Ideal Figure Research Articles

The Unheard Voices: A Reader Model for Students

For over 20 years studies in literary theory, linguistics, and semiotics have been contributing with models which describe the role of readers and how they construct the meaning of a literary text. Most of these studies, however, assume an ideal figure who may not necessarily correspond to classroom reality. In this paper I propose a framework which offers a more democratic setting. Cognitively, the model is in line with studies which regard learning as a process of development and adjustment. Linguistically, it accommodates different levels of language proficiency. Culturally, it stresses that the concept of sharedness depends on social praxis. Based on the theoretical assumptions brought about by developments in Language Awareness, I discuss the teacher's role in this setting and propose Literary Awareness as an initial programme by means of which students become sensitised to the construction of verbal art. My final point is that through the perception and manipulation of linguistic patterns in different texts, students are in a better position to produce justifiable interpretations.

Modification of the cognitive model for bulimia via path analysis on a brazilian adolescent sample

Eating disturbances in middle-class Brazilian adolescents attending three high schools (one Military, two Private schools) were investigated. Participants from both Private schools were similar to U.S. samples on the EAT-26. Path analysis on the Private schools revealed the following. Higher body weight leads to weight concerns most strongly through greater discrepancy from the ideal, but it also leads directly to weight concern. Thus, both the reality of being heavier and the perception that one is larger than ideal (which could be due to being heavier and/or having a thin ideal) contribute to weight concern. Greater weight concern is associated most directly with lower self-esteem, which in turn is associated with endorsing greater importance of weight and shape. Importance of weight and shape contributes most powerfully to eating pathology through dieting, but this variable has a modest direct effect as well. These paths were not significant for the Military school sample in which participants reported lower levels of weight concern, dieting, body dissatisfaction, and a larger ideal figure. However, the Military sample rated importance of weight and shape as high as did Private-school participants. The results provide support for variables identified as important in the cognitive model of bulimia and suggest the model may be enhanced by including body weight and one’s perceived ideal body shape as additional variables.

Book Review: Bodyscape: art, modernity and the ideal figure, Public bodies/private states: new views on women and representation

Book Review: Bodyscape: art, modernity and the ideal figure, Public bodies/private states: new views on women and representation

Women's Body Figure Preferences Across the Life Span

Body figure preferences were examined in a sample of 180 women 18 to 59 years old. Participants were presented with Fallon and Rozin's (1985) set of 9 silhouette drawings ranging from very thin to very heavy. Women of all ages rated their current figure as significantly larger than their ideal figure, indicating the presence of body dissatisfaction across the life span. The degree of body dissatisfaction did not vary with age, marital status, educational level, or occupational status. However, in contrast to the younger women's responses and to the results of previous studies, women over the age of 30 years rated their ideal figure as significantly larger than the one perceived as most attractive to men. Therefore, conclusions concerning this issue that are based on studies of college undergraduates cannot necessarily be generalized to other groups of women.

Children's figure ratings: relationship to self-esteem and negative stereotyping.

Numerous studies have used figure ratings to demonstrate substantially greater body dissatisfaction among women than men. The present study aimed to investigate gender differences in body dissatisfaction in younger children. A children's version of the Figure Rating Scale was administered to 140 children between the ages of 7 and 12 years. Children also completed measures of self-esteem and negative stereotyping of fat people. Irrespective of age, girls rated their ideal figure as smaller than the one they considered most attractive to boys, and as substantially smaller than their current figure. For boys, there was no difference in ratings. Level of body dissatisfaction correlated negatively with self-esteem and positively with negative stereotyping for boys, but not for girls. The results are consistent with body dissatisfaction being "a normative discontent" for young girls as well as for adult women.

