Ideal Characteristics Research Articles

Effect of gelatin nanoparticles’ size and charge on iontophoretic targeted deposition to the hair follicles

Hair follicles (HFs) represent a route of interest to drug delivery for treating several skin conditions. Iontophoresis, on the other hand, is a physical method to enhance drug permeation by applying a low electrical current to the formulation. HFs can be targeted following topical iontophoretic application, as they represent a pathway of lower electrical resistance, as well as a drug reservoir, in particular useful for nanoparticles (NPs), which can preferably accumulate in these structures. Combining both strategies may provide optimal results, but the literature still lacks evidence of the ideal NP characteristics for the iontophoretic drug delivery targeting the HFs. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of gelatin NPs’ size and charge under iontophoresis application on NPs’ deposition into the HFs. Four gelatin NP formulations were produced with varying gelatin concentrations and gelatin types (positively charged type A and negatively charged type B), with sizes ranging from 220 to 770 nm. A fluorescent dye, TRITC-dextran 150 kDa, was encapsulated for monitoring NPs deposition. Cutaneous penetration experiments were performed in vitro with and without iontophoresis for 6 h with pig ear skin. The deposition profile was assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Photomicrographs showed a higher accumulation of the larger positively charged NPs (AL), reaching deeper portions of HFs, and showed iontophoresis further increased their deposition, resulting in the highest signal. In conclusion, these findings shed light on the applications of NPs and bring novel treatment opportunities for several diseases compromising the hair follicles.

Effect of liquid-solid ratio on metakaolin-based geopolymer binder properties

AbstractThis article aims to achieve the hardening of geopolymer binder-based metakaolin under the same setting time and hardening temperature as traditional cement. It studied the hardening of the geopolymer binder-based metakaolin at two temperatures of 60 °C and room temperature using different liquid-to-solid ratios of 0.8, 0.95, and 1.1. The bulk density, compressive strength, sitting times, thermal conductivity, and microstructure were measured for geopolymer binders. Based on the specified range for cement characteristics, the geopolymer binder was solidified at room temperature, utilizing a liquid-to-solid ratio of 0.8 to achieve optimal results stratified according to the cement's ideal characteristics. It had a bulk density of 1.264 g cm−3, compressive strength of 19.12 MPa, initial setting time of 288 min, final setting time of 358 min, and thermal conductivity of 0.49 W m−1 K.

Biocomposite Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: Materials, Fabrication Techniques and Future Directions

Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that combines materials, methods, and biological molecules to engineer newly formed tissues to replace or restore functional organs. Biomaterials-based scaffolds play a crucial role in developing new tissue by interacting with human cells. Tissue engineering scaffolds with ideal characteristics, namely, nontoxicity, biodegradability, and appropriate mechanical and surface properties, are vital for tissue regeneration applications. However, current biocomposite scaffolds face significant limitations, particularly in achieving structural durability, controlled degradation rates, and effective cellular integration. These qualities are essential for maintaining long-term functionality in vivo. Although commonly utilized biomaterials can provide physical and chemical properties needed for tissue regeneration, inadequate biomimetic properties, as well as insufficient interactions of cells-scaffolds interaction, still need to be improved for the application of tissue engineering in vivo. It is impossible to achieve some essential features using a single material, so combining two or more materials may accomplish the requirements. In order to achieve a proper scaffold design, a suitable fabrication technique and combination of biomaterials with controlled micro or nanostructures are needed to achieve the proper biological responses. This review emphasizes advancements in scaffold durability, biocompatibility, and cellular responsiveness. It focuses on natural and synthetic polymer combinations and innovative fabrication techniques. Developing stimulus-responsive 3D scaffolds is critical, as these scaffolds enhance cell adhesion and promote functional tissue formation while maintaining structural integrity over time. This review also highlights the natural polymers, smart materials, and recent advanced techniques currently used to create emerging scaffolds for tissue regeneration applications.

