Ideal Point Method Research Articles

Intelligent multiobjective optimization design for NZEBs in China: Four climatic regions

Near-zero-energy-consumption buildings (NZEBs) are of great significance for sustainable development, and their design and research have attracted increasing academic attention. To drive and realize the energy saving design and achieve carbon emission and thermal comfort optimization of NZEBs, in this paper, an intelligent optimization method integrating the BIM-DB and PSO-RF-NSGA-III method is established. Multiobjective optimization problems involving NZEBs in four typical climate regions in China are explored. With a typical office building as an example, first, simulation calculations regarding the energy consumption, carbon emissions and indoor thermal comfort in the four climatic regions are performed based on orthogonal tests and BIM-DB. Second, the nonlinear mapping relationships between building design parameters and prediction targets are constructed with the PSO-RF model, which is trained with sample data. The obtained nonlinear mapping relations are used to establish the objective function of NSGA-III, and the multiobjective Pareto-optimal solution set is obtained with the developed PSO-RF-NSGA-III algorithm. Finally, the only optimal solution is determined by using the ideal point method, and reference near-zero-energy-consumption office building parameters are calculated for different climate regions. The conclusions are as follows. (1) The PSO-RF algorithm can efficiently predict building energy consumption, carbon emissions and thermal comfort. In the four regions, the goodness of fit of the three targets is greater than 0.94. (2) Multiobjective optimization can be performed with the proposed RF-NSGA-III intelligent optimization method. After optimizing multiple groups of optimization schemes and adopting energy saving measures, the energy consumption levels in the four climate regions are reduced by 39.72 %, 32.22 %, 26.94 % and 35.37 %, and the other goals are optimized. (3) Index calculations indicate that the optimized building design parameters meet the specified standards for NZEBs, and the main influencing factors and corresponding measures vary from region to region.

Construction and application of sponge city resilience evaluation system: a case study in Xi’an, China

Urban vulnerability is evident when highly complex flood risks overlap with diverse cities, and it is important to enhance the resilience of cities to flood shocks. In this study, a sponge city resilience assessment system is established considering engineering, environmental and social indicators, and the grey relational analysis method (GRA) is used to quantify sponge city resilience. At the same time, a multi-objective optimization model is established based on the three dimensions of water ecological environment, drainage safety, and waterlogging safety. The optimal configuration of grey-green infrastructure is weighed by combining the ideal point method, aiming to ensure that cities effectively reduce flood risk through the optimal configuration scheme. Taking the Xiaozhai area in Xi'an as the study area, the evaluation results show that the grey relational degree (GRD) of the resilience indexes of the original scheme is between 0.390 and 0.661 under the seven different return periods, while the optimization scheme ranges from 0.648 to 0.765, with the best sponge city resilience at a return period of 2a. Compared with the original scheme, the optimized sponge city resilience level increases from level II to nearly level I in the low return period and from level IV to level II in the high return period, indicating that city's ability to cope with waterlogging and pollution is enhanced significantly. Besides, the main factor affecting the sponge city resilience is the runoff control rate, followed by pollutant load reduction rate, which can provide a methodological framework for the assessment and improvement of sponge city resilience.

A Multi-Dimensional Comprehensive Assessment (MDCA) Method for the Prioritization of Water Pollution Treatment Technologies in China

Water pollution treatment technology assessment methods can be used to guide the selection of scientific and reasonable water pollution treatment technologies. At present, China has not yet established a standardized methodological system to scientifically evaluate these technologies, which makes it difficult to effectively screen water pollution treatment technologies suitable for specific watersheds or regions and restricts the sustainable development of local economy and society. In this study, an MDCA framework for water pollution treatment technologies was developed using a sustainable assessment approach. The framework begins with the definition of water pollution treatment technologies’ decision-making problems and then proceeds through the following: select potential water pollution treatment technologies; identify indicators; decision making; indicator scoring; indicator weighting; select appropriate assessment model; uncertainty analysis; and other steps to ultimately determine preferred options. To demonstrate the validity and applicability of the framework, typical urban wastewater treatment technologies were selected for case validation. The results showed that the comprehensive assessment results obtained by the multidimensional assessment model based on the ideal point method and weighted method were basically consistent. SBR and TAS can be used as recommended technologies for urban sewage treatment in the study area. However, these two technologies also have shortcomings, such as the unsatisfactory economic benefit of SBR, and the high sludge production and poor resistance to hydraulic shock loading of TAS. Among the six alternative technologies, CWS had the worst environmental benefit, mainly due to the low ammonia removal rate. A2/O has the worst economic and technical performance, mainly due to high investment and operation cost, relatively complex operation management, and poor resistance to hydraulic shock load. The method established in this study can not only select the technology, but also identify the shortcomings of the technology, therefore realizing the systematization and standardization.

