Ideal Person Research Articles

Establishing ethical Guanxi (interpersonal relationships) through confucian virtues of Xinyong (trust), Lijie (empathy) and Ren (humanity)

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine empirically how managers establish ethical guanxi (interpersonal relationships) with their business partners to prevent potential ethical incidences in Chinese and Western business contexts.Design/methodology/approachThe present study is guided by a qualitative, abductive approach and draws on in-depth interviews with ten senior managers in five urban New Zealand organisations.FindingsThe results point out that guanxi (interpersonal relationships) purely working through renqing (reciprocity) is not sustainable, because it perpetuates a never-ending cycle of favours, once exchanging favours stopped or disappeared, then business relationships dwindled. To establish an ethical guanxi model, the authors found that xinyong (trust) is the foundation, and its enlargement stimulates lijie (empathy) that transfers pure business relationships to a genuine friendship which enhances ethical decision-making. They also posit that once managers are embodied with lijie, then they will have the virtue of ren to behave like junzi (ideal Confucian ethical person) whose business actions tend to be intrinsically guided by a sense of obligation to do something right that will work for diverse stakeholders’ interests, for the prosperity of organisations and society.Practical implicationsThis study suggests that managers should take Confucian virtues of xinyong (trust) and lijie (empathy), because they will trigger ren (humanity) as an intrinsic value. In this way, it is more likely for them to become junzi (ideal Confucian ethical person) whose business actions are intrinsically guided by a sense of obligation to do something right that benefits various stakeholders, organisations and society.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the extant literature on preventing ethical incidents of guanxi (interpersonal relationships) by drawing a framework of ethical guanxi, which is built on Confucian virtues of xinyong (trust), lijie (empathy) and ren (humanity). Further, this paper strongly suggests that companies should educate their staff to become more humane to make moral decisions in daily management practice.

Prevalence of Smoking among Medical Students in Kathmandu, Nepal

Smoking is a leading risk factor for early death and disability worldwide. Medical students and physicians are the ideal persons to educate patients about hazards of smoking. Today’s medical students will play a prominent role in future to prevent and control tobacco use. Still, the problem of smoking among the medical students is common worldwide but the pattern and extent of the problem varies from place to place. Aim of this study was to find out prevalence of smoking among medical students, factors contributing to their smoking habits, their exposure to passive smoking and to know about their knowledge about smoking related health problems. This is a cross sectional study, conducted among all first and second year MBBS students during July-September 2018. Self administered questionnaire were given to all the participants and collected after it was filled up. One hundred seventy four students participated in the study. Prevalence of smoking was 5.2% and all the students who smoked were male. The most important cause for initiation of smoking was peer pressure (56%). The average cigarettes smoked was seven sticks per day. Though 80% students knew about hazards of passive smoking, almost half of them were exposed to passive smoking. In our study we found that most of the students do not counsel their patients regarding hazards of smoking and only few participants were found to advise and encourage their patients to quit smoking.

Mechanisms of exclusion of the original populations in the speeches and representations of the Ecuadorian Buen Vivir and Bolivian Vivir Bien: the tutelage and the symbolic expropriation

This article have tried to take a close look at the (re)construction of identity among the indigenous populations with regards to State discourses and practices in the Ecuadorian Buen Vivir and the Bolivian Vivir Bien. By way of methodology of discourse analysis, I attempt to shed light on the progressive homogenization of indigenous diversity within a model of the «ideal indigenous person», which serves economic development policies that, far from reaching true plurinationality, seem to continue with patterns of the tutelage and displacement that started with the era of colonization.

Assessing ideal personalities at work: Is it all just a little bit of history repeating?

Assessing ideal personalities at work: Is it all just a little bit of history repeating?

Perspectives on Conversations About Costs of Cancer Care of Breast Cancer Survivors and Cancer Center Staff: A Qualitative Study.