Shape memory resin for direct printed aligners: A scoping review

: This review aims at analyzing the literature available regarding the properties of the novel Tera Harz resin introduced to manufacture direct printed aligners in terms of its mechanical characteristics, accuracy, and cytotoxicity. Utilizing the databases of PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, a search for publications published up until February 2024 was conducted by applying the search phrases ("3D printed" OR "three-dimensional printed") AND aligner AND (polymer* OR material* OR resin* OR technopolymer*). There were 620 records found in the first search. 220 studies were reviewed after duplicates were eliminated. A total of 196 complete texts were screened based on the title and abstract. 90 full-text papers had their eligibility evaluated. The qualitative synthesis contained 16 studies.With its ideal characteristics, the new shape memory resin has the potential to be a viable replacement for thermoformed aligners, offering greater accuracy and force delivery. The gathered data is still only somewhat reliable and quantitatively scarce. It is necessary to do more research to assess the therapeutic efficacy of these new materials.

What does the Ideal Postgraduate Micro-Credential Look Like?

Micro-credentials have been widely adopted in tertiary education to provide a means of recognising new types of study, typically focusing on specialist topics with an applied focus. Although they are primarily designed as standalone certifications, they are increasingly playing a role within larger programmes of study, either as additional learning opportunities or integrated through the stacking of credits. In postgraduate study, micro-credentials can support specialisation and differentiation within higher degrees such as master’s programmes. However, the design of these micro-credentials varies widely in terms of focus areas, stacking options, number of credits, and time taken to complete. This article reports on an interview study of postgraduate students at a New Zealand institution who have completed at least one micro-credential as part of their learning journey in order to identify the ideal characteristics of a postgraduate micro-credential from the students’ perspectives. The results suggest that the legitimacy of accreditation is valued, as is stackability, and the length should be between ten and twelve weeks for a 15 credit micro-credential. However, equally important is the way the learning is designed, with flexibility of learning, opportunities for collaboration, and a high level of critical thinking valued by the interviewees.

Chitosan-coated nanoemulsion for intranasal administration increases temozolomide mucosal permeation, cellular uptake, and In vitro cytotoxicity in glioblastoma multiforme cells

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent and aggressive type of brain cancer in adults. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the chemotherapeutic agent used to treat primary central nervous system tumors. However, TMZ's clinical effectiveness faces several challenges due to its physical-chemical properties and biological features of GBM, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Mucoadhesive nanosystems such as those coated with chitosan represent a promising alternative for optimizing the delivery of therapeutic agents to the central nervous system, as they possess ideal characteristics that enhance their interaction with the intranasal mucosa. We aimed to develop a chitosan-coated nanoemulsion containing temozolomide (CS-NE-TMZ) for nose-to-brain delivery and characterize its physical-chemical and in vitro biological properties. CS-NE-TMZ were obtained by emulsification followed by sonication. The optimized CS-NE-TMZ presented droplet size of 123,4 ± 2,3 nm, polydispersity index of 0.273 ± 0.028, zeta potential of +21,5 ± 0,81 mV, entrapment efficiency of 100 ± 1,91 % and drug loading of 2 ± 0,007 %. An in vitro release study of CS-NE-TMZ showed sustained release for up to 24 h following the Korsmeyer-Peppas model with Fickian diffusion. CS-NE-TMZ demonstrated significantly enhanced ex vivo mucosal permeation, compared to free TMZ, and showed enhanced in vitro cellular uptake, selectively increasing cytotoxicity in U-87MG glioma cells but not in healthy L929 fibroblasts, reinforcing the potential of mucoadhesive nanoemulsions as effective intranasal drug delivery systems for future brain cancer therapies.

Viscosity Characteristics of Ideal Lubricants to Reduce Stress on Intestinal Mucosa During Balloon-Assisted Enteroscopy.

Balloon-assisted enteroscopy (BAE) is highly invasive and carries a higher risk of complications such as pain and perforation during enteroscope insertion. Applying lubricants to the small intestinal mucosa and reducing the dynamic friction coefficient (DFC) between the small intestinal mucosa and endoscopic shaft (ES) (or overtube (OT)) can minimize the invasiveness of BAE. However, the ideal viscosity characteristics of these lubricants remain unknown. In this study, a model is developed to measure the DFC using human small intestines from forensic autopsies and determine the ideal viscosity of low-friction lubricants that exhibit a minimal DFC, thus reducing the pressure on the intestinal lining during the procedure. The results reveal that the DFC is strongly correlated to the lubricant's viscosity rather than its chemical composition. Low-friction lubricants with viscosities within 0.20-0.32 and 0.35-0.58 Pa·s (at shear rates of 10 s-1) for the OT and ES, respectively, can significantly reduce the DFC, yielding optimal results. These findings highlight the role of viscosity in minimizing the friction between the equipment and small intestinal mucosa. The ideal low-friction lubricants satisfying the aforementioned viscosity ranges can minimize the invasiveness of BAE by decreasing the friction between the equipment and intestinal lining.

