Ideal Chart Research Articles

Differences When Classifying Small for Gestational Age Preterm Infants According to the Growth Chart Applied.

Consensus around the ideal chart to classify preterm babies is scant. It is particularly relevant in small for gestational age (SGA) infants due to its clinical and therapeutic implications. The aim of the study was to compare Olsen, Intergrowth-21st, and Fenton growth charts, regarding the classification at birth and incidence of SGA preterm infants. Retrospective study of 529 preterm infants ≤ 32 weeks of gestational age. Birth weight Z-score was calculated applying the three growth charts and ponderal index (PI) was also estimated. Incidence of SGA (birth weight < 10th percentile) and clinical outcome were compared according to the chart used. Incidence of SGA was significantly higher (p < 0.001) with Olsen (101 cases, 19.1%) compared with Intergrowth-21st (75 cases, 14.2%) and Fenton (53 cases, 10%). Differences were also found with PI of SGA preterm infants, as those infants classified by Olsen were mostly symmetric (PI > 10th percentile), while Fenton and Intergrowth-21st identified less symmetric SGA infants. Kappa concordance between Intergrowth-21st and Fenton was 0.805, Intergrowth-21st versus Olsen 0.824, and Fenton versus Olsen 0.641. No differences were observed on neonatal morbidities or mortality. Significant differences were detected when classifying very preterm infants at birth according to the growth chart, mainly among symmetric SGA. Concordance between Fenton and Olsen was poor, but Intergrowth-21st showed high concordance with Fenton and Olsen. However, further research is needed to select the ideal chart. Variability in the population selected to create the curves and the accuracy dating the pregnancy are factors that may have explained differences. · Very preterm infants are differently classified at birth with various growth charts.. · Higher incidence of small for gestational age infants with Olsen compared with Fenton or Intergrowth.. · Variability in population selection and accuracy in dating pregnancy may have explained differences..

Monitoring circuit boards products in the presence of indeterminacy

In this article a repetitive group sampling control has been introduced for the neutrosophic statistics under the Conway-Maxwell-Poisson (COM-Poisson) distribution. The suggested chart has been compared with the existing plan using simulated data generated from neutrosophic COM-Poisson distribution. The practical implementation of the suggested chart has also been expounded using the data from the manufacturing of the electric circuit boards. Overall, the results demonstrate that the suggested chart will be a proficient addition in the control chart literature. It is also observed that the suggested chart is an ideal chart when applied under appropriate conditions.

INDUSTRIAL ASSESSMENT OF BIOPATTERN IN THE APPLICATION OF CENTRIFUGAL BLOWER DESIGN AND HEAT INSULATION SYSTEM OF EXTRUDER

BioPattern is a novel ideation tool for Bio-Inspired Design, built based on Theory of Inventive Problem Solving, SAPPhIRE Model of Causality, and pattern language. It has an ontology, known as pattern-based ontology, and a sustainability evaluation, known as Ideal Chart. However, this framework has not been tested yet to solve actual industrial problems. Therefore, this article is to present the results and analysis of the industrial case studies conducted to assess this biomimicry framework. Two different industries are selected. The industries presented a problem faced by each respective industry and the problems are to be solved by BioPattern. According to the constraints set by the industries, a suitable solution is found in the ontology while the concept generated is further evaluated by Ideal Chart. Based on the solutions produced from the case studies, BioPattern is found to be able to suggest technological solutions that are applicable in the industrial level with nature’s strategies. It can be concluded that BioPattern is able to ease ideation by providing innovative ideas and sustainable inspiration from nature.

Birth weight classification in gestational diabetes: is there an ideal chart?