Despite recommendations to discuss the cost of care (CoC) with patients with cancer, little formal guidance is available on how to conduct these sensitive conversations in ways that are acceptable to both patients and providers. To explore the perspectives of patients and medical and nonmedical cancer center staff on CoC conversations. In individual interviews, participants were asked to discuss the content of, timing of, and ideal person to hold CoC conversations. Interviews were transcribed verbatim. Content was analyzed to identify emerging essential elements. Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham. 42 women aged 60 to 79 years with a history of breast cancer and 20 cancer center staff (6 physicians, 4 nurses, 5 patient navigators, 3 social workers, and 2 billing specialists). Both patients and providers identified reassurance and action as essential elements of CoC conversations. Participants expressed the importance of reassurance that recommended medical care would not be affected by affordability challenges. Action was intended as discussions on ways to help patients cover treatment-related costs, such as discussion of payment plans or linkage to financial resources. Optimal timing for CoC conversations was felt to be after an initial consult visit but before treatment started. The person to hold these conversations should be compassionate, helpful, and knowledgeable of the patient's specific situation (for example, treatment plan, insurance coverage) and of the resources available to attain the patient's goals of care. Interviews were limited to older breast cancer survivors and staff at 1 institution. Conversations about CoC extend beyond discussing costs and must be sensitive to the vulnerability experienced by patients. These findings can guide training of personnel involved in CoC conversations. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Uber’s entrepreneurship discourse and its neoliberal appeal: analysis of coverage in English-language dailies in India

ABSTRACT This study examines how the top two English-language newspapers in India constructed the entrepreneurship discourse used by online cab aggregator firm, Uber Technology Inc., in India, its second-largest market after the United States. A critical discourse analysis study of related news coverage in The Times of India and the Hindu newspapers was undertaken in three stages including an analysis of media texts, discursive practice and social practice. This paper unravels how the dominant discourses reproduced and reinforced Uber’s entrepreneurship rhetoric, embedded in the neoliberal assumption that the self-reliant, individual entrepreneur is the ideal person who will play an important role in the story of India’s economic growth. Counter-discourses that challenged such assumptions were limited and found primarily in a few opinion pieces in the Hindu newspaper. While media-centric factors such as news values and journalistic routines often privilege established sources of news, in this case, Uber officials, this study also highlights the influence of a media organization’s corporate policy and economic imperatives on news discourses. Further, this study highlights how Uber’s entrepreneurship discourse was strengthened by political actors eager to reap rewards from portraying a greater role in generating employment and attracting investments.

The Role of Islamic Education Teachers in Developing Student Personalities

Since birth, humans have had basic desires, namely the desire to be one with the atmosphere of the surrounding environment. At one time, there will be social interaction which will then occur social activities because social interaction is the main requirement for social activities. Islam respects people who work as teachers. Teachers can read socio-religious conditions towards more advanced conditions. This is where the importance of religious teachers to carry out their roles. If someone uses his rights and obligations according to his position, then he takes on the role. If they can use their rights and obligations properly, it can be said otherwise if they have not been able to use their rights and obligations, which means that they have not been able to carry out their roles properly. Professional and skilled educators, dedication and expertise are needed and expected and carry out community development. Islamic religious teachers act and say according to religious norms and society. They are required to collaborate with the community in a compact manner for the success of achieving the desired conditions. The growth and development of the child's personality occur through life experiences both in the family, in school and in the community. The more religious values internalized, attitudes, actions, behaviors, and ways of dealing with life will be in accordance with religious teachings, so that a complete and ideal personality pattern is formed based on religious values.

关于《易经·系辞》中理想人格的探讨

关于《易经·系辞》中理想人格的探讨

Bolshevik Engineering of the “New Man” in the Early Soviet Period: Theoretical Bases, Political and Ideological Priorities, Evolution of Approaches

The article examines theoretical preconditions, as well as the political and ideological priorities of Bolshevik efforts to engineer of the “New Man” in the early Soviet period. The author shows the Marxist origins of the Bolshevik project and their transformation in the works of V.I. Lenin and other leaders of the Communist Party and the Soviet state. It describes the principal mechanisms and tools used to design the New Man, as well as practice of social mobilization and exposure to the political culture of Bolshevism. Emphasis is given to the role of the legacy of World War I in the Bolshevik institutionalization of social engineering, coercion and violence to create new human material . The article also shows disagreements among the Bolshevik leadership during the period from 1917 until the late 1920s regarding the ways of designing the New Man in the context of the proletarian culture, the role of the moral character concept for an ideal communist person as the builder of new society. Analysis is given to the gender aspect of the problem, the Bolshevik vision of the ways to design the New Woman and reshape the old way of life. The article traces the transformation of the Bolshevik leadership’s vision of the New Man and the New Woman throughout the 1920s and 1930s. The author singles out two stages in the Bolshevik engineering of the New Man in the early Soviet period (1917 - mid-1920s, late 1920s - mid-1930s), and describes the project’s evolution.