Control synchronization of the anti-resonance vibration system with two eccentric rotors driven by the motors

The present research works focuses on the control synchronization of anti-resonance vibration system (ARVS) with two eccentric rotors driven by the motors. The small parameters average method and Hamilton’s criterion are employed to analyze the self-synchronous theory of the proposed system from the views of mechanics and mathematics. The research results show that the zero-phase synchronization between two motors is difficult to carry out owing to its own weak coupling property; the ideal dynamic characteristics of the ARVS are easily destroyed by the material quality fluctuation. Therefore, the controllers of the angular speed and phase angle are designed by using the sliding mode control (SMC) algorithm with master-slave control structure. And then Lyapunov theory is used to prove the stability of the controllers. Moreover, some simulation results are given to explore the feasibility and validity of the proposed controllers. The results indicate that the zero-phase synchronization between two motors can be performed by using the proposed control strategy; meanwhile, the ideal dynamic characteristics of the ARVS can be maintained by the proposed controllers with the material quality fluctuation; additionally, a strong robustness of the control system is carried out to reject the structural parametric interferences to the dynamic characteristics. The results can provide a control method for the engineering design of the anti-resonance vibration machine and help anti-resonance vibration machine adapt to more complex working environment.

Hydrogel-Based Vascularized Organ Tissue Engineering: A Systematized Review on Abdominal Organs.

Biomedical engineering, especially tissue engineering, is trying to provide an alternative solution to generate functional organs/tissues for use in various applications. These include beyond the final goal of transplantation, disease modeling and drug discovery as well. The aim of this study is to comprehensively review the existing literature on hydrogel-based vascularized organ (i.e., liver, pancreas, kidneys, intestine, stomach and spleen) tissue engineering of the abdominal organs. A comprehensive literature search was conducted on the Scopus database (latest search 1 September 2024). The research studies including hydrogel-based vascularized organ tissue engineering in the organs examined here were eligible for the review. Herein, 18 studies were included. Specifically, 10 studies included the liver or hepatic tissue, 5 studies included the pancreas or pancreatic islet tissue, 3 studies included the kidney or renal tissue, 1 study included the intestine or intestinal or bowel tissue, 1 study included the stomach or gastric tissue, and 0 studies included spleen tissue. Hydrogels are biocompatible materials with ideal characteristics for use as scaffolds. Even though organ tissue engineering is a rapidly growing field, there are still many obstacles to overcome to create a fully functional and long-lasting organ.

Improving acoustic absorption modeling of additively manufactured microperforated panels through kriging-based approaches

Microperforated panels (MPPs) have emerged as good acoustic absorbers, with the Maa model being commonly utilized for predicting their acoustic absorption and impedance. However, discrepancies arise when applying this model to MPPs fabricated through additive manufacturing. Additive manufacturing offers design flexibility, but it challenges traditional acoustic models by not achieving ideal geometric characteristics. For instance, non-circular perforations resulting from the additive manufacturing, deviate from the perfect circular shape assumed in the Maa model. This non-ideal geometry poses challenges in predicting MPP acoustic absorption, particularly at lower frequencies and in wideband scenarios. Microscopic examinations reveal microporosity within panel solids, adding complexities not usually accounted for by models assuming a solid structure around perforations. This study investigates the observed disparity between Maa model predictions and experimental results due to manufacturing defects, microporosity within the MPPs and panel vibration. We address these challenges by introducing Kriging, a spatial interpolation technique, to refine the absorption model. The Kriging model demonstrates remarkable agreement with experimental data, offering a more accurate representation of the acoustic performance of additively manufactured MPPs. The proposed methodology not only contributes to advancing the understanding of acoustic absorption in MPPs but is also promising for optimizing their performance in real-world applications.

