Ideal Formula Research Articles

Mariakrite, [Ca4Al2(OH)12(H2O)4][Fe2S4], a new mineral, the first layered double hydroxide intercalated with dithioferrate (iron disulfide) chains

Abstract Mariakrite is a new mineral in the hydrotalcite supergroup, and a member of a novel family of layered double hydroxides, or LDH. It is the first reported LDH with dithioferrate, [Fe3+S2]− in the role of an interlayer anion, the first cementitious layered Ca-aluminate (AFm phase) intercalated with sulfide, and the first sulfide-intercalated LDH with completely solved crystal structure. Mariakrite was discovered in late hydrothermal assemblages confined to pyrometamorphic lithologies of the Hatrurim Formation, in the Negev Desert on the Israeli side of the Dead Sea. The mineral forms saber-like crystals up to 2 mm long, 0.1 mm wide and 0.5 to 2 μm thick, residing in millimeter-sized cavities within larnite-jasmundite-brownmillerite rock. Associated minerals are katoite, portlandite, kuzelite and hydrocalumite. Mariakrite has a purple-brown color with semimetallic luster; in transmitted light, it is transparent green-grey. The crystals are flexible and elastic. Mohs hardness is 3–3.5. Calculated density is 2.005 g cm−3. In reflected light, the mineral exhibits extreme pleochroism, from grey to red-purple. Anisotropy is very strong. Reflectance values for 4 wavelengths recommended by the IMA Commission on ore mineralogy [in air, R1/R2, % (γ, nm)]: 5.0/5.2 (470), 6.3/2.3 (546), 6.7/1.8 (589), 6.6/17.6 (659). Mariakrite is triclinic (pseudo-pseudomonoclinic and pseudo-trigonal), space group P1¯, a 5.7107(2), b 9.9952(4), c 10.9095(4) Å, α 98.678(3), β 90.100(3), γ 90.019(3) °, V 615.58(4) Å3, Z = 1. The 7 strongest lines of X-ray powder diffraction pattern are [d in Å (I)(hkl)]: 10.83(100)(001), 9.90(39)(010), 5.42(75)(002), 3.96(22)(0− 22), 3.523(19)(−112), 2.856(37)(130), 2.400(23)(132). The crystal structure, solved and refined to R1 = 0.045 for 2379 independent observed reflections, consists of hydrocalumite-type LDH layers [Ca2Al(OH)6(H2O)2]+ intercalated with the iron disulfide chains. The latter are composed of edge-sharing tetrahedra [FeS4] forming dithioferrate (III) anion, [Fe3+S2]−. The hydrocalumite-like layers and sulfide chains are linked via the system of O–H···S hydrogen bonds. Chemical composition (electron microprobe, wt.%, H2O based on the structural data) is: CaO 27.75, K2O 1.85, Al2O3 13.93, Fe 14.23, S 16.94, H2O 23.88, Total 98.58. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of Σ(Ca,K,Al,Fe,S) = 12 apfu is (Ca3.73K0.30)Σ4.03Al2.06(OH)12.18Fe1.92S3.99·3.91H2O, corresponding to the ideal formula [Ca4Al2(OH)12(H2O)4][Fe2S4]. Mariakrite is the first example of dithioferrate in which disulfide chains have no contacts with cations or anions, being suspended between hydroxide layers via the system of hydrogen bonds. Therefore, the mineral might represent the near-ideal model for the study of physical and chemical properties of isolated quasi-one-dimensional dithioferrate chains.

Moxuanxueite, NaCa6Zr(Si2O7)2OF3, a new wöhlerite-group mineral from Gejiu alkaline complex, Yunnan Province, China