Reorientasi Pendidikan Agama Di Sekolah

It is not false to be said that the history of civilization is the history of human being, because in the reality, human being is the civilized creature that has ethics. Therefore, he needs education and teaching to make himself mature and developed, but he must get religious education to make himself mature. In other words, the importance of religion is not merely the letters compiled into law, but, the spirit of its religion, namely faith and affection is more important. Through that education, it is expected that the learners will have ideal personality, high solidarity, honesty, justice, harmony and get far from disintegration, violence, conflict and tension among the followers of religion.

The common rule's 'reasonable person' standard for informed consent.

Laura Odwazny and Benjamin Berkman have raised several challenges regarding the new reasonable person standard in the revised Common Rule, which states that informed consent requires potential research subjects be provided with information a reasonable person would want to know to make an informed decision on whether to participate in a study. Our aim is to offer a response to the challenges Odwazny and Berkman raise, which include the need for a reasonable person standard that can be applied consistently across institutional review boards and that does not stigmatize marginal groups. In response, we argue that the standard ought to be based in an ordinary rather than ideal person conception of reasonable person and that the standard ought to employ what we call a liberal constraint: the reasonability standard must be malleable enough such that a wide variety of individuals with different, unique value systems would endorse it. We conclude by suggesting some of the likely consequences our view would have, if adopted.

Profiles of women in science: Prof. Marina Picciotto of the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

Profiles of women in science: Prof. Marina Picciotto of the Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

Identifikasi Kepribadian Ideal Konselor Khas Budaya Indonesia : Kajian Nilai-Nilai Luhur Gusjigang Berdasarkan Perspektif Hermeneutika Gadamerian

The study of Gusjigang's noble values is based on the importance of counselors to understand noble values and cultural significance in counseling practice. Gusjigang is a series of noble teachings of Sunan Kudus formulated in three main pillars of Gus is meaningful good, Ji which means skill in studying, and Gang meaningful trade. The research method used is qualitative approach with Gadamerian hermeneutical analysis type. The Gadamerian hermeneutic point of thought exists in a hermeneutic circle pattern. The circle consists of a pattern of up and down between parts and whole to understand the meaning in a text. The focus of this research is to describe the noble values in Gusjigang philosophy which then used to be an ideal personality characteristic of Indonesian cultural counselor.

Validity of self-reported conflict handling preferences and the role of self-enhancement

PurposeThis paper aims to assess predictive and convergent validity of a trait measure of conflict handling styles (DUTCH) with two alternative methods of measuring such styles: a vignette measure of behavioral choices (CB-Pref) and behavior in a role-played conflict. In addition, this paper investigates self-enhancement in responses to the two self-report measures.Design/methodology/approachIn Studies 1 (N = 117), 2 (N = 116) and 4 (N = 68), participants completed the DUTCH and CB-Pref. In Study 3 (N = 56 dyads), participants completed the DUTCH and a role-played conflict. In Study 4, participants also responded to the measures as either a typical person or an ideal person would.FindingsThe DUTCH predicted four of five styles individuals chose across nine vignettes of the CB-Pref. In Study 4, the DUTCH predicted three of the five. In Study 3, only the DUTCH’s forcing style predicted actual behavior. In Study 4, participants rated themselves as more constructive and less destructive than typical, but less constructive than ideal. Participants in general were somewhat self-enhancing on both self-report measures, but individual differences in social desirability were generally unrelated to self-report responses.Originality/valueThis work takes a multi-method approach to assessing the validity of a self-report conflict style measure, allowing for the assessment of the measure’s predictive and convergent validity when predicting self-reported style tendencies to style selected in vignettes and behavior in a role-played conflict.