An analytical I-V model of SiC double-gate junctionless MOSFETs

Silicon carbide(SiC) double gate junctionless metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors(DG JL MOSFETs) have attracted significant attention due to their ideal high temperature characteristics and radiation resistance. Therefore, it is meaningful to exploit an I-V model for SiC DG JL MOSFETs. In this article, we make a linear approximation to describe the relationship between the surface mobile charge density and the surface electron concentration of the device. Based on this approximation and using the one-dimensional Poisson’s equation, we solve for the potential distribution of a SiC DG JL MOSFET in the subthreshold region. From this solution, we derived a functional relationship between the surface mobile charge density in the channel and the channel quasi-Fermi potential. Then we successfully developed a unified I-V model for the SiC DG JL MOSFETs. Based on the drain to source current calculation formula, the calculation expressions for the device’s transconductance and output conductance are derived. By comparing our model with the results from the two-dimensional numerical simulation software Silvaco Atlas, our model’s calculations closely match the two-dimensional numerical simulation results from the subthreshold region to the accumulation region. This model has reference significance for SiC DG JL MOSFETs in the high temperature electronic circuit application field.

Therapeutic Apheresis in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients.

Clear guidelines for therapeutic apheresis in children after renal transplant do not exist. This article reviews the current experiences with therapeutic apheresis in pediatric transplant recipients. The ideal characteristics of removable substances should have all of the following criteria for an effective therapeutic apheresis: large molecular weight (>15 kDa), prolonged half-life, rapid elimination from the plasma, high intravascular distribution, and low turnover rate. Among these molecules, immunoglobulin M is ~75% intravascular; thus, only 1 or 2 therapeutic apheresis procedures are needed to reduce immunoglobulin M levels efficiently. In contrast, immunoglobulin G is distributed 45% intravascularly and returns to ~60% of preapheresis level within 48 hours; thus, the regimen involves 5 procedures and immunosuppressive therapy is crucial to reduce immunoglobulin G levels. Therapeutic apheresis can also remove cytokines. Immunomodulatory effects of therapeutic apheresis do not only remove unwanted substances but involve other important mechanisms, including increased T-regulatory cells compared with T-effector cells. Many modalities of therapeutic apheresis are used for pediatric transplant recipients, including plasmapheresis, double filtration plasmapheresis, photopheresis, lipopheresis, and immunoadsorption, which is the most effective but has a high cost. Therapeutic apheresis in pediatric transplant recipients is effective for posttransplant nephrotic syndrome (mainly focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). Therapeutic apheresis has also resulted in partial or complete remission for 66% of patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and 75% response rate for chronic antibody-mediated rejection. However, therapeutic apheresis should be accompanied by other immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rebound phenomena. Potential complications of therapeutic apheresis in pediatric transplant recipients include fluid and electrolyte imbalances, infection, bleeding, and reactions to replacement fluids during therapeutic apheresis. However, therapeutic apheresis (combined with immunosuppression) is an effective tool in most pediatric renal transplant recipients for management of antibody-mediated rejection, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Harnessing MBene termination for superior anode interfaces in Li/Ca-ion batteries

The elevation of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal borides, specifically MBenes, as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and calcium-ion batteries (CIBs) can be achieved through strategic functionalization with appropriate groups. Utilizing a first-principles approach, we conducted an in-depth investigation into the electrochemical properties of chlorine-terminated V2B (V2BCl2) as a candidate anode material for LIBs and CIBs. V2BCl2 exhibits metallic behavior, as demonstrated by band structure analysis, which endows it with exceptional conductivity due to the free electron surface of the system, thereby embodying ideal anode characteristics. The dynamic and thermal stability of the system was assessed through comprehensive phonon dispersion analyses and ab-initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) calculations. High net charge transfer rates of Li/Ca ions towards the monolayer, augmented electron localization function (ELF) near system atoms, and the presence of ionic bonds between Ca/Li and the V2BCl2 monolayer contribute to the enhanced conductivity observed in these anode systems. This is corroborated by metrics such as the projected crystal orbital Hamiltonian population (-pCOHP), low diffusion energy barriers (< 0.35 eV) facilitating rapid charging mechanisms, and low open circuit voltages (< 0.32 V) ensuring robust battery performance stability. Furthermore, V2BCl2 exhibits notable specific storage capacities of 875.67 mAh g−1 for Ca ions and 1167.75 mAh g−1 for Li ions, surpassing the benchmarks set by recent MBene systems. These promising results strongly advocate for V2BCl2 as a viable candidate for anode material in both LIB and CIB applications, highlighting its potential significance in advancing battery technology.