Abstract Moxuanxueite, ideally NaCa6Zr(Si2O7)2OF3, is a new wöhlerite-group mineral that we report in this study from the Gejiu alkaline complex, Yunnan Province, China. This new species occurs as subhedral to euhedral polysynthetic twinned grains, and as elongate crystals up to 1 mm in size, commonly associated with tiny baddeleyite at the grain margins and usually associated with calcioancylite-(La), bobtraillite, catapleiite, fluorite, and jadeite. Moxuanxueite is light yellow in color with metallic luster. It is very brittle with conchoidal fracture and has a calculated density of 3.231 g/cm3. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of O + F = 18 apfu is Na1.38Ca5.21Fe0.23Mn0.22(Zr0.88Ti0.14)Σ1.02(Si2.01O7)2(F3.15O0.85)Σ4.00. The ideal formula requires (wt.%) Na2O 4.06, CaO 44.04, ZrO2 16.13, SiO2 31.46, F 7.46, O≡F -3.14, and a total of 100 wt.%. The mineral is triclinic, with space group P1¯ (#2), a = 11.0235(3) Å, b = 10.9641(4) Å, c = 7.3805(4) Å, α = 109.523(2)°, β = 109.881(2)°, γ = 83.434(2)°, V = 790.63(6) Å3, and Z = 2. The seven strongest X-ray powder diffraction lines [d in Å (I) (hkl)] are: 3.005 (100) (1¯12), 2.870 (57) (230), 1.849 (32) (2¯2¯4), 10.42 (30) (1¯00), 2.496 (26) (14¯0), 3.280 (23) (3¯1¯0), and 1.701 (20) (16¯2). Moxuanxueite is isostructural with hiortdahlite [Na2Ca4(Zr0.5Ca0.5)(Si2O7)2OF3], and the transformation between the two phases is via the following substitution mechanism to keep charge balance: 2Ca2+ ⇋ Na+ + 0.5Zr4++0.5Ca2+ . The new mineral is named in honor of Professor Xuanxue Mo (born 1938), a distinguished petrologist from the China University of Geosciences (Beijing), for his outstanding contribution to magmatism and related mineralization in China.

Comment on Lykova et al. (2024): “Natromelansonite, Na3Zr[Si7AlO19]⋅4–5H2O, a new member of the rhodesite mero-plesiotype series from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada”

AbstractIn this communication, we present a brief response to Lykova et al. (2024) who, in a paper in volume 88 https://doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2024.1 (this journal), describe the occurrence of the new mineral natromelansonite, Na3Zr(Si7AlO19)⋅4–5H2O, and provide commentary on the related species, melansonite (Na,□)□2KZrSi8O19⋅5H2O. The comments in question revolve primarily around the roles and abundances of Al and Na in both minerals, and how their incorporation is best represented in their idealised formulae.Lykova et al. (2024) state that Al is an essential component of both melansonite and natromelansonite and should thus be reflected in the ideal formulae. With respect to Na, they propose that the ideal formula of melansonite contains two Na apfu rather than one, as was presented in our initial definition of the mineral.We reiterate there is no unequivocal evidence that Al is an essential component of melansonite, occupying a unique crystallographic site, but rather, it only substitutes for Si. Secondly, though the true Na content of melansonite is probably higher than were originally reported (this being simply explained by the thin nature of the crystals analysed and the volatility of Na under the electron beam), it cannot reconcile the doubling of the Na apfu for melansonite, as was suggested by Lykova et al. (2024).

Xenotime-(Gd), a new Gd-dominant mineral of the xenotime group from the Zimná Voda REE–U–Au quartz vein, Prakovce, Western Carpathians, Slovakia

AbstractXenotime-(Gd), ideally GdPO4, is a new mineral of the xenotime group. It was discovered at the Zimná Voda REE–U–Au occurrence near Prakovce, Western Carpathians, Slovakia. It forms rare crystal domains (≤20 μm, usually ≤10 μm in size) in Gd-rich xenotime-(Y) crystals (≤100 μm in size), in association with monazite-group minerals, uraninite, fluorapatite and uranyl arsenates–phosphates. The hydrothermal REE–U–Au mineralisation occurs in a quartz–muscovite vein, hosted in Palaeozoic phyllites near exocontact with Permian granites. The density is 5.26 g/cm3, based on calculated average empirical formula and unit-cell parameters. The average chemical composition (n = 6) measured by electron microprobe is as follows (wt.%): P2O5 30.1, As2O5 0.5, SiO2 0.2, UO2 0.3, Y2O3 15.7, (La, Ce, Pr, Nd)2O3 0.5, Sm2O3 5.7, Eu2O3 1.4, Gd2O3 29.2, Tb2O3 3.9, Dy2O3 10.4, Ho2O3 0.4, (Er, Tm, Yb, Lu)2O3 2.1, (Ca, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ba)O 0.1, total 100.5. The corresponding empirical formula calculated on the basis of 4 oxygen atoms is: (Gd0.37Y0.32Dy0.13Sm0.08Tb0.05Eu0.02Er0.01Tm0.01Nd0.01…)Σ1.01(P0.98As0.01Si0.01)O4. The empirical formula of the Gd-richest composition is: (Gd0.38Y0.31Dy0.13Sm0.08Tb0.05Eu0.02Er0.01Nd0.01Ho0.01…)Σ1.01(P0.98As0.01Si0.01)O4. The ideal formula is GdPO4. The xenotime-type structure has been confirmed by micro-Raman spectroscopy and a Fast Fourier-Transform pattern using HRTEM. Xenotime-(Gd) is tetragonal, space group I41/amd, a = 6.9589(5) Å, c = 6.0518(6) Å, V = 293.07(3) Å3 and Z = 4. The new mineral is named as an analogue of xenotime-(Y) and xenotime-(Yb) with Gd dominant among the REE. The middle REE enrichment of xenotime-(Gd) is shared with the associated monazite-(Gd) and Gd-rich hingganite-(Y). This exotic REE signature and precipitation of Gd-bearing minerals is a product of selective complexing and enrichment in MREE in low-temperature hydrothermal fluids by alteration of uraninite, brannerite and fluorapatite on a micro-scale. The existence of xenotime-(Gd) and monazite-(Gd) is the first naturally documented dimorphism among REE phosphates. In addition, xenotime-(Gd) is only the third approved Gd-dominant mineral, after lepersonnite-(Gd) and monazite-(Gd).