Multi-objective bulk scale optimisation of an auxetic structure to enhance protection performance

This paper aims to optimise a bulk scale design of a novel auxetic structure, the hourglass structure (HGS), through a multi-objective optimisation model to improve its protection performance. A 3D numerical model of the HGS under an in-plane quasi-static compression was developed and validated with experimental results. Based on the validated numerical model, a series of numerical analyses were conducted by automating the HGS design process with randomly generated design variables. The automated numerical analyses built a dataset of the selected protective performance indicators (namely, peak elastic stress, plateau stress, and energy absorption capacity). Then, the dataset was used to develop a high-accuracy surrogate model using a radial basis function (RBF) neural network. Afterward, the Pareto optimal solutions were searched with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). The best compromise design out of the Pareto optimal set was determined with the ideal point method. The performance of the optimum design was simulated under both quasi-static and blast loadings to comprehensively explore the protective performance. In addition, a correlation matrix was constructed to investigate the effects of each design parameter on the protective performance indicators quantitatively. The results showed that the obtained optimum design outperformed the baseline structure under both quasi-static and blast loadings. The optimum HGS design displayed a higher and more stable negative Poisson’s ratio along with two deformation modes leading to two plateau stress levels. The optimised HGS design is applicable as the core of high-performance protective sandwich structures.

Contrast Optimization for Size Invariant Visual Cryptography Scheme.

Visual cryptography scheme (VCS) serves as an effective tool in image security. Size-invariant VCS (SI-VCS) can solve the pixel expansion problem in traditional VCS. On the other hand, it is anticipated that the contrast of the recovered image in SI-VCS should be as high as possible. The investigation of contrast optimization for SI-VCS is carried out in this article. We develop an approach to optimize the contrast by stacking t ( k ≤ t ≤ n ) shadows in (k, n) -SI-VCS. Generally, a contrast-maximizing problem is linked with a (k, n) -SI-VCS, where the contrast by t shadows is considered as an objective function. An ideal contrast by t shadows can be produced by addressing this problem using linear programming. However, there exist (n-k+1) different contrasts in a (k, n) scheme. An optimization-based design is further introduced to provide multiple optimal contrasts. These (n-k+1) different contrasts are regarded as objective functions and it is transformed into a multi-contrast-maximizing problem. The ideal point method and lexicographic method are adopted to address this problem. Additionally, if the Boolean XOR operation is used for secret recovery, a technique is also provided to offer multiple maximum contrasts. The effectiveness of the proposed schemes is verified by extensive experiments. Comparisons illustrate significant advancement on contrast is provided.

Моделирование электропривода с многофункциональным ротором сепаратора полидисперсных жидких систем

Рассмотрено воздействие входных задаваемых факторов на выходные независимые параметры электропривода с многофункциональным ротором сепаратора для полидисперсных жидких систем. Эксперименты проведены с использованием математической модели в MatlabSimulink, их оптимальное количество определено по методу планирования. Установлены оптимальные значения амплитуды и частоты питающего напряжения по критерию максимума КПД и качеству продукта сепарирования с помощью метода идеальной точки. Воздействующие факторы подобраны как независимые друг от друга, диапазоны их варьирования заданы в пределах реальных величин, которые могут встретиться при эксплуатации электропривода с многофункциональным ротором сепаратора полидисперсных жидких систем.

