposure to water. Dispersive soils are highly prone to erosion. If the soil at top is hard and soft dispersive clays present at bottom, in presence of seepage water, there are chances for piping erosion to occur. These kinds of process are very common in lateritic terrains. In appearance the normal erosion resistant clays are similar to dispersive clays, they are, in fact, prone to significant erosion and are susceptible to severe damage. Exchangeable sodium present in the soil is the primary cause of dispersivity. Special methods are required to distinguish between dispersive and non-dispersive soils, common soil classification tests are not sufficient. The recommended tests to identify the dispersive clay soils are Crumb test, Double hydrometer test, Pin hole erosion test, and some chemical tests.This paper reports the problems associated with dispersive soils and discuss the results of double hydrometer tests carried out in various piping regions of Kerala along with the stabilization of dispersive soils with lime. Double hydrometer test as per British standards have been used in the present study. Comparative study of the dispersion ratios obtained for various samples shows that the Idukki samples are having more dispersion ratio than other regions. And as the piping was present in those areas the dispersion ratio was expected to be higher than 30%, the lower values obtained can be due to the erosion of dispersive clays in those regions. Effectiveness of stabilization with lime is checked and it was found that the ideal proportion of lime for minimizing dispersion potential is 1%.

Machine learning prediction of electric flux in concrete and mix proportion optimization design

This study explored nine machine learning (ML) methods, including linear, nonlinear and integrated learning models, to predict concrete electrical flux metrics reflecting the chloride ion permeability of concrete. Seven concrete mix parameters, including water (W), cement (C), fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fine aggregate (S), coarse aggregate (G) and water reducing admixture (WRA), were used as input parameters. A dataset consisting of 4029 sets of data was used to train and test the prediction model. K-fold cross-validation confirms the model’s accuracy and is performed by R2, MAE, MSE, and RMSE. The results showed that the nonlinear model outperformed the linear model; in particular, the model integrated with learning CatBoost exhibited higher prediction accuracy (R2 = 0.72, RMSE = 0.01, MSE = 0.01, MAE = 0.04). Based on this, a concrete chloride impermeability mix proportion optimization method targeting cost per square is proposed. The proposed model aims to achieve an ideal concrete mix proportion optimization based on ML algorithms and national specifications, which is of great significance to practical engineering.

DEFICIENCY IS THE MOTHER OF INVENTION: LACKING THE VITRUVIAN MAN

Vitruvius is a full-figured text. Bodies proliferate endlessly—as touchstones of measurement, as images of ideal proportions, as analogies for building, empire, discipline, or text—and they dance just as deftly around the scholarship. If we had to pick a metaphor by which Vitruvius lived in writing, we could do no better than corpus. He is perhaps antiquity's greatest embodiment of body. But what I would like to argue in this article is that the Vitruvian body is not uniform; not alone; not ideal; and as an instrument of scientific discovery, it is not enough. It is lacking—and it needs to lack.

MEASURING UP: THE GREEK ANALOGIES BEHIND VITRUVIUS' GEOMETRY OF THE BODY

Vitruvius’ book is chock full of bodies. It is by means of his oiled body that Dinocrates gains an audience with Alexander (2.praef.1), and by means of his naked one, and the equivalent body of water that it displaces, that Archimedes solves his well-known quandary (9.praef.9f.). The body is a living, vital thing (7.praef.2f.), even as it is a book, a body of work (7.praef.10), arising from a body of education (1.1.12). Most important of all, Vitruvius outlines a ‘body of architecture’ (corpus architecturae, 6.praef.7) to propagate and extend the reach of the deified Augustus, commander-in-chief (1.praef.1), and this idea arguably gives rise to that of the ‘body politic’ (corpus imperii). Vitruvius’ text has been interpreted in terms of these bodies in important studies by Indra Kagis McEwen and John Oksanish; both authors treat the body as replete with meaning, the site of contact between architecture and the political, between text and author. This chapter adds to our understanding of the repertoire of bodies in Vitruvius by looking at those earlier incarnations of circular and square bodies which Vitruvius inherits, and in terms of which he construes the human body as a site of ideal proportions.