Appraisal of mentorship in cardiothoracic surgery training

ObjectivesAlthough the importance of mentorship in training the next generation of cardiothoracic surgeons is widely recognized, the current state of mentorship remains undefined. MethodsTrainee responses to questions in the 2017 In-Training Examination regarding aspects of mentorship were analyzed. Response rate was 78% (288/370). Mentor-related and trainee-related characteristics were assessed. ResultsThe majority (84%) of residents had mentors, with a high impact on specialty choice (80%), and 91% of respondents viewed mentorship as critical to success. Nearly half (42%) had program-assigned mentors; 53% found them as productive, and 13% reported more consistent/frequent meetings than personally selected mentors, with 22% reporting less ideal personality match compared with personally selected mentors. Among residents with mentors, 36% lacked mentorship in work-life balance, 23% lacked mentorship in job assistance, and 22% lacked mentorship in career advice. Junior residents more often valued mentors as role models, whereas mentors chosen by senior residents were more impactful in technical training, job counseling, and societal involvement. Compared with men, women more often valued mentors as role models and assisting in networking. Men reported their mentors were more impactful in teaching technical skills and clinical ability than women. ConclusionsThe majority of current cardiothoracic surgery trainees had mentorship; however, gaps remain: Many residents lacked career path guidance, assistance obtaining a job, and advice regarding life-work balance. The role of mentorship varied with program type, seniority, and gender, emphasizing the need to tailor mentorship to the individual and changing needs of the resident.

Similar to And/Or Better than Oneself? Singles’ Ideal Partner Personality Descriptions

Using the HEXACO Model of Personality, we explored two kinds of ideal partner preferences regarding personality traits, namely, to what extent people prefer partners similar to themselves (similarity preference) and to what extent people prefer partners with more desirable trait levels than themselves (aspirational assortative preference). We conducted five studies (overall N > 900) across four countries (China, Denmark, Germany, and the USA), looking at both HEXACO factors and facets, using both self–report questionnaires and real–life data (personal profiles from a dating website), and comprising both student and more heterogeneous samples. The results provided support for both kinds of ideal partner preferences, with important differences across traits. Specifically, similarity preference was supported by all studies concerning all HEXACO traits, and aspirational assortative preference was supported by all four self–report studies (though not the dating website study) concerning all HEXACO traits except for Openness to Experience. Concerning differences in preferences among the HEXACO traits, similarity preference was particularly pronounced for Honesty–Humility and Openness to Experience, moderate for Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, and less pronounced for Emotionality and Extraversion. Aspirational assortative preference, by contrast, was particularly pronounced for Emotionality, Extraversion, and Agreeableness, moderate for Honesty–Humility, and inconsistent for Conscientiousness. © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology

What Makes Young Russians Happy and Satisfied With Their Lives?

Participants ( N = 10,672 with the mean age of 20.7 years) of the Russian Character and Personality Survey (RCPS), involving 40 universities or colleges from across the Russian Federation, rated their happiness and satisfaction with life; the ratings were combined into an index of subjective well-being (SWB). Using the National Character Survey (NCS), participants also rated their own personality characteristics as well as those of an ideal person and a typical Russian living in their own region. Only two personality (test) subscales—N3: Depression and E6: Positive Emotions—were correlated with SWB on the between-individual level of analysis. Although spiritual values associated with a negative attitude toward money are typically regarded as an essential part of the Russian national character, our results demonstrated that only satisfaction with one’s own financial situation was a reliable predictor of SWB. In those regions where people had, on average, a higher life expectancy, better education, and a higher level of wealth, individuals also tended to be happier and more satisfied with their lives.