Wenlanzhangite–(Y) from the Yushui deposit, South China: A potential proxy for tracing the redox state of ore formation

Abstract Mineral phases in which vanadium (V) and heavy-rare-earth elements (HREEs) coexist are rarely documented. Here, we report a new V-HREE-bearing silicate mineral species, wenlanzhangite-(Y), which is a vanadiferous derivate of jingwenite-(Y) [Y2Al2V24+(SiO4)2O4(OH)4] coexisting with jingwenite-(Y) in bedded/massive ores at Yushui, South China. Wenlanzhangite-(Y) forms as a dark brown, 70–100 μm thick rim on a core domain of jingwenite-(Y), which occurs as 100–200 μm columnar crystals. The color, streak, luster, and hardness (Mohs) are dark brown, yellow-gray, vitreous, and ~4, respectively. Compared to jingwenite-(Y), wenlanzhangite-(Y) has higher vanadium and lower aluminum contents. Calculated on the basis of 8 cations, the empirical formula is (Y1.26Dy0.17Er0.11 Gd0.09Yb0.09Nd0.09Sm0.06Sc0.04Ho0.03Ce0.02Tb0.02Tm0.02Pr0.01)Σ2.00(V1.463+Al0.54)Σ2.00V24+(SiO4)2O4(OH)4, which can be simplified to the ideal formula Y2V23+V24+(SiO4)2O4(OH)4. Wenlanzhangite-(Y) is triclinic, with space group P1(#2), Z = 2, and unit-cell parameters a = 5.9632(7) Å, b = 9.599(1) Å, c = 9.9170(9) Å, α = 90.033(8)°, β = 98.595(2)°, γ = 90.003(9)°, and V = 561.28(10) Å3. Wenlanzhangite-(Y) is approved by the International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (IMA2022-142). The structure of wenlanzhangite-(Y) is composed of a-axis-oriented chains of [VO6] octahedra consisting of edge-sharing octahedra linked by insular [SiO4] tetrahedra, leaving open channels occupied by rare earth elements. Observed compositional variation and crystal structure demonstrate that V3+ can substitute for Al3+ in jingwenite-(Y), forming wenlanzhangite-(Y). The occurrence of wenlanzhangite-(Y) indicates a relatively more reducing hydrothermal environment, causing a reduction of V5+ in oxidized fluids to V3+ and thus represents a useful proxy for tracing the redox state of ore formation.

A Problem as Much of Economic Theory as of Statistical Technique? The Walsh-Edgeworth Debate on Index Numbers, 1921–25

Abstract Correa Moylan Walsh (1862–1936) was a monetary economist of the early twentieth century, mostly remembered for his contributions to the theory of index numbers. Francis Ysidro Edgeworth (1845–1926) was a renowned mathematical economist, remembered as one of the great masters of the discipline. Walsh was an adamant defender of a deterministic, test approach to the theory of index numbers, whereas Edgeworth favored probabilistic approaches and thought index-number theorists should not close themselves to alternative methods. Holding contrasting views about the making of index numbers, they engaged in a fierce debate in the first half of the 1920s—a period marked by several quarrels on the subject. The main points in dispute between Walsh and Edgeworth were the existence of an ideal formula for index numbers and the use of probability in the measurement of price variations. The goal of this article is to explore this debate and its underpinnings. It is argued that the main points of contention between them relate to their conflicting perspectives on the nature of index numbers.