A Modification of Double Frontier Ideal Point Method for Malmquist Productivity Index in the Investigation of Eco-Innovation in Transportation Industry

A Modification of Double Frontier Ideal Point Method for Malmquist Productivity Index in the Investigation of Eco-Innovation in Transportation Industry

Dynamic Modeling, Workspace Analysis and Multi-Objective Structural Optimization of the Large-Span High-Speed Cable-Driven Parallel Camera Robot

Since most of the cable-driven parallel manipulators (CDPMs) are small in dimension or low in speed, the self-weight or inertia of the cable is neglected when dealing with the problems of kinematics, dynamics and workspace. The cable is treated as a massless straight line, and the inertia of the cable is not discussed. However, the camera robot is a large-span high-speed CDPM. Thus, the self-weight and inertia of the cable cannot be negligible. The curved cable due to the self-weight is modeled as a catenary to accurately account for its sagging effect. Moreover, the dynamic model of the camera robot is derived by decomposing the motion of the cable into an in-plane motion and an out-plane motion, based on which an iterative-based tension distribution algorithm and a workspace generation algorithm are presented. An optimization model is presented to simultaneously improve the workspace volume, anti-wind disturbance ability and impulse of tensions on the camera and pan–tilt device system (CPTDS) by selecting the proper optimal variables under the linear and nonlinear constraints. An improved genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed, and the simulation results demonstrate that the improved GA offers a stronger ability in global optimization compared to the standard genetic algorithm (SGA). The ideal-point method is employed to avoid the subjective influence of the designer when performing the multi-objective optimization, and a remarkable improvement of the performance is obtained through the optimization. Furthermore, the distribution characteristics of the optimization objects are studied, and some valuable conclusions are summarized, which will provide some valuable references in designing large-span high-speed CDPMs.

Method for Determining Sensor Location for Automated Shading Control in Office Building

Shading facilities are important technology to enable the adjustment of the indoor light and heat environment, and the control logic of the technology relies on data collected by sensors. The sensor position is generally arranged on the work surface, which is only suitable for single rooms with fixed locations. For open-plan offices or other large offices, more study of detailed designs for the sensor position is required. Therefore, various sensor locations for different spaces will be investigated. Based on existing research, the UDI2000 lux [50%] and UDI450–2000 lux [50%] are the key indices for measuring sensor location. The Entropy Weight method is used to determine the weight of each index, and the ideal point method (TOPSIS method) is used to select the best sensor location. Based on the results, recommendations are provided for different space scales, window-to-wall ratios, and building orientations of offices for shading control sensor location.

A New Method for Reconstructing Data Considering the Factor of Selected Provider Nodes Set in Distributed Storage System

In the distributed storage system, when data need to be recovered after node failure, the erasure code redundancy method occupies less storage space than the multi-copy method. At present, the repair mechanism using erasure code to reconstruct the failed node only considers the improvement of link bandwidth on the repair rate and does not consider the impact of the selection of data providing node-set on the repair performance. A single node fault data reconstruction method based on the Software Defined Network (SDN) using the erasure code method is designed to solve the above problems. This method collects the network link-state through SDN, establishes a multi-attribute decision-making model of the data providing node-set based on the node performance, and determines the data providing nodes participating in providing data through the ideal point method. Then, the data recovery problem of a single fault node is modeled as the optimization problem of an optimal repair tree, and a hybrid genetic algorithm is designed to solve it. The experimental results show that under the same erasure code scale, after selecting the nodes of the data providing node-set, compared with the traditional tree topology and star topology, the repair delay distribution of the designed single fault node repair method for a distributed storage system is reduced by 15% and 45% respectively, and the repair flow is close to the star topology, which is reduced by 40% compared with the traditional tree repair.

Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of a novel hybrid system using thermoacoustic cycle to harvest waste heat of high temperature PEMFC

The high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HTPEMFC) shows multiple advantages over the traditional PEMFC. To achieve the waste heat effective utilization of the fuel cell, a novel hybrid system mainly including a HTPEMFC and a thermo-acoustic cycle (TAC) is proposed. By considering the major irreversible losses, such as ohmic, concentration and activation losses, regenerative loss, heat transfer loss between the HTPEMFC and the TAC, and heat leak loss from the HTPEMFC to the environment, the expressions for the output power and energy efficiency of the proposed system are obtained. Based on typical conditions, the maximum power density for the proposed system increases by 33.3% compared with a single HTPEMFC system, and the corresponding energy efficiency also improves by 34.5%. The sensitive analysis is represented, and coupling a TAC unite to recover the HTPEMFC waste heat shows significant advantages by comparing with other available HTPEMFC-based hybrid systems. Finally, the proposed system is optimized using ideal point method based on the multi-objective optimization. The optimal power density is 6147.8 W m−2, and the optimal efficiency is 53.9%. This work proves the feasibility of the HTPEMFC-TAC system, and hints the broad prospect of low-grade heat collections through a TAC.