Introduction : Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated to increased rates of large for gestational age newborns and macrosomia. Several charts are used to classify birth weight. Is there an ideal chart to classify newborns of GDM mothers? Methods : We evaluated adequacy of birth weight of 332 neonates born to GDM mothers at Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil. Newborns were classified according to gestational age as small (SGA), adequate or large (LGA) based on four charts: Alexander, Pedreira, INTERGROWTH 21 st Project and SINASC-2012. The latter was built using data from a large national registry of 2012, the Born Alive National Surveillance System ( Sistema de Informacoes de Nascidos Vivos – SINASC), which included 2.905,789 birth certificates. Frequencies of SGA and LGA and Kappa agreement were calculated. Results : In non-gender adjusted curves, SGA rates (95% confidence interval) varied from 8% (5-11) to 9% (6-13); LGA rates, from 11% (8-15) to 17% (13-21). For males, SGA rates varied from 3% (1-6%) to 6% (3-11%), and LGA rates, from 18% (13-24%) to 31% (24-38%); for female, SGA rates were from 3% (1-7%) to 10% (6-16%) and LGA rates, from 11% (6-16%) to 19% (13-26%). Kappa results were: ALEXANDER vs. SINASC-2012: 0.80 (0.73-0.88); INTERGROWTH 21 st vs. SINASC-2012 (adjusted by sex): 0.62 (0.53-0.71); INTERGROWTH 21 st vs. PEDREIRA: 0.71 (0.62-0.79); SINASC-2012 (by sex) vs. PEDREIRA: 0.86 (0.79-0.93). Conclusions : Misclassification has to be taken into account when evaluating newborns of GDM mothers, as LGA rates can almost double depending on the chart used to classify birth weight.

Dental Anomaly Patterns (DAP)

Dental Anomaly Patterns (DAP)

Large-Volume Liposuction: A Review of 631 Consecutive Cases over 12 Years

Since the advent of epinephrine-containing wetting solutions and sophisticated fluid management techniques, increasingly larger and larger volumes of liposuction aspirations have been reported. Unfortunately, with these larger volumes of liposuction being routinely performed, greater rates of complications have also been reported, with the worst of these resulting in deaths. In a response to the increasing concerns over the safety of large-volume liposuction, a critical review of the senior author's own series has been performed to evaluate risks and benefits and to recommend guidelines for safe and effective large-volume liposuction. A retrospective chart review was performed on 631 consecutive patients who underwent liposuction procedures of at least 3000 cc total aspirate. All procedures were performed by the same senior surgeon between January of 1986 and March of 1998. Before September of 1996, traditional liposuction techniques were used. After September of 1996, ultrasoundassisted liposuction was performed. The superwet technique of fluid management was employed for all procedures performed after 1991. The particulars of the surgical and anesthetic techniques used are reviewed in the article. Data collection included preoperative patient demographics, preoperative and postoperative weights and measurements, and preoperative and postoperative photographs. Total aspirate volumes, fluid intakes, and fluid outputs were measured, and all complications were tallied. Average follow-up was 1 year. Results showed the majority of patients to be women, aged 17 to 74 years old. Of the preoperative weights, 98.7 percent were within 50 pounds of ideal chart weight. Total aspirate volumes ranged from 3 to 17 liters, with 94.5 percent of these under 10 liters. Fluid balance measurements showed an average of 120 cc/kg positive fluid balance at the end of the procedure, with none of these patients experiencing any significant fluid balance abnormalities. Cosmetic results were good, with a 2- to 6-inch drop from preoperative measurements, depending on the area treated. Ten percent of patients experienced minor skin contour irregularities, with most of these patients not requiring any additional surgical procedures. One year after surgery, 80 percent of patients maintained stable postoperative weights. No serious complications were experienced in this series. The majority of the complications consisted of minor skin injuries and burns, allergic reactions to garments, and postoperative seromas. The more serious complications included four patients who developed mild pulmonary edema and one patient who developed pneumonia postoperatively. These patients were treated appropriately and went on to have uneventful recoveries. The results show that large-volume liposuction can be a safe and effective procedure when patients are carefully selected and when anesthetic and surgical techniques are properly performed. Meticulous fluid balance calculations are necessary to avoid volume abnormalities, and experience is mandatory when performing the largest aspirations. Cosmetic benefits are excellent, and overall complication rates are low. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 108: 1753, 2001.)

Large-volume liposuction: a review of 631 consecutive cases over 12 years.