Effect of kyron T-134 and crospovidone as a fast disintegrating agent on formulation properties of fast dissolving tablet containing ketorolac and rizatriptan using direct compression method

Background and objective: Fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) are "they are uncoated tablets that are supposed to be placed in the mouth and dispersed quickly before being swallowed" within minutes. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a combination of ketorolac and rizatriptan as orally fast-dissolving tablets using the most common and easiest method to treat migraine attacks with or without aura. To investigate the effects of various types of diluents and super disintegrants on wetting time, water absorption ratio, disintegration, and dissolution time of combined drugs (ketorolac and rizatriptan) as oral dissolving tablets prepared by direct compression technique. Methods: Pre-formulation experiments were carried out in order to rule out any physicochemical interactions between the two medications (ketorolac and rizatriptan) as well as between each drug and its excipients. Four different formulations of fast-dissolving tablets with different types and ratios of diluents and super disintegrants were created using the direct compression technique in order to improve the formulation. Organoleptic characteristics, weight variation, thickness, friability, hardness, disintegration duration, wetting duration, water absorption ratio, drug content, in-vitro dissolution, stability, and comparison tests have all been characterized. Results: According to FT-IR, the two drugs and excipients exhibit no physicochemical interactions. The ideal formula F4 contains crospovidone and Kyron T-134 at optimal concentrations of 2.5% and 2.5%, respectively, and provides the majority of pharmaceutical drugs to be released within the first five minutes, a strong stability profile, the shortest wetting time with the fastest disintegration time (10 sec), and a pleasant flavor (strawberry flavoring agent). Conclusion: Kyron T-134 with Crospovidone in a (1:1) ratio provided rapid disintegration. Ketorolac tromethamine and rizatriptan benzoate may be made into fast-dissolving oral tablets using Kyron T-134 and Crospovidone. Improving migraine compliance is a reasonable goal.

Scientific Integration and its Application to The Curriculum

This research is motivated by the transformation of IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta into UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta which cannot be separated from the mission to integrate general science and religious science. However, in its implementation, this scientific integration needs to be researched whether it is in accordance with the ideal formula into the empirical-operational area, especially in the preparation and development of the curriculum, especially in the Faculty of Dirasat Islamiyah and the Faculty of Medicine UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Therefore, this research is focused on the integration of science and its application to the curriculum, especially in the two faculties. Therefore, this study aims to identify the objectives, planning, implementation, evaluation and supervision process, supporting and inhibiting factors and the impact of scientific integration on the quality of graduates in the two faculties. The approach used is a qualitative approach. The research method used is descriptive analysis. The data obtained through this study is empirical (observed) data that has certain criteria that are valid, reliable and objective. Data collection was carried out by interviews, observations and document studies. The data analysis technique is through; data reduction, data display and drawing conclusions. The results of the study showed; (1) the purpose of the Faculty of Dirasat Islamiyah is to integrate its science in order to realize the vision and mission of UIN Jakarta, while the purpose of the Faculty of Medicine in integrating its science is to realize the goal of the establishment (winder manded) of UIN Jakarta itself.

Sharia Economic Bankruptcy Law (al-Taflis) and the Dualism of Court Competency in Indonesia

Since Religious Court Law was amended by Law No. 3 of 2006, every sharia economic case is stipulated as the competency of the Religious Court. Conversely, Bankruptcy Law No. 37 of 2004 has never been synchronized with the amended Religious Courts Law. Therefore, the competent court does not handle sharia economic bankruptcy (al-taflis) cases. This study aims to ensure that al-taflis can be examined based on sharia economic principles by the most appropriate judicial forum. It is normative legal research using primary and secondary legal materials such as court decisions, statutory, books, journals, reports, and internet sources, then analyzing and synchronizing to get an ideal formula regarding how al-taflis cases are settled in court. The result shows that al-taflis is appropriately stipulated as the absolute competence of Religious Courts. Case studies of al-taflis court decisions settled by the Commercial Court so far, also indicate that sharia principles are not sufficiently considered in the decisions, even ignored. Therefore, it is urgent to make synchronization efforts by amending the Bankruptcy Law until it can accommodate the settlement of al-taflis case through Religious Courts. Otherwise, it will be only a utopian sharia economic bankruptcy law

Theistic Democracy Studies Hadith Analysis Deliberations in Contemporary Islamic Political Ethics

Islam is a religion that exists as a religion today, where many universal questions are discussed, one of the main topics of today's big questions is democracy in politics. Although Islam talks about democracy, ironically, Islam itself does not specifically mention the ideal form of a political system. In this context, the discussion about the ideal political formula becomes clearly important among Muslims in modern times, especially against the backdrop of Western civilization which can be said to have destroyed Muslims with its culture. In the midst of this chaotic situation, contemporary Muslim intellectuals present as Muslim thinkers who seek to present the "ideal" concept of modern Islamic politics. In this study, the author tries to emphasize that the substantive principles of Islam must be applied in the country's political system, in this case theistic democracy exists as a legacy from the problematic modern state. Democracy, or deliberation in Islamic nomenclature, is one of the ethical values ​​of constitutional politics in current political life.