スポーツ競技者における食行動パターンごとの身体像の特徴

This study was conducted to identify the eating patterns of athletes and then to examine body image characteristics in relation to these patterns. One hundred and seventy-one male athletes and 241 female athletes specializing in various sports completed a questionnaire concerning food intake patterns, use of satiation cues, current and the most ideal body size, and attitudes toward their body. Using cluster analysis, this study identified five types of eating pattems among the athletes. Of the five clusters, three represented mild forms of disordered eating and two could be considered to represent more regulated eating styles. The body image characteristics for each eating pattern can be summarized as follows: 1)The two regulated eating groups, well-controlled dieters and uninhibited eaters, had similar body image characteristics(e.g.no difference between current and ideal figure estimation for males, thinner figure estimation in current body size for females, and a more positive attitude toward the body for both sexes). 2)Severe restraint eaters and deregulated dieters among male athletes had a significantly thinner ideal image than the current body, whereas all female eating groups had a thinner ideal image. 3)Male and female impulsive eaters who had a tendency toward bulimia showed more negative attitudes to their body. Female impulsive eaters also tended to overestimate their current body size. These results indicate that a positive body image in athletes is strongly related to stable eating behavior regardless of sex or participating sport.

Body figure perceptions and eating attitudes among Australian schoolchildren aged 8 to 12 years.

How widespread is the desire for thinness among preadolescent Australian children and are there gender differences? Two hundred forty-four children from Grades 3 to 6 completed the children's version of the Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT), reported whether they had ever wanted to be thinner or tried to lose weight, and selected pictures ranging from thin to fat to depict their current and ideal body images. Fifty percent of girls and 33% of boys have wanted to be thinner, and 40% and 24%, respectively, have attempted to lose weight. Percentages of girls and boys scoring above the ChEAT screening threshold for anorexia risk were 14% and 8%, respectively. ChEAT scores, attitudes and behaviors, and current and ideal figure perceptions were significantly related to body mass index (BMI). Attitudes and behaviors were consistent with recent U.S. and Israeli findings that concerns about being overweight are prevalent among 8- to 12-year-olds. High ChEAT scores among Grade 3 children raised the question of whether very young children adequately understand this questionnaire.

Waist-to-hip ratio and preferences for body shape: A replication and extension

Evidence from Singh (1993a, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 293–307; 1993b, Human Nature, 4, 297–321; 1994, Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 123–132; 1995, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1089–1101) clearly demonstrates the relation of waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and apparent overall body weight to attractiveness judgements of male and female figures. The present study is a cross-cultural replication of Singh's studies. In addition, sex difference meta-perceptions of attractiveness were considered. Overall results support Singh's work, which finds the WHR the most parsimonious measure of body physical attractiveness. With regard to the latter, a large consensus on preferences of ideal figures was found. Participants' perceptions of body shape and size showed both similarities and differences to those in Singh's research, and are discussed in terms of WHR as an evolutionary adaptation.

Nobody's Satisfied: Effects of Abnormal Eating Behaviors and Actual and Perceived Weight Status on Body Image Satisfaction in Males and Females

The present study replicated Zellner, Harner, and Adler (1989) in finding that all young adult women rate their Ideal figures (what they would like to look like) and Opposite figures (what they believe the opposite sex finds attractive) thinner than their Current figures (how they believe they currently appear). While Low and High Eat scoring women chose an Ideal figure thinner than their Current figure, only High Eat women (indicating abnormal eating behaviors) chose an Ideal figure thinner than what they think men find attractive (Opposite). The present study also found that not only abnormal eating behaviors, but current weight status influences body image perception in young adult males and females. Both overweight men and women want to be thinner. Correct weight men (as determined from the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company height and weight chart, 1983) wish to be heavier, while correct weight women (also determined from the Metropolitan Life Insurance chart) wish to be thinner. Many correct weight males believe they are underweight and so desire to be heavier, whereas females have a tendency to overestimate their size and therefore desire to be thinner. However, even when subjects perceive themselves as the correct weight they are dissatisfied. Almost all of the females who think they are the correct weight (35 out of 40) want to be thinner and 71% of the males either want to be thinner (7 out of 24) or heavier (10 out of 24).