Mix design, optimisation and performance evaluation of three-dimensional printable concrete

Three-dimensional (3D) concrete printing (3DCP) is a cutting-edge construction method that has recently received much attention. Most 3DCP research studies have focused on printer development, printable material mix designs and the complexity of geometry shapes. This research study primarily focused on determining appropriate mix proportions and suitable 3D-printable concrete (3DPC) mix designs using a trial-and-error approach. Experimental tests were carried out on 27 trial mixes made with different materials to determine printable properties such as flowability, buildability, extrudability and open time. Printed and cast samples were tested for compressive strength. The 3DPC mix with 19% ordinary Portland cement, 23% fly ash, 7% silica fume, 13% ground granulated blast-furnace slag, 4% limestone and 0.22% superplasticiser (% by mass of total binder) was found to be an ideal mix proportion, exhibiting the required 3DPC characteristics such as good buildability, easy extrusion, low setting time, mix cohesiveness and reduced deformation. The proposed mixing protocol and the suggested 3DPC mix design are encouraging for large-scale 3DCP. To demonstrate the application of the 3DPC mix, 3D-printed concrete furniture was fabricated with a nozzle of size 30 mm, an extrusion speed of 100 mm/s and a printing speed of 60 mm/s.

Multivariate Optimization of Brazilian Cerrado Fruit Mixed Jelly

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the mixture of the three fruits (yellow mombin, mangaba and marolo) on the physicochemical and rheological characteristics, besides the optimization based on sensory characteristics. Titratable pH, acidity, color, texture profile and sensory attributes of mixed fruit jellies from the Brazilian cerrado were evaluated. The fruits have great influence on the jelly characteristics. Mangaba contributed to darker acidic jelly, yellow mombin favored the acidity and the orange color and marolo the reddish color. It was found that the yellow mombin and marolo were the fruits that most contributed to the acceptance of mixed jelly. The development of a mixed jelly containing the Cerrado fruits seems to be viable. The ideal proportion for the formulation of the mixed jelly is from 0 to 60% yellow mombin, 40 to 100 marolo, and 0 to 10% mangaba.

AW-MSA: Adaptively weighted multi-scale attentional features for DeepFake detection

With the recent rise of realistic face manipulation methods, building robust face tampering detection methods has become more critical than ever before. Several research works have focussed on extracting multi-scale features to enhance the feature learning process. However, most of such works suffer from a design flaw of combining multiple scale information in equal proportion. This is not the best approach as a feature from one scale could be more important than other scale features. To this end, a novel deepfake detection architecture, Face-NeSt has been proposed. Face-NeSt has the unique ability to choose an ideal proportion of multi-scale features, best suited for the final prediction. Specifically, Face-NeSt employs a novel ‘adaptively weighted multi-scale attentional’ (AW-MSA) module that is capable of choosing the best proportion of multi-scale features. Face-NeSt uses an attention mechanism that allows it to highlight important feature regions along the spatial and channel dimension, both locally and globally. Unlike the popular computer vision models of recent times, Face-NeSt is designed to be computationally light-weight. Face-NeSt performs admirably on three publicly available benchmark datasets, FaceForensics++ (FF++), CelebDF and Deep Fake Detection Challenge (DFDC). The AUC scores are 0.9823 on CelebDF, 0.9947 on DFDC, 0.9945 on DeepFake (FF++), 0.9905 on Face2Face (FF++), 0.9978 on FaceShifter (FF++), 0.9948 on FaceSwap (FF++) and 0.9548 on NeuralTextures (FF++). These excellent findings highlight Face-NeSt's efficacy, since it easily outperforms all state-of-the-art (SOTA) approaches for facial tampering detection.

Development and Quality Attributes of Paste Sausage Supplemented with Common Squid (Todarodes pacificus) Tailored for the Elderly

Modern consumers, especially the elderly, have a keen interest in healthy food choices. This study was conducted with the objective of developing squid paste sausages that are easily consumable by elderly individuals while also fulfilling their nutritional requirements. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the ideal proportions for mixing raw common squid (RCS; 2.9–56.6%, A), isolated soy protein paste (ISPP; 0.3–37.8%, B), and surimi paste (SP; 25.5–64.7%, C) in order to create a common squid paste sausage prototype (CSPSP). The CSPSP underwent a comprehensive evaluation, encompassing its physicochemical, nutritional, and microbiological attributes, as well as consumer preferences, and was compared to Republic of Korea’s standards for senior-friendly foods. The optimal mixing ratios derived through RSM were as follows: RCSF, 38.7%; ISPP, 21.2%; and SP, 40.1%. Consequently, the hardness of CSPSP (CSPSP-A) prepared with these ratios was measured at 27.8 × 1000 N/m2, a remarkable 95.0% reduction compared to CSPSP-N. Moreover, the texture preference for CSPSP-A was rated at 8.5, signifying the highest level of preference. As a result, CSPSP-A earned a second-grade rating, indicating its suitability for safe consumption by elderly individuals with chewing disorders.