Towards void-free copper filling of low-aspect-ratio heat dissipation through holes in packaging substrate with high H2SO4 concentration electroplating system

The void-free filling of high-density low aspect ratio (AR≤5) through holes (THs) in the packaging substrate is beneficial for promoting the integration, reliability, and heat dissipation efficiency of high-power electronic devices. It is a challenge to fill the low ARs THs compactly in direct current (DC) electroplating. The copper filling process relies heavily on the additives’ complex interactions and multiple process parameters. Herein, an ideal convection-sensitive electroplating solution formula — 2.34 M H2SO4, 0.24 M Cu2SO4·5H2O, 30 mg/L Cl−, 9 mg/L SH110, 5 mg/L NTBC, and 200 mg/L PEG — that was appropriate for low ARs THs filling was provided by investigate the electrochemical characteristics of additives. The critical electroplating parameters were optimized by thoroughly examining their influence on filling process, including current density 1.5 ASD, solution flow rate 2.2 L/min, and temperature 25 °C. The process window was enlarged apparently by the combination of optimal parameters for simultaneous void-free filling of THs with a large AR range of 0.95–5, dense crystal structure, and high layer quality could be achieved. Subsequently, the low ARs THs array filled by the optimized technology was implemented in the packaging substrate as the heat dissipation channel, which significantly promoted the heat dissipation efficiency.

A neutron diffraction study of the hydrous borate inderborite, CaMg[B3O3(OH)5]2(H2O)4·2H2O

Abstract The crystal chemistry of inderborite, a B-rich mineral (B2O3 ~41 wt%) with ideal formula CaMg[B3O3(OH)5]2·6H2O or CaMg[B3O3(OH)5]2(H2O)4·2H2O from the Inder Deposit, Kazakhstan, was re-investigated by a multi-methodological approach (single-crystal X-ray and neutron diffraction, electron probe micro-analysis in wavelength-dispersive mode, laser ablation multi-collector inductively mass spectrometry). The experimental findings show that the real chemical formula of inderborite from the Inder Deposit is virtually identical to the ideal one: the fraction of potential isomorphic substituents is insignificant. Boron is, therefore, the only industrially relevant element occurring in this mineral. The in situ B isotope composition of the Inder inderborite shows enrichment in the heavy 11B isotope, giving a weighted mean δ11BNIST951 of +35.15 ± 0.49 ‰ (2σ, N = 6). Such a positive δ11B value falls within the range of values in which the source of boron is ascribable to marine reservoirs rather than to terrestrial ones. X-ray (at 293 K) and neutron (at 20 K) structure refinements confirm that the principal building block unit of the structure is a [B3O3(OH)5]2– ring, consisting of two BO2(OH)2 tetrahedra (B-ion in sp3 electronic configuration) and one planar-triangular BO2OH group (B-ion in sp2 electronic configuration). In the [B3O3(OH)5]2– ring, all the oxygen atoms that are not shared between two boron atoms are protonated. The building units share corners with the CaO2(OH)4(OH2)2 polyhedra and Mg(OH)4(OH2)2 octahedra, forming hetero-polyhedral sheets parallel to (100). Subsequent hetero-polyhedral sheets are mutually connected only by H-bonding interactions, even mediated by the zeolitic (“interstitial”) H2O molecules. Ten out of 11 independent oxygen sites in the structure of inderborite are involved in H-bonds as donors or acceptors, and this reflects the pervasive effect of the H-bonding network. The role played by the complex H-bond network is expected to be substantial on the stability of the crystalline edifice, having effects within the single hetero-polyhedral sheet, between subsequent sheets, and in the bonding with the interstitial zeolitic H2O molecules. Finally, the potential utilizations of inderborite, as a B-bearing mineral, are discussed.

Bobfinchite, Na[(UO2)8O3(OH)11]·10H2O, a new Na-bearing member of the schoepite family