Cognitive behavioural therapy for fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundTreatment of fatigue is important for many patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). While pharmacological options have not shown consistent benefit, psychological interventions offer another avenue of treatment. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) involves strategies to change maladaptive cognition and illness behaviours that modulate how patients with MS respond to fatigue. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effectiveness of CBT for the treatment of fatigue in patients with MS. MethodsFive databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Emcare and PsycINFO) were searched up until 31 July 2023. Randomised controlled trials involving adult patients with MS and fatigue, comparing CBT with another intervention or usual treatment were included. Studies were required to measure fatigue severity and/or the impact of fatigue as the primary outcome(s). Each study was assessed for bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool version 2. Studies with sufficient data were used for meta-analysis to quantify the short- and long-term effects of CBT on MS-related fatigue. The level of certainty provided by the body of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) framework. ResultsEight studies were included in the review and six studies contributed to the meta-analysis. Most studies had a low overall risk of bias. CBT interventions differed in the number, duration and frequency of sessions, mode of delivery and therapist. There were significant short- (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.58, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) -0.85 to -0.31, P-value < 0.0001) and long-term (SMD -0.36, 95%CI -0.52 to -0.19, P-value < 0.0001) effects supporting CBT. The evidence provided a low level of certainty for the short-term effect because of heterogeneity of results and possible publication bias, while there was high certainty for the long-term result. ConclusionThe study provides secondary evidence that CBT has moderate short-term and small long-term effects in reducing fatigue in patients with MS. CBT should be regarded as a viable evidence-based intervention, particularly in the absence of established alternatives. Future research should identify the ideal characteristics of a fatigue-specific CBT intervention, patient factors that predict treatment response and strategies to maintain initial improvements over time.

Special issue: Middle‐class Indian students: Migration recruiters and aspirations

AbstractThis paper explores the perspectives and hopes of the Indian middle class regarding international migration, specifically focusing on educational mobility. It discusses the obstacles that students encounter in a fluctuating economy, their dependence on family resources and financial support for studying abroad, as well as the importance of social networks. Furthermore, it analyses how social media platforms aid migration and addresses the influence of privatisation and global mobility on student decision‐making. The paper also highlights Indian students' desires to embody ideal neoliberal characteristics to secure prestigious employment while fulfilling cultural expectations within middle‐class households. Additionally, it investigates how migration facilitation and migrants' actions contribute to new migration routes. The research contextualises these changes in students balancing conflicting pressures and ambitions across different locations with cosmopolitan migrant ideals at its core.

Ethnic Considerations When Planning Lip Augmentation.

Ideal standards of beauty including preferred lip characteristics vary between ethnicities. Though plump, well-defined lips are globally associated with youth, variation exists with regards to the perceived ideal lip volume and proportions between ethnicities. Proportions that may be assessed when planning lip augmentation include the upper to lower lip ratio, philtrum length, upper and lower vermilion heights, the ratio between the philtrum height and that of the upper vermilion, and the lip height to lip width ratio. It is important that accurate assessments of patients are made pre- and post- augmentation. However, many aesthetic assessment tools are based on Caucasian models with limited use in other ethnicities. We present a review of the ideal lip characteristics and assessment techniques accounting for ethnicity, with a view to providing practitioners an evidence-based approach to lip assessment and treatment planning for patients of all backgrounds.

Carbon-mechanic dual-control design decision model of prefabricated structural components

Prefabricated enclosure structures (PES) have become the key technology for low-carbon construction in the engineering field due to their low labor demand, fast construction speed, and low environmental pollution. In the context of low-carbon development, efficiently designing PES that not only possess high-strength but also demonstrate significant greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction benefits has become a critical challenge. The objective of this study is to address the challenges of automated design and scientific decision-making methods for PES components. First, the Carbon-mechanic dual-control assessment model (CDAM) is proposed, providing a novel evaluation dimension for the design of prefabricated components. Subsequently, based on the CDAM, an automated design decision-making process, and model for components are established using an improved genetic algorithm and parameterized method. Finally, under the constraints of actual engineering conditions, adaptive solutions were automatically generated for specific cases. These solutions were comprehensively evaluated and optimized using CDAM, resulting in design guidelines and optimal solutions for PES that balance environmental performance and load-bearing capacity. The case analysis results show that the optimal scheme based on the carbon-mechanic dual-control (CM) index is: the sectional dimension is 830 mm, the reinforcement ratio is 0.9 % and the cavity ratio is 45 %, which shows the ideal characteristics of low-carbon and high-strength. Compared with the