Evaluation of failure risk for prestressed anchor cables based on the AHP-ideal point method: An engineering application

This research is focused on the evaluation method of failure risk of prestressed anchor cable, and an accurate evaluation method with a simple operation is proposed. The analytic hierarchy process are used to determine the weight of each evaluation element, the closeness degree of each indicator is determined based on ideal point method. The results show the following: (1) the evaluation method better integrates the effects of multiple factors on the failure risk of the prestressed anchor cable, and the evaluation results are accurate and consistent with the actual situation of the project; (2) the evaluation result is intuitive, and the correlation degree obtained can not only reflect the failure risk grade of prestressed anchor cable, but also the possibility of deterioration of the failure risk of the evaluated anchor cable to a higher level could be obtained; and (3) the rationality and practicability is verified by comparison with field situation and other several methods. In addition, this method has good applicability in solving the other uncertain problems.

Durability evaluation of mechanical and bonding properties of polyurethane-modified waterborne epoxy resin for road

ABSTRACT To further improve the application quality of the waterborne epoxy resin (WER) in road engineering, a variety of WER and polyurethane-modified WER were prepared. The WER was treated by acid solution immersion, alkali solution immersion, salt solution immersion, oil immersion or artificial-accelerated aging. The mechanical properties of the WER before and after the treatment by various methods were tested. Based on the ideal point method of entropy weight, the influence degree of each treatment method on the mechanical properties of the WER was analysed, and the mechanical properties decay and residual mechanical properties of the WER were evaluated. The bonding durability of the WER was analysed. The results show that after the xenon lamp aging treatment, the mechanical properties of the WER decreased most significantly. The mechanical durability of the WER modified by polyurethane is improved to a certain extent, and the retention rates of their mechanical properties are >85%. After treatment by various corrosion or aging methods, the retention rates of mechanical properties of the PUE-E44 WER are >89.29%, showing an improved corrosion and aging resistance. The residual mechanical and bonding properties of the PUD-E51 WER are at a high level, and still show improved mechanical and bonding properties.

Модель и параметрическая оптимизация проактивной защиты сервиса электронной почты от сетевой разведки

The purpose of the study: to increase the security of the e-mail service of information systems in the conditions of network intelligence. Methods used: methods of mathematical statistics, random processes research, mathematical programming, heuristic optimization algorithms were used to achieve the research goal. The result of the study: a semi-Markov model of proactive protection of the e-mail service from network intelligence has been developed, which allows determining the probabilistic and temporal characteristics of the process of transmitting e-mail messages. Based on traffic analysis, statistical hypotheses about the types of distributions of the time of occurrence of events, under the influence of which the system under study evolves in a discrete set of states, are verified, point and interval estimates of the values of the parameters of these distributions are performed. The solution of the system of linear integral Volterra equations with integral kernels of the difference type was carried out using numerical methods of the Laplace transform. The problem of vector optimization is solved to determine the optimal parameters for configuring e-mail messages, allowing to maximize the effectiveness of the protection of the e-mail service, the robustness of the simulated system and minimize overhead costs under appropriate restrictions. The extremum of the objective functions was found using a bioinspired particle swarm algorithm. Scalarization of Pareto-optimal estimates was carried out using the ideal point method. Scientific novelty: it consists in developing a model and solving the problem of optimizing the parameters of the e-mail service in the conditions of network intelligence using the mathematical apparatus of semi-Markov processes, numerical methods of Laplace transformation, parametric evaluation of statistical characteristics of the model, scalarization of a multi-criteria optimization problem by the ideal point method and search for the extremum of objective functions using the particle swarm algorithm.