Abstract The new mineral bobfinchite (IMA2020-082), Na[(UO2)8O3(OH)11]·10H2O, was found in the Burro mine, Slick Rock district, San Miguel County, Colorado, U.S.A., where it occurs as an oxidation product of uraninite on asphaltite matrix in intimate association with gypsum, natrozippeite, metaschoepite, and uranopilite. Bobfinchite crystals are transparent to translucent, yellow, lozenge-shaped disks up to 0.3 mm wide. Crystals are flattened on [100] and exhibit the forms {100}, {011}, {021}, {021}, and {011}. Bobfinchite has a pale-yellow streak and emits very dim yellow fluorescence under 365 nm ultraviolet illumination. The crystals are brittle with very good {100} cleavage and irregular, stepped fracture. The Mohs hardness is ca. 2 based on scratch tests. The calculated density is 5.044 g/cm3 based on the empirical formula and 5.036 g/cm3 for the ideal formula. Bobfinchite is optically biaxial (–), with α = 1.690(5), β = 1.7205(5), and γ = 1.730(5) (white light). The measured 2V, estimated from the interference figure, is 55(5)° and the calculated value is 59.1°. Dispersion is moderate, r > v; orientation: X = a, Y = b, Z = c; pleochroism: X nearly colorless, Y yellow, Z yellow; X < Y ≈Z. Electron microprobe analysis provided the empirical formula (Na0.99Pb0.02)[(UO2)7.99O3(OH)11]·10H2O. The five strongest X-ray powder diffraction lines are [dobs in Å(I)(hkl)]: 7.34(100)(200), 3.59(50)(024), 3.23(60)(224), 3.18(36)(240), and 2.01(23)(624,551,208,640,346). Bobfinchite is orthorhombic, Pbcn, a = 14.6249(9), b = 14.0389(10), c = 16.6923(10) Å, V = 3427.2(4) Å3, and Z = 4. The structure of bobfinchite (R1 = 0.0330 for 3770 I > 4σI) is built from uranyl oxide-hydroxide sheets that adopt the fourmarierite topology, with interlayer Na+ and H2O groups. Both the sheet and interlayer topology mimic those observed in natural and synthetic Na-metaschoepites studied previously, and as seen in other uranyl oxide hydrate minerals, charge balance is achieved at specific sites in the sheet through the substitution O2– ↔ (OH)–.

Kedudukan Upaya Administratif dalam Dismissal Process dan Konstruksi Ideal Pemeriksaan Syarat Formal Gugatan

This article analyzes administrative effort in the relation of Article 62 Law 5/1986 with Article 75 Law 30/2014 and Article 2 Supreme Court Regulation 6/ 2018. The purposes are: 1) To analyze the position and urgency taken by administrative effort in the dismissal process examination by the chairman; and 2) To formulate the ideal formula for examining the formal requirements of the administrative lawsuit before being examined by the panel of judges. This article aims to provide a practical explanation of these norms. It is a normative juridical type with a statute, a conceptual, and a caseapproach. The results are: 1) Administrative effort is a formal requirement in filing a lawsuit related to competence, so the chairman can determine that the lawsuit is not accepted; 2) The dismissal process and the preparatory examination by analogy has similarities, therefore these examinations can be combined with the condition that in filing a lawsuit, the plaintiff is required to attach evidence of having taken administrative effort. It recommends that executive/legislature make regulations related to the procedural law for examining administrative effort, and for the supreme court to review the norms and practices of the dismissal process and the preparatory examination in relation to formal requirements for filing a lawsuit.

Monoclinic Pleysteinite and Hochleitnerite from the Hagendorf-Süd Pegmatite: Synchrotron Microfocus Diffraction Studies on Twinned Members of Paulkerrite-Group Minerals

Abstract Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data sets for pleysteinite, [(H2O)K]Mn2Al3(PO4)4F2(H2O)10·4H2O, and hochleitnerite, [(H2O)K]Mn2(Ti2Fe)(PO4)4O2(H2O)10·4H2O, collected using a synchrotron microfocus beam, gave monoclinic unit cells, in contrast to previously reported orthorhombic cells obtained using laboratory-based sealed-tube diffractometer data. The differences are attributed to twinning in crystals of the two minerals. As the laboratory diffractometer beam diameter of the sealed-tube SXRD is larger than the crystals that were analyzed, the diffraction results were averaged over the different twin domains, whereas those obtained with the synchrotron microfocus beam gave diffraction data wholly or predominantly from a single domain. Data from the synchrotron datasets give a = 10.440(5) Å, b = 20.588(5) Å, c = 12.234(2) Å, β = 90.38(1)° for pleysteinite and a = 10.547(2) Å, b = 20.577(4) Å, c = 12.373(2) Å, β = 90.09(3)° for hochleitnerite. The crystal structures for both minerals were refined in P21/c, giving Robs = 0.059, 0.058 for 5951, 6718 reflections with I > 3σ(I), respectively. The ideal formulae for the two minerals in this setting conform to the general formula A1A2M12M22M3(PO4)4X2(H2O)10·4H2O, with K and H2O ordered at separate A sites, whereas K and H2O were disordered over a single A site in the orthorhombic models (space group Pbca). Crystal-chemical aspects of the paulkerrite-group minerals, pleysteinite, hochleitnerite, paulkerrite, rewitzerite, and macraeite, are compared and discussed.