Since the advent of epinephrine-containing wetting solutions and sophisticated fluid management techniques, increasingly larger and larger volumes of liposuction aspirations have been reported. Unfortunately, with these larger volumes of liposuction being routinely performed, greater rates of complications have also been reported, with the worst of these resulting in deaths. In a response to the increasing concerns over the safety of large-volume liposuction, a critical review of the senior author's own series has been performed to evaluate risks and benefits and to recommend guidelines for safe and effective large-volume liposuction. A retrospective chart review was performed on 631 consecutive patients who underwent liposuction procedures of at least 3000 cc total aspirate. All procedures were performed by the same senior surgeon between January of 1986 and March of 1998. Before September of 1996, traditional liposuction techniques were used. After September of 1996, ultrasound-assisted liposuction was performed. The superwet technique of fluid management was employed for all procedures performed after 1991. The particulars of the surgical and anesthetic techniques used are reviewed in the article. Data collection included preoperative patient demographics, preoperative and postoperative weights and measurements, and preoperative and postoperative photographs. Total aspirate volumes, fluid intakes, and fluid outputs were measured, and all complications were tallied. Average follow-up was 1 year. Results showed the majority of patients to be women, aged 17 to 74 years old. Of the preoperative weights, 98.7 percent were within 50 pounds of ideal chart weight. Total aspirate volumes ranged from 3 to 17 liters, with 94.5 percent of these under 10 liters. Fluid balance measurements showed an average of 120 cc/kg positive fluid balance at the end of the procedure, with none of these patients experiencing any significant fluid balance abnormalities. Cosmetic results were good, with a 2- to 6-inch drop from preoperative measurements, depending on the area treated. Ten percent of patients experienced minor skin contour irregularities, with most of these patients not requiring any additional surgical procedures. One year after surgery, 80 percent of patients maintained stable postoperative weights. No serious complications were experienced in this series. The majority of the complications consisted of minor skin injuries and burns, allergic reactions to garments, and postoperative seromas. The more serious complications included four patients who developed mild pulmonary edema and one patient who developed pneumonia postoperatively. These patients were treated appropriately and went on to have uneventful recoveries. The results show that large-volume liposuction can be a safe and effective procedure when patients are carefully selected and when anesthetic and surgical techniques are properly performed. Meticulous fluid balance calculations are necessary to avoid volume abnormalities, and experience is mandatory when performing the largest aspirations. Cosmetic benefits are excellent, and overall complication rates are low.

Planning for change with organization charts

What is a business organization? What should it be? After a tumultuous decade of rapid social change during which the business community was often regarded with hostility, society is demanding that the corporation examine its structure, evaluate its mission, and emphasize objectives compatible with both individual needs and organizational goals. How can a company respond to the challenge to scrutinize its operations and reevaluate its structure? How can a company change in a way that will benefit both the individual and the organization? In order to execute change effectively, a company must answer two fundamental questions: Where are we, and where do we want to go? Once present conditions are ascertained and a more ideal organizational structure agreed upon, the transition will be easier to complete harmoniously and without disruption. But such a transition cannot be effected without extensive and systematic planning, which involves using pro forma organization charts, a major tool in company planning. Traditionally, drawing up an organization chart has been viewed as a necessary chore, performed hurriedly to meet banking or other requirements. A chart is supposed to indicate how a corporation is structured, what positions exist, and what the hierarchy of authority and responsibility is. Yet organization charts can be far more than just procedural tools to obtain legal and financial recognition, or to satisfy the whims of a personnel department. They can be the backbone of an organization, the basis of change, and the statement of a corporation's future policy. This wiI1 not occur, however, if the charts are given only the standard occasional updating. To maximize the usefulness of organization charts as instruments of change and policy, two sets of at least three pro forma organization charts should be drawn. One set represents ideal corporate structures, constructed in terms of the expected technological, economic, social, and personnel conditions of the future. The other set represents optimum corporate structures, which reflect the problems of making the transition from one ideal chart to the next.

Grid Navigation and its Allied Problems

The Mercator chart has been used for navigational purposes for nearly four hundred years. Before Kramer devised his chart in 1569 navigators generally used a chart based on the simple cylindrical projection. The Cylindrical Orthomorphic projection devised by Kramer (or Mercator, as he is commonly called) revolutionized navigation and from that time has been the standard navigational chart for marine use. It was to be expected that, when the time came, air navigators would copy and perhaps modify the technique of the seaman. This was done, and today air navigators continue to use the Mercator chart. In many ways, however, it is not an ideal chart; it is now time to depart from this tradition and to use charts more suitable for air navigation. That this is possible has been shown by experimental flying in the Royal Air Force and by other countries, notably the United States and Canada.