Ideal Property Research Articles

Yoneda structures and KZ doctrines

In this paper we strengthen the relationship between Yoneda structures and KZ doctrines by showing that for any locally fully faithful KZ doctrine, with the notion of admissibility as defined by Bunge and Funk, all of the Yoneda structure axioms apart from the right ideal property are automatic.

An intelligent oxygen carrier of La2−xSrxNiO4−λ for hydrogen production by chemical looping reforming of ethanol

This work studied an intelligent perovskite of La2−xSrxNiO4−λ as oxygen carrier (OC) to produce hydrogen in chemical looping reforming (CLR) process. It was prepared by co-precipitation method and investigated by XRD, TEM, ICP-OES, H2-TPR, TGA technologies and fixed-bed experiment. The ‘intelligence’ refers to the self-regeneration ability and structural flexibility of perovskite. The former was verified by the movement that Ni ions repeatedly immerse into and out of perovskite bulk during CLR process. The movement suppressed the growth of Ni particles and maintained its high dispersion. The latter was confirmed by the addition of promoters. The insertion of Sr increased lattice oxygen mobility and greatly strengthened the reversible evolution of metallic Ni, which boosted the carbon-resistance and hold favorable stability of OC. The La1.4Sr0.6NiO4−λ was the optimized composition owing to the superior activity, higher hydrogen selectivity (87%) and admirable stability. Moreover, shortened ‘dead time’ and more ideal self-regeneration property of perovskite were attained due to easier reducibility of Ni ions.

A Reduction Theorem forAHAlgebras with the Ideal Property

A Reduction Theorem for<i>AH</i>Algebras with the Ideal Property

A CDMA scheme based on perfect Gaussian integer sequences

Both m-sequences and Gold sequences have been applied as the pseudonoise (PN) code in the code division multiple access (CDMA) scheme to enable distinct users to simultaneously share the available capacity of a common channel, which is called direct sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA). However, this scheme does not provide the required ideal periodic cross-correlation function property among various members of sequences within the same set. This paper proposes a new perfect Gaussian integer sequence (PGIS)-based CDMA scheme called PGIS-CDMA; in this scheme, the PN code of DS-CDMA is replaced by a set of PGISs. The intrinsic orthogonal property of PGIS can be applied to a CDMA system to achieve perfect cochannel interference separability under the ideal synchronism; it can also be adapted at the receiver to obtain diversity gain and improve the carry-to-interference ratio. These two concepts are further developed to implement two PGIS-CDMA configurations, and they can outperform DS-CDMA on the basis of Gold sequences that possess a favorable cross-correlation property for the CDMA scheme.

다중 무인 항공기 통신을 위한 빔 추적 기법

무인 항공기와 기지국간 통신시 커버리지 확장과 SNR 이득 확보를 위하여 기지국에서의 빔 형성 기법이 효과적이다. 무인 항공기가 이동하는 상황에서는 빔 이득을 유지하기 위하여 기지국에서 무인 항공기를 향한 주기적인 빔 추적이 필요하다. 또한 다수의 무인 항공기가 이동하는 경우에는 기지국에서 빔 추적을 하기 위하여 무인 항공기에서 서로 다른 프리앰블의 전송이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 이상적인 상호 상관 특성을 갖고 있는 Hadamard 시퀀스를 기반으로 GMSK 통신시스템에서 다수의 무인 항공기를 향한 빔 추적을 위하여 프리앰블 시퀀스 설계 기법을 제안한다. Hadamard 시퀀스를 입력으로 하는 GMSK 통신시스템에서 수신신호의 특성을 분석한 이후에 다수의 무인 항공기와 통신하는 GMSK 시스템에 적합한 프리앰블 시퀀스를 제안한다. Beamforming technique at the ground station is known to be effective in obtaining coverage extension or SNR gain for communication with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). When a UAV moves, periodic beam tracking is necessary to maintain beam gain. In order to track beams for multiple UAVs, the ground station needs to receive different preamble sequences from multiple UAVs. In this paper, a preamble sequence design technique is proposed for beam tracking in a GMSK-based communication system with multiple UAVs. Hadamard sequence is considered for the design of preamble sequence due to its ideal cross-correlation property. A preamble sequence appropriate for a GMSK communication system with multiple UAVs is proposed after analyzing the properties of received signal in a GMSK system with the input of Hadamard sequence.