On the crystal-chemistry of inderite, Mg[B3O3(OH)5](H2O)4·H2O

The crystal chemistry of inderite, a hydrous borate with known ideal formula MgB3O3(OH)5·5H2O from the Kramer deposit, was re-investigated by electron probe micro-analysis in wavelength dispersive mode, laser ablation-(multi collector-)inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and single-crystal neutron diffraction. The chemical data prove that the real composition of the investigated inderite is substantially identical to the ideal one, with insignificant content of potential isomorphic substituents, so that, excluding B, inderite does not contain any other industrially-relevant element (e.g., Li concentration is lower than 2.5 wt ppm, Be or REE lower than 0.1 wt ppm). The average δ11BNIST951 value of ca. − 7 ‰ lies within the range of values in which the source of boron is ascribable to terrestrial reservoirs (e.g., hydrothermal brines), rather than to marine ones. Neutron structure refinements, at both 280 and 10 K, confirm that the building units of the structure of inderite consist of: two BO2(OH)2 tetrahedra (B-ion in sp3 electronic configuration) and one BO2(OH) triangle (B-ion in sp2 electronic configuration), linked by corner-sharing to form a (soroborate) B3O3(OH)5 ring, and a Mg-octahedron Mg(OH)2(OH2)4. The B3O3(OH)5 ring and the Mg-octahedron are connected, by corner-sharing, to form an isolated Mg(H2O)4B3O3(OH)5 (molecular) cluster. The tri-dimensional edifice of inderite is therefore built by heteropolyhedral Mg(H2O)4B3O3(OH)5 clusters mutually connected by H-bonds, mediated by the zeolitic (“interstitial”) H2O molecules lying between the clusters, so that the correct form of the chemical formula of inderite is Mg[B3O3(OH)5](H2O)4·H2O, rather than MgB3O3(OH)5·5H2O. All the thirteen independent oxygen sites of the structure are involved in H-bonding, as donors or as acceptors. This confirms the pervasive nature and the important role played by the H-bonding network on the structural stability of inderite. The differences between the crystal structure of the two dimorphs inderite and kurnakovite are discussed.

IBUPROFEN INJECTABLE MICROEMULSION PREPARATION COATED BY CHITOSAN: FORMULATION, CHARACTERIZATION, IN VITRO PERFORMANCE, ANTI-INFLAMMATION ACTIVITY, AND HEMATOLOGY ASSESSMENT

Objective: This study aimed to develop, characterize, and conduct stability evaluations to ensure compliance with intravenous administration for microemulsion ibuprofen injection. In addition, hematology assessment and profile of drug release kinetics were analyzed. Methods: The formulation process commenced by introducing various chitosan concentrations into microemulsion ibuprofen injection, following a method established in a previous study. Formulation parameters studied include particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, kinetic of drug release, anti-inflammation activity using the 1% carrageenin induction method, and hematology assessment. Results: The results showed that the addition of 1% chitosan solution allowed for the development of the ideal microemulsion formula, with droplet size, zeta potential, and PDI of 19.37±0.32 nm,-1.53±0.12 mV, and 0.38±0.02, respectively. Kinetics of chitosan-coated ibuprofen microemulsion (MK) were governed by the squared root of time paradigm, suggesting that drug release proceeded by diffusion and was influenced by the carrier. Compared to the other groups, the paw injected with MK indicated a strong anti-inflammatory effect and did not differ significantly from the control group (p>0.05). However, Hematology analysis showed no statistically significant variations in leukocyte and erythrocyte profiles between the treatment and control groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: MK met the criteria as an intravenous preparation based on the characteristics and safety.

Zipserite, a new bismuth chalcogenide Bi5(S,Se)4 from Nagybörzsöny in Hungary with a R$\bar{3}$m(00γ)00 modulated structure