Применение метода идеальной точки для поиска наилучшего способа аутентификации в корпоративных информационных системах

Nowadays, various information systems, including enterprise ones, are becoming increasingly popular. Many of these systems store sensitive data of their users. Basically, this data is protected only by a login and a password, which today can no longer provide a high level of security and guarantee the safety of the data. Along with the development of information systems, methods and tools that attackers can use to get hold of confidential information are also evolving. It is not uncommon to hear news that some of the large companies have leaked its users' personal data. So, in order to minimize the risk of compromising user data, it is worth taking a more careful approach to selecting a method of authenticating users in the system. Aim. To determine the most appropriate method of authentication in enterprise information systems with the help of a mathematical approach and taking into account certain criteria. Materials and methods. The following types of authentication were considered: reusable password authentication, TOTP (Time-based one-time password authentication), SMS-based authentication, biometric authentication, OpenID, SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language). The Pareto set method and the ideal point method were used to determine the most preferable authentication method to implement. Results. In the article, the authors describe the authentication methods considered, the algorithm of their work, and diagrams of their interaction. Using the ideal point method, SAML was determined to be the most appropriate authentication method.

Multiobjective Optimization of Roadheader Shovel-Plate Parameters Using Gray Weight and Particle Swarm Optimization

As the working efficiency and life span of the shovel plate of a roadheader directly influence its performance, optimization of the shovel-plate parameters is crucial. For optimizing the shovel-plate parameters, the variations in the loading capacity and shovel grubbing force with respect to the shovel-plate parameters are determined in this study. Moreover, the ideal point method and gray weight method are proposed for multiobjective optimization. The gray weights of the loading capacity and shovel resistance are determined by investigating existing molded products and through the gray decision method. Thereafter, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied for multiobjective optimization of the shovel-plate parameters. Considering the EBZ230-type roadheader shovel plate as an example, parameter optimization through multiobjective optimization decreases the mass of the shovel plate by 14.3% and the shovel resistance by 7.3%, while increasing the loading capacity by 1.4%. To demonstrate the influence of optimization, coal and rock excavation with a shovel is simulated using the optimized parameters in an ANSYS-Workbench environment. The results indicate that the maximum stress at the front of the shovel plate decreases by 22.1%, minimum fatigue life increases by 139.6%, and minimum safety factor increases by 30.3%. The obtained results establish that, in multiobjective optimization based on PSO, the ideal point method and gray weight method optimize the shovel-plate parameters. This optimization can provide a theoretical basis and reference values for the design of roadheader shovel plates and can be applied for multiobjective optimization in engineering as well.

Exergy optimization of a multi‐stage solar micro‐cogeneration system

This paper proposes a dynamic model of a solar-based micro-cogeneration system called photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) collector to perform a design optimization of the multi-stage PVT system. The parametric study reveals the most important design parameters influencing the water-based flat-plate PVT system performance. The analysis also shows an existing trade-off between thermal and electrical efficiencies during the PVT operation. A novel exergy-based multi-objective design optimization method is demonstrated to find a trade-off design solution of the multi-stage PVT collector which compromises between the electrical and thermal exergy efficiencies under different weather conditions. The electrical and thermal exergy efficiencies are defined to be the objective functions of the Matlab gamultiobj-function, which is a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). As a result of the algorithm, the Pareto optimal sets were derived that revealed the optimal solutions taking into account the trade-off nature of the optimization problem. The decision-making method called an ideal point method was used in the decision-making process to find the final optimal solutions for different weather conditions. The results revealed that the optimal number of the PVT collectors in series depended on the weather conditions and decreased from 3 to 2 if the conditions got cooler.

МОДИФИКАЦИЯ МЕТОДА ИДЕАЛЬНОЙ ТОЧКИ В НОРМИРОВАНИИ И ГАРМОНИЗАЦИИ КОНТЕНТА В ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ СИСТЕМАХ