Technically Extended MultiParameter Optimization (TEMPO): An Advanced Robust Scoring Scheme To Calculate Central Nervous System Druggability and Monitor Lead Optimization

At the discovery stage, it is important to understand the drug design concepts for a CNS drug compared to those for a non-CNS drug. Previously, we published on ideal CNS drug property space and defined in detail the physicochemical property distribution of CNS versus non-CNS oral drugs, the application of radar charting (a graphical representation of multiple physicochemical properties used during CNS lead optimization), and a recursive partition classification tree to differentiate between CNS- and non-CNS drugs. The objective of the present study was to further understand the differentiation of physicochemical properties between CNS and non-CNS oral drugs by the development and application of a new CNS scoring scheme: Technically Extended MultiParameter Optimization (TEMPO). In this multiparameter method, we identified eight key physicochemical properties critical for accurately assessing CNS druggability: (1) number of basic amines, (2) carbon-heteroatom (non-carbon, non-hydrogen) ratio, (3) number of aromatic rings, (4) number of chains, (5) number of rotatable bonds, (6) number of H-acceptors, (7) computed octanol/water partition coefficient (AlogP), and (8) number of nonconjugated C atoms in nonaromatic rings. Significant features of the CNS-TEMPO penalty score are the extension of the multiparameter approach to generate an accurate weight factor for each physicochemical property, the use of limits on both sides of the computed property space range during the penalty calculation, and the classification of CNS and non-CNS drug scores. CNS-TEMPO significantly outperformed CNS-MPO and the Schrödinger QikProp CNS parameter (QP_CNS) in evaluating CNS drugs and has been extensively applied in support of CNS lead optimization programs.

Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for the fluorescent detection of trace 17β-estradiol in environmental water

A novel core-shell structured composite of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), namely, magnetic MIPs (M-MIPs), was synthesized by surface imprinting technique combined with precipitation polymerization for the selective and sensitive fluorescent detection of 17β-estradiol (17β-E2) based on the competitive desorption of fluorescein as a fluorescent indicator from the M-MIPs. The resulting M-MIPs were well characterized, and they showed ideal spherical morphology and magnetic property. Competitive rebinding of 17β-E2 to the corresponding recognition sites regulated the release of fluorescein and resulted in an enhanced fluorescence signal. The fluorescence increase linearly coincided with the concentration of 17β-E2 within the range of 0.10–70μM with a detection limit of 0.03μM. The recovery of 17β-E2 from spiked lake and river water samples ranged from 98.2 to 103.8% with relative standard deviations between 1.1 and 3.8%. This study successfully integrated surface imprinting, competitive adsorption, magnetic separation and fluorescent detection, and also demonstrated fast binding kinetics, easy separation and reusability, and sensitive determination of template molecules. Thus, the M-MIP-based method may provide a simple, rapid, convenient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly way for the highly selective and sensitive recognition and detection of non-fluorescent molecules at trace levels.

Rapidly and Effectively Improving the Mechanical Properties of Polyelectrolyte Complex Nanofibers through Microwave Treatment

A facile method for improving the mechanical properties of polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) nanofibers by microwave treatment is proposed and investigated in chitosan/gelatin (CG) PEC model system. The microwave treatment with 600 W for 120 s produces 1.3‐ and 2.6‐folds elevation on Young's modulus and tensile strength of nanofiber membranes, respectively, which is attributed to the enhanced intermolecular interactions and the increased crystallinity in CG composites. In addition, the microwave‐treated CG nanofibers are found still possessing excellent swelling and antibacterial capability, which are indispensable for wound dressing application. Therefore, the microwave treatment can be employed as an effective and rapid strategy to produce PEC nanofibers with ideal mechanical property.

Thermal Stability of C6O6 2--Based Organic Cathodes in Li-Ion and Na-Ion Batteries