Growing up in the culture of slenderness

This paper reports two group-interviews of young women aged 8 and 13 years. These young women were dissatisfied with their bodies and described ideal figures that matched the slim adult ideal. The younger girls were not dieting but were involved in helping their parents to diet. Adolescents had avoided “fattening” foods and would be concerned if they put on half a stone in weight. Eating (particularly sweet food) was used as a means of comfort and to relieve boredom by young women in both age groups. Results are similar to those of Nickie Charles and Marion Kerr (1986) who interviewed adult women. It is concluded that children as young as 8 years give accounts of body dissatisfaction that are similar to those of adult women, and that suggest acceptance of the slim adult ideal. Implications are discussed in relation to cultural influences on young women that encourage objectification and criticism of the body.

Image degradation due to assembly and alignment errors in conical foil x‐ray telescopes

The technology to fabricate and assemble many concentric, nested conical foil x-ray telescopes for high-throughput, moderateresolution, spectroscopic applications promises to be a cost-effective alternative to the grinding and polishing of conventional grazing incidence Wolter Type I telescopes. The three fundamental mechanisms that degrade achievable resolution for any imaging system are diffraction, geometrical aberrations (due to residual design errors, surface figure errors, and alignment errors), and scattering due to residual optical surface irregularities. A detailed parametric analysis of the image degradation due to each of these mechanisms is presented, with particular emphasis on the assembly and alignment errors for these tightly nested conical foil x-ray telescopes. A detailed error budget tree is then developed from which assembly and alignment tolerances can be derived. This error budget tree allows systems engineering trade-offs between foil surface tolerances, assembly and alignment tolerances, and the intrinsic resolution due to diffraction and residual design errors (the conical approximation to the ideal paraboloidal and hyperboloidal surface figure). Although the Danish Space Research Institute’s XSPECT conical foil x-ray telescope design parameters were used in this study, the methodology developed is applicable to any nested array of grazing incidence x-ray telescopes.

Effects of acousto‐optic correlator bandwidth on coded pulse compression

The effects of limited frequency bandwidth on the response of space-integrating acousto-optic correlators are considered. They are studied in the classical scope of pseudorandom sequence correlation, used in spread spectrum systems, in terms of the SNR enhancement in the correlator compared to the ideal (infinite bandwidth correlator) enhancement figure. An analytical approach using filtering of both useful signals and noise at the correlator input is developed. Numerical computations are drawn that show a loss of 4 dB when the code chip rate used is equal to three times the correlator bandwidth. Experimental results obtained for an acousto-optic cell are also presented and agree well with the theoretical results.

The effect of school environment on body concerns in adolescent women

The study investigated body figure preferences, eating disorder symptomology, and role concerns in 142 Australian caucasian adolescent girls in two different school environments, both of medium to high socioeconomic status. Girls at a private single-sex school nominated a thinner ideal figure and displayed more eating disorder patterns than their counterparts at a private coeducational school. Although the schools did not differ in role concerns, these had a differential impact on prediction of the ideal figure. In particular, the importance placed on professional success predicted the choice of ideal figure for the single-sex but not for the coeducational school. It was concluded that what motivates the wish for thinness differed between the schools.

QFD Models for Concurrent Engineering Development Processes of Automobiles

The systematic application of QFD to Concurrent Engineering (CE) procedures of automobile development has been investigated, which has lead to a proposal of defining the ideal figure of project leader. Included within this role are all the necessary responsibilities for the judgements and decisions related to the project. Based upon this proposal, a "2-storied quality chart" model is conceived which the project team prepares as a result of cooperation with function departments. To consider the progress of time, this chart is further developed to contain two parts; one to be provided for new development, and the other relying on data accumulated in the past. Furthermore, a "parallel flow quality chart" is conceived, considering the job sharing between the project team and function departments which shows diverse aspects during the processes of CE along the product axis. The above proposal of the ideal project leader and the concept models simplifies the treatment of sys tematic application of QFD to the total CE procedures: one can treat it as local QFD activities which take place in each team and department con cerned. In this way, the essential problem of systematically applying QFD to a complicated product development, which is that the quality chart becomes too voluminous, has been solved.