The article discusses the developed authorized methodology based on the Ideal Point Methodusing the Pareto set, which makes it possible to look from modern technological positions at thefeatures of information interaction for evaluating activities and regulating inter-agent interactions,which was the basis for the discipline updates of the Russian Technological University proposedwith the participation of the authors ( MIREA), Institute of Information Technologies, Departmentof Instrumental and Applied Software "Information Management of Systems" of thefourth year of the bachelor's degree program 09.03.04 "Software Engineering" (specializing in"Software Development and Design of Information Systems"). The main advantages of the IdealPoint Method using the Pareto set are described. The mathematical description of the Pareto setand the Ideal Point Method is presented. The use of the modernized method makes it possible toimprove the indicators of emergence in the process of improving educational programs, connectingand reconstructing their modules and inter-agent interactions between them. An example ofthe implementation of the modified method in the information system is shown, from the point ofview of standardization and harmonization of educational content. This article includes an introduction,a formal formulation of the problem, designed to solve an urgent problem considered inthe dissertations of the authors, a review of existing approaches in this method, a description ofthe proposed multi-agent solution to the problem using a mathematical model, an implementationalgorithm, a description of the application of the proposed approach in relation to the task schedulingprocess, and a conclusion ... The main advantages of this technique include the choice ofcriteria that surpass others in terms of a set of features; this method assumes the creation of an"ideal object", that is, a certain solution option that can be taken as the best possible solution. It isassumed that the procedure for selecting a superior object consists of several steps, the formationof an "ideal object", determination for each object of the multi-criteria distance to the "ideal object",analysis of the set of objects for proximity to the "ideal object", exclusion of objects from theinitial set, which are deliberately recognized unsuccessful, as well as obtaining a reduced set ofadmissible objects; assessment of the reduced set of feasible objects for emergence indicators ofthe solution found.

Risk assessment method of coal and gas outburst based on improved comprehensive weighting and cloud theory

Risk assessment is an effective method of accident prevention and is vital to actual production. To reduce the risk of mining accidents and realize green and sustainable coal mining, a coal and gas outburst risk assessment method based on the improved comprehensive weight and cloud theory is proposed. The proposed method can effectively solve problems of fuzziness and randomness, index weight deviation, and correlation between indexes in risk assessment, as well as improve the accuracy and rationality of assessment. Nine influencing factors that correspond to coal seam occurrence and geological characteristics, coal seam physical characteristics, and gas occurrence characteristics are selected to establish the risk assessment index system of coal and gas outburst. Using the improved group G1 method and improved CRITIC method to obtain the subjective and objective weights, the ideal point method is used to obtain the comprehensive weight. Using the normal cloud model of cloud theory and the comprehensive weight to assess engineering examples 1–2, the No. 3 coal seam of a mine in Shanxi, and the 21 coal seam of a mine in Henan, the risk grade of coal and gas outburst is determined and then compared with the assessment results obtained from the engineering examples and the actual situations of the above mentioned coal seams. The results show that the coal and gas outburst risks of engineering examples 1–2, No. 3 coal seam, and 21 coal seam are of grades IV, IV, II, and IV, respectively. The No. 3 coal seam and 21 coal seam belong to lower and higher risk categories, respectively. The assessment results are consistent with the actual situation of the coal seams, thereby confirming the rationality and accuracy of the proposed method. This study expands the methods of coal and gas outburst risk assessment and facilitates the formulation of effective preventive measures.

Interrelations between sea hub ports and inland hinterlands: Perspectives of multimodal freight transport organization and low carbon emissions

In 2020, a “dual carbon” goal was proposed by China's government. As a low-pollution and low-consumption transportation organization mode, multimodal freight transport has been highly valued. Strengthening the organization and management of multimodal freight transport between seaports and inland areas is conducive to reducing carbon emission levels and logistics costs in the transportation industry. In the multimodal freight transport network, a reasonable hinterland for the main hub port can effectively avoid homogeneous competition, realize the optimal allocation of transport resources, and promote the integrated and coordinated development of the region. In constructing a multimodal freight transport network and arranging a reasonable organization mode, it is beneficial to divide the hinterland of main hub ports and promote energy conservation and emission reduction in the transportation industry. From the perspective of hinterland division and coordination of transportation organization methods, we construct a 0–1 planning model to minimize total cost, transportation time, and carbon emissions. By combining the nondominated ranking method and ideal point method, the algorithm sifts and reorganizes each transportation mode and path in different cities, thereby further overcoming the subjectivity of the weighting method and obtaining the nondominated Pareto optimal frontier solution set. Finally, the evaluation function is used to determine the optimal scheme. Taking the main hub port in the Yangtze River Delta region as an example to verify the validity of the model and algorithm, this research can provide decision support for departments when they formulate policies related to optimizing the regional transportation structure, can promote regional integration and coordinated development of coastal and inland areas, and has practical significance for the “dual carbon” goal.