Li-ion batteries have long been used as efficient power sources for a wide variety of applications due to their high energy and power densities. Most state-of-the-art cathodes are based on electroactive inorganic materials that contain transition metals as redox elements. However, these cathode materials are synthesized from limited mineral resources and far from renewable. Therefore, to meet the rapid increasing demand for Li-ion batteries with higher energy density and larger scale, low-cost cathode active materials based on abundant minor-metal free elements have become increasingly desirable. As a new approach, many organic-based active materials have been reported. Among them, dilithium rhodizonate (Li2C6O6) is known to be an attractive candidate due to its relatively higher electrical conductivity [1]. Li2C6O6 cathodesshowed a stable reversible capacity around 300 mAh/g, and larger gravimetric and volumetric capacities than many commonly used inorganic lithium-inserted materials.Besides of high energy density Li-ion batteries, recently, ambient temperature Na-ion batteries have drawn interest as a power source for large-scale grid energy storage due to the low cost and abundant resources of sodium. Na is located below Li in the periodic table and they share similar chemical properties in many aspects. The fundamental principles of Na-ion batteries and Li-ion batteries are identical. Therefore, much of new components for Na-ion batteries could be developed according to their counterparts for Li-ion batteries. In our previous work, a sodium counterpart of Li2C6O6, disodium rhodizonate (Na2C6O6) was applied as cathode materials for Na-ion batteries [2]. Na2C6O6 has a layer structure and ideal conjugate property for the large Na+ ion insertion/extraction. Na2C6O6 cathodes exhibited excellent electrochemical properties, including large initial reversible capacity of 270 mAh/g, corresponding to more than 2 Na insertion per molecule. Moreover, the application of Na2C6O6cathodes in Na-ion batteries with Na-predoped hard carbon anodes was also confirmed.Safety is one of the most important issues for the practical application and development of batteries. As Li2C6O6 and Na2C6O6 are organic materials, the thermal and chemical stabilities in the organic electrolyte are inherently doubtful. In the present study, thermal properties of Na2C6O6 cathodes in Na-ion battery with 1 M NaClO4/PC electrolyte was studied in detail by DSC and TG-MS to evaluate the thermal risk. Moreover, it was compared with the Li counterpart, Li2C6O6 cathodes in Li-ion battery with 1 M LiClO4/PC electrolyte.In this study, Li2C6O6 powder, which was lab-synthesized according to ref. 3, was used for Li-ion batteries, while commercial Na2C6O6 powder was used for Na-ion batteries. A 2032 coin-type cell was used for electrochemical pretreatment to get charge or discharged cathode. The cathode consisted of 70 wt.% active material, 25wt.% acetylene black, and 5 wt.% PVdF binder. A Li or Na foil was used as the counter electrode, while 1 M LiClO4/PC and NaClO4/PC as the electrolyte for the Li- and Na-ion cell. Charge-discharge cycling was performed at 1/5 C rate for both Li and Na cells, but the voltage range was 2.2-3.5 V for Li cell and 1.5-2.8 V for Na cell, respectively. After electrochemical treatment, the cathode was taken out from the cell, washed by solvent, and then dried. The electrode powder then was removed from the Al current collector and sealed into a stainless steel pan together with either some amount of the electrolyte or not for DSC analysis. DSC analysis was carried out on the mixtures of the organic cathode and the electrolyte. Before electrochemical cycling, both Li2C6O6 and Na2C6O6 cathodes showed good thermal stability in the associated electrolyte till 250oC. Neither exo- or endothermic peak was observed. It suggests a good thermal stability of the rhodizonic cathodes in the organic electrolytes. After 1stdischarge, both lithiated and sodiated rhodizonic cathodes were found to give similar, or even less heat generation in the reactions with the electrolytes, although the exothermic onset temperature decreased a little. Detailed results will be presented on the conference.

Simultaneous Optimisation and Integration of Igcc Plant Using Graphical Method

As a promising green technology, Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) plant is more efficient and low-pollution electricity generation choice than conventional thermal power plants. Its process is mainly consist of the gasifier, the air separation unit and the combined cycle unit. Going through those key blocks, the fuel, such as coal and biomass, could be converted to syngas and further combusted for power generation. In order to be a viable technology, the bottleneck is located on the high energy production cost, which could be overcame by improving the plant efficiency through process optimisation and Integration. The opportunity and challenge are given by the complicated configuration and extreme operation conditions, which also demands a flexible and robust IGCC plant simulation to complete deep process analysis. In this work, a novel simplified IGCC mathematical model is proposed considering thermodynamics constraints with energy and mass conservation. The gasification is simulated based on the principle of Gibbs free energy minimisation, which holds the good feature of avoiding potential bi-level optimisation problem. The proposed gasification model results in syngas composition similar to the experimental data provided in literature. Meanwhile, the cryogenic air separation unit is selected with the double distillation column configuration, which is simulated considering the novel simplification of thermal coupled distillation columns. What is more, the combined cycle unit is simulated with isentropic assumption plus efficiency to complete the process. To validate the novel simplified IGCC model, one base case is built and compared with literature data. Another highlight of this work is the simultaneous optimisation and integration methodology instead of conventional sequential one, which gives more guarantee for achieving global optimal solution. If the ideal property assumptions are occupied, a graphical approach could be generated for the simultaneous optimization and integration of IGCC plant. The best material and energy integration scheme in proper operation condition could be selected considered with respect to the overall thermal efficiency of the IGCC plant. The good performance is shown by about 10 % power increment compared with the base case in the case study.