Ideal body shape preferences and eating disorder scores in adolescent women

Abstract Using the body figure-preference ratings of Fallon and Rozin (1985), this study investigated the relationship between body shape preferences and eating disorder scores in a sample of adolescent women. These young women were found to express a large degree of body dissatisfaction, which was positively related to eating disorder symptomology. For the sample as a whole, there was no difference between ratings of the ideal figure and that perceived as most attractive. However, the Bulimia and Perfectionism scales did offer unique prediction of the ideal figure, over and above the Attractive figure. It was concluded that young women with high bulimic scores wish to be thinner than what they perceive as attractive. The present study suggests that what motivates this wish is the search for perfectionism.

The Seven Pillars of the World: Ideal Figure Lists in the Christology of the Pseudo-Clementines

The Seven Pillars of the World: Ideal Figure Lists in the Christology of the Pseudo-Clementines

"In the Name of God and Profit": Jan van Eyck's Arnolfini Portrait

Research Article| October 01 1993 "In the Name of God and Profit": Jan van Eyck's Arnolfini Portrait Margaret D. Carroll Margaret D. Carroll Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Representations (1993) 44: 96–132. https://doi.org/10.2307/2928641 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Margaret D. Carroll; "In the Name of God and Profit": Jan van Eyck's Arnolfini Portrait. Representations 1 October 1993; 44 96–132. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2928641 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRepresentations Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1993 The Regents of the University of California Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

A comparison of body image perception in bulimics, restrainers, and normal women: an extension of previous findings.

Figure drawings ranging from very thin to heavy (Stunkard, Sorenson, & Schulsinger, 1980) were utilized to assess body-image perception in a group of women with bulimia nervosa, a group classified as restrained eaters, and a non-eating-disordered group of women. Participants were asked to choose the figures that most resembled their current figure, their ideal figure, and the figure they believed was most attractive to men. All women chose an ideal figure that was thinner than their current figure. However, the size of the discrepancy between their current and ideal figure was significantly larger for the bulimic group compared with the non-eating-disordered women. Furthermore, while the non-eating-disordered women rated their current figure similar to the size that they believed men would find most attractive, both the bulimic group and the restrained eaters rated their current figure larger than what they believed men would find most attractive. Finally, although it was hypothesized that the bulimic group would desire a figure even thinner than what they believed men would find most attractive, this hypothesis was not supported, as all three groups of women chose an ideal figure similar to the figure that they believed men would find most attractive. These present results are compared with previous investigations which utilized similar methodologies.

Female and Male Perceptions of Ideal Body Shapes: Distorted Views Among Caucasian College Students

Recent studies have demonstrated that women overestimate male preferences for thin female figures. This study examined whether women also overestimate the desirability of thin figures among female peers. Using body silhouettes employed by Fallon and Rozin (1985), 87 college women and 118 college men indicated the size of their own body figure, their ideal figure, the figure most attractive to other-sex peers, and the figure most attractive to same-sex peers. As predicted, the female silhouette that women selected as most attractive to same-sex peers was significantly thinner than the silhouette that women actually selected as most desirable. College men also misjudged the body preference of same-sex peers, exaggerating the extent to which other men perceived large physiques as ideal and desirable.

Body Image Dissatisfaction in Homosexual and Heterosexual Males

A nonclinical sample of 43 homosexual and 32 heterosexual men completed two self-report inventories regarding weight, body satisfaction, eating attitudes, and behaviors. Subjects were also asked to select their current and ideal figures, the weight they felt would be most attractive to a potential partner, and the weight to which they would be most attracted in a potential partner from figures representing very thin to very heavy physiques. Heterosexual men were significantly heavier than homosexual men and desired a significantly heavier ideal weight. Although the current and ideal physiques selected by the homosexual and heterosexual men were almost identical, homosexual men were more likely to desire an underweight ideal. A heightened pursuit of thinness may place homosexual men at an increased risk for developing eating disorders.