AbstractZipserite is a new mineral species discovered in a sample collected from the old mine dumps of the abandoned epithermal deposit Nagybörzsöny in Hungary. Zipserite occurs as anhedral to subhedral, lath-like grains, up to 500 μm in size, in hydrothermally strongly altered rocks. It is found at a contact between bismuth and bismuthinite, also associated with rare ikunolite and joséite-A. Zipserite is silvery white with a metallic lustre. Mohs hardness is ca. 2–3 and the calculated density is 7.815 g.cm–3. In reflected light, zipserite is grey–white, with colour and reflectance essentially matching those of bismuthinite. Bireflectance is weak, internal reflections not present. Anisotropy is moderately strong, with dark blue and grey colours of anisotropy. Reflectance values for the four Commission on Ore Mineralogy wavelengths of zipserite in air [Rmax, Rmin (%) (λ in nm)] are: 48.4, 46.4 (470); 47.8, 45.9 (546); 47.8, 45.8 (589); and 47.5, 45.6 (650). The empirical formula, based on electron-microprobe analyses, is (Bi4.74Pb0.31)Σ5.05(S3.38Se0.56Te0.02)Σ3.96, that can be simplified as Bi5(S,Se)4. The ideal end-member formula of zipserite is Bi5S4, which requires Bi 89.07 and S 10.93, total 100 wt.%. Zipserite possesses a fascinating crystal structure. The average structure is trigonal, with space group P$\bar{3}$m, a = 4.162(1) Å, c = 16.397(1) Å, V = 245.94(4) Å3 and Z = 2. The structure is built by the alternation of a double bismuth layer Bi2 and the Bi3S4 block which is a three octahedra thick layer. Its general formula can be expressed as Bi2 + Bi3S4, which corresponds directly to the observed stacking. At 98 K, the structure can be described using the superspace formalism with an R-centred trigonal unit cell a = 4.209(2) Å, c0 = 5.616(6) Å, a modulation vector q ≈ 4/3 c* and the superspace group R$\bar{3}$m(00γ)00. Zipserite is not only a new mineral but also the first named member of a new sub-group of compounds within the broader family of bismuth chalcogenides, characterised by complex stacking of structural units (Bi2 layers and Bi3S4 blocks). Some of these phases are being investigated as promising thermoelectric materials and synthetic analogues of zipserite could also be inspected for similar physical properties.

Kvačekite, NiSbSe, a new selenide mineral from Bukov, Czech Republic

Abstract Kvačekite is a new mineral species discovered in a sample collected from the now abandoned Bukov uranium mine, western Moravia, Czech Republic. It occurs as rare anhedral grains, up to 15 μm in size, associated with nickeltyrrellite, tyrrellite, berzelianite, hakite-(Zn), hakite-(Cd), eucairite, clausthalite, and gold in calcite gangue. In reflected light, kvačekite is white with a faint yellowish shade; bireflectance, pleochroism and anisotropy are absent. Internal reflections were not observed. Reflectance values for the four COM wavelengths for kvačekite in air [R (%) (λ in nm)] are: 54.9 (470); 53.5 (546); 52.6 (589); and 52.2 (650). The empirical formula, based on electron-microprobe analyses (EPMA), is (Ni0.95Cu0.04Co0.03)Σ1.02Sb1.00(Se0.97S0.01)Σ0.98. The ideal formula is NiSbSe, which requires (in wt.%) Ni 22.63, Sb 46.93, Se 30.44, total 100.00. Kvačekite is cubic, P213, with unit-cell parameters a = 6.09013(13) Å, V = 225.881(15) Å3 and Z = 4. The strongest reflections in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern of synthetic kvačekite [d, Å (I) hkl] are: 3.0458 (11) 200; 2.7242 (100) 201, 210; 2.4867 (71) 211; 1.8632(39) 311; 1.6277(29) 321, 312; and 1.3290 (13) 421. Given the similarity with ullmannite, NiSbS, the crystal structure was refined from the powder X-ray diffraction data starting from those atomic coordinates using the synthetic analogue of kvačekite. Its crystal structure is formed by corner-sharing [NiSb3Se3] octahedra which form a three-dimensional network. The identity of the natural kvačekite and synthetic cubic NiSbSe were confirmed by a study of their chemical composition, reflectance measurements, Raman spectroscopy and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) measurements on the mineral. Kvačekite is named after Milan Kvaček (1930–1993), a prominent Czech mineralogist. The mineral and its name have been approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA2023-095).

Ermeloite, AlPO4⋅H2O a new phosphate mineral with kieserite-type structure from Galicia, Spain

AbstractErmeloite is a new aluminium phosphate mineral from Galicia, Spain, in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. It is the third formally recognised mineral discovered in Galicia since morenosite and cervantite in the 19th Century. The name and symbol (Erm) were approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA2021–017a) in recognition of the geographical location where it was found. The mineral occurs as a light blue to white fine aggregate over quartz and microcline associated with wardite. Crystals of ~0.04 mm are transparent and have a waxy lustre. The simplified empirical formula determined using electron microprobe analysis is Al1.02P0.95F0.06O3.88⋅1.06 H2O, which is near to the ideal formula Al(PO4)⋅H2O. The mineral is an alteration product within a phosphate pegmatite. Ermeloite is the second phosphate isostructural with the sulfates of the kieserite group. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction showed that ermeloite crystallises in the monoclinic C2/c space group with cell parameters a = 6.5371(4) Å, b = 7.5670(5) Å, c = 7.1146(5) Å, β = 115.335(2)°, V = 318.08(4) Å3 and Z = 4 at room temperature. Comparative analysis of the crystallographic data, with isostructural phosphates, revealed an interesting behaviour for these compounds.