Compact public key encryption without full random oracles

Achieving shorter ciphertext length under weaker assumptions in chosen-ciphertext (CCA) secure public-key encryption (PKE) is one of the most important research topics in cryptography. However, it is also known that it is hard to construct a CCA-secure PKE whose ciphertext overhead is less than two group elements in the underlying prime-order group under non-interactive assumptions. A naive approach for achieving more compactness than the above bound is to use random oracles (ROs), but the full RO has various ideal properties like programmability. In this paper, we pursue how to achieve compact PKE only with a minimum ideal property of ROs. Specifically, only with observability, we can give three CCA-secure PKE schemes whose ciphertext overhead is less than two group elements. Our schemes are provably secure under standard assumptions such as the CDH and DDH assumptions. This study shows that ideal properties other than observability are not necessary to construct compact PKE beyond the bound.

Selective Labeling of Proteins on Living Cell Membranes Using Fluorescent Nanodiamond Probes

The impeccable photostability of fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) is an ideal property for use in fluorescence imaging of proteins in living cells. However, such an application requires highly specific labeling of the target proteins with FNDs. Furthermore, the surface of unmodified FNDs tends to adsorb biomolecules nonspecifically, which hinders the reliable targeting of proteins with FNDs. Here, we combined hyperbranched polyglycerol modification of FNDs with the β-lactamase-tag system to develop a strategy for selective imaging of the protein of interest in cells. The combination of these techniques enabled site-specific labeling of Interleukin-18 receptor alpha chain, a membrane receptor, with FNDs, which eventually enabled tracking of the diffusion trajectory of FND-labeled proteins on the membrane surface.

Selective Hydrogenation of Functionalized Alkynes to (E)-Alkenes, Using Ordered Alloys as Catalysts

Intermetallic Pd3Pb acts as a highly selective alkyne semihydrogenation catalyst that is greatly superior to the conventional Lindlar catalyst. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate an ideal adsorption property of Pd3Pb, where the surface holds alkynes while releasing alkenes. A tandem catalytic system that is comprised of Pd3Pb/SiO2 for alkyne semihydrogenation and RhSb/SiO2 for alkene isomerization allows one-pot (E)-alkene synthesis from a functionalized alkyne, which is the first success using heterogeneous catalysts. A variety of functionalized alkynes with aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, and ester moieties are hydrogenated into the corresponding (E)-alkene in good to excellent yields under 1 atm H2 at room temperature.

Metal organic framework derived magnetically separable 3-dimensional hierarchical Ni@C nanocomposites: Synthesis and adsorption properties

Design an effective absorbent that has high surface area, and perfect recyclable is imperative for pollution elimination. Herein, we report a facile two-step strategy to fabricate magnetically separable 3-dimensional (3D) hierarchical carbon-coated nickel (Ni@C) nanocomposites by calcinating nickel based metal organic framework (Ni3(OH)2(C8H4O4)2(H2O)4). SEM and TEM images illuminate that the nanocomposites were constructed by 8nm nickel nanoparticle encapsulated in 3D flake like carbon. The specific surface area of the obtained nanocomposites is up to 120.38m2g−1. Room temperature magnetic measurement indicates the nanocomposites show soft magnetism property, which endows the nanocomposites with an ideal fast magnetic separable property. The maximum adsorption capacity of the nanocomposites for rhodamine B is 84.5mgg−1. Furthermore, the nanocomposites also exhibit a high adsorption capacity for heavy metal ions. The adsorbent can be very easily separated from the solution by using a common magnet without exterior energy. The as-prepared Ni@C nanocomposites can apply in waste water treatment on a large-scale as a new adsorbent with high efficiency and excellent recyclability.

1D Model to Predict Ejector Performance at Critical and Sub-critical Operation in the Refrigeration System

Abstract A new 1D model using the real gas property is proposed to predict ejector performance at critical and sub-critical operational modes, while most previous 1D models usually used the ideal gas property and only predicted ejector performance at critical mode operation. Constant pressure mixing is assumed to occur inside the constant area section of the ejector at critical and sub-critical mode operation, and the effectiveness of the model is verified against experimental data. The results show that the proposed model accurately predicts ejector performance over all ranges of operation. The 1D model is a useful tool for predicting ejector performance within larger refrigeration cycle models.