The Ethic of Spirituality and the Non‐Angry Subject

AbstractThis article is based on ethnographic studies of several spiritual groups in Israel. It offers a critical analysis of the discursive practices employed with regard to the link between spirituality and anger. We found that the emotion of anger occupies a singular status in New Age culture. By marking it as an uncontrollable and explosive emotion, anger is constructed as a key emotion that reflects and signifies the subject's proximity to the ideal spiritual personality. Our findings furthermore reveal two main emotion pedagogies employed to construct anger and to cope with it. In the discussion section, we address the affinity between the spiritual ethic and the nonangry subject, and the alliance between the spiritual, the therapeutic and the neo‐liberal discourses that sustains this affinity. This discursive alliance stands in the way of the adoption of critical cultural orientations toward the emotion of anger. [spirituality, emotions, anger, subjectivity, discursive alliance, emotion pedagogies]

Dark Ghettos: Injustice, Dissent, and Reform

Dark Ghettos: Injustice, Dissent, and Reform

The Myth of the Artist in George Morland’s Studio

The Myth of the Artist in George Morland’s Studio Francesca Bove (bio) The Artist in His Studio with His Man Gibbs is the last image that George Morland, the celebrated eighteenth-century painter of rural scenes, painted of himself (fig. 1, circa 1802). The canvas stands out amongst other British self-portraits of the period for the unusual importance it gives to the setting of the painter’s activity. A disheveled Morland is here surrounded by various objects alluding to both his art and his dissolute lifestyle. The visit to the artist’s painting room, a cliché of much Old Master self-portraiture,1 seems here to be reversed into a parody: Morland’s studio appears as the cold and squalid attic which (as one of his obituaries would put it) “served him for every purpose.”2 The impenetrable eyes and shadowy expression which were by now conventionally accepted to indicate a condition of artistic melancholy become a dumb look and a pathetic grimace, as Morland looks over his shoulder at us, showing no interest in greeting his guests.3 Similarly, the high seriousness of art is diminished by its juxtaposition with cooking: the artist at the easel is mirrored by his servant Gibbs at the stove, as if painting was a mere means of fulfilling physical necessities. This article explores Morland’s studio in this self-portrait as a crucial site for the construction of his artistic personality. In describing his art as the direct expression of his imagination, his lifestyle as outrageously bohemian, and himself as a painter disinterested in material rewards and misunderstood [End Page 151] by the cultural establishment, willing to sacrifice his life for the love of art, Morland invented an extremely modern persona and recommended to posterity his own myth. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. George Morland, The Artist in His Studio with His Man Gibbs, circa 1802. Oil on canvas. 63.5 × 76.2 cm. Image courtesy of Nottingham City Museum and Art Gallery, Nottingham. Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723–1792) had passed away a decade earlier, but his towering figure still offered the model of the ideal artistic personality for Morland’s contemporaries. This was not surprising, given that Reynolds had been the most successful British artist of his age, the leading figure of contemporary artistic debates, and the author of a large number of self-portraits diffused through print. In his Discourse VI, he had stated: “The purport of this discourse…is, to caution you against that false opinion, but too prevalent among artists, of the imaginary powers of native genius, and its sufficiency in great works.”4 As President of the Royal Academy, an institution founded on the idea that art could be taught, Reynolds had promoted the image of the morally-impeccable intellectual artist, whose [End Page 152] refinement was the product of a solid academic education based on the imitation of exemplary artworks. Consistent with these views, Reynolds’s self-portraits frequently stressed his status as man of letters and his achievement of an elevated social position.5 In their outward appearance, Morland’s earlier self-portraits had adhered to this vision of the artist: here he described himself as a polite and elegant individual in full control of his mental faculties.6 Nevertheless, these earlier self-portraits already subtly transgressed Reynolds’ model by stressing the sitter’s sensibility and imagination, indicating that Morland saw art as the spontaneous and original product of his interiority rather than the derivative output of academic knowledge. The rules governing the London art world at the turn of the nineteenth century were indeed distant from those that Reynolds had promoted through the Royal Academy, despite the changes that the very existence of this institution had wrought both in artistic production and among artists as a professional class. The establishment of regular public art exhibitions meant an increasing pressure for painters to produce original works that could stand out from crowded walls and cater to a newly enlarged audience.7 Artists were therefore increasingly compelled to pursue expressiveness rather than imitation.8 Simultaneously, the painterly profession was distancing itself from other artistic endeavors with more practical aims, and painters...