유도광선변화에 따른 건식중합과 마이크로파중합 아크릴레진의 물리적 성질영향

The purpose of this study was to research the property change of acrylic resins depending on the induced-beam change and research the improved physical property of dry-heat and microwave-cured dental place acrylic resin in order to develop the acrylic resins with the optimum characteristic. As a result of observing flexural rigidity, hardness and color difference, the dry-heat-cured specimens of Vertex RS and Paladent 20 showed ideal property at 5, 15, and 25 kGy irradiation. The microwave-cured specimens of Vertex RS and Paladent 20 showed ideal property at 5 kGy irradiation. The correlation analysis showed a positive correlation among ARD, flexural rigidity (0 418), E coefficient (0.675) and Barcol hardness (0 588). The radiation cure technology is helpful for relieving the contamination caused by the manufacture of polymer composite. It can significantly contribute to the fusion of ultra violet cure technology and nano technology and the improvement of mechanical property without giving effect to the workability of polymer.

FREEZING OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUES DURING CRYOSURGERY USING HYPERBOLIC HEAT CONDUCTION MODEL

This paper considers hyperbolic heat conduction model for biological tissue freezing during cryosurgery with non ideal property of tissue, metabolism and blood perfusion. Mathematical model is solved numerically using finite difference method to obtain temperature distribution and phase change interfaces in tissue during freezing. The effects of phase lag of heat flux in hyperbolic bio-heat model on freezing process are studied. Comparative study of parabolic and hyperbolic bio-heat models is also made here.

Controlling the shear thinning property of calcium silicate melts by addition of Si3N4

Calcium silicate melts at high temperature are valuable as a lubricant for continuous casting of steel. They are limited by the contradictory situation in that high viscosity is required under low shear rate whereas low viscosity is needed under high shear rate. To resolve such problem, we conducted a rheological study to generate a strong shear thinning behavior of a calcium silicate melts which is an ideal thermal property for continuous casting of steel. We found that a small amount of silicon nitride leads to a strong shear thinning property, allowing a high viscosity at low shear rate without significant changes in the viscosity at higher shear rates. Such trend is completely opposite to the one previously suggested with a borate additive. This improvement of the shear thinning property arises because each additive enables these calcium silicate melts to have a shear thinning favorable structure in thoroughly different manner.

Crossed products by spectrally free actions

We define spectral freeness for actions of discrete groups on C*-algebras. We relate spectral freeness to other freeness conditions; an example result is that for an action α of a finite group G, spectral freeness is equivalent to strong pointwise outerness, and also to the condition that Γ˜(αg)≠{1} for every g∈G∖{1}. We then prove permanence results for reduced crossed products by exact spectrally free actions, for crossed products by arbitrary actions of Z/2Z, and for extensions, direct limits, stable isomorphism, and several related constructions, for the following properties: The combination of pure infiniteness and the ideal property. Residual hereditary infiniteness (closely related to pure infiniteness). Residual (SP) (a strengthening of Property (SP) suitable for nonsimple C*-algebras). The weak ideal property (closely related to the ideal property). These properties of C*-algebras are shown to have formulations of the same general type, allowing them all to be handled using a common set of theorems.

Adsorption of CO and O2 on AumCun clusters: First principles calculations

The adsorption of CO and O2 molecules on Aun (n=2–5), Cun(n=2–5), and AumCun (m=1, 2, 3; 1≤n≤6) clusters is investigated in the framework of density functional theory. The equilibrium atomic geometry and electronic structure of each cluster are determined. It is found that Aun (n=2–5) clusters show strong reactivity toward CO, while they do not bind to molecular oxygen. High adsorption energy values can be obtained for odd number of Cun clusters for both CO and O2 adsorptions. Cu top site is energetically preferred for the adsorption of both CO and O2 molecules in AumCun clusters. The results of electronic density of states show an sp hybridization between Cu and O atoms in O2 adsorbed AumCun clusters. This interaction plays a major role in their binding. The highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy gap values and charge density differences are presented. There are charge transfers from s and d orbital electrons of Cu to p orbitals of C and of O atoms. It is observed that O2 adsorption on some clusters can induce half metallicity which is an ideal property for possible applications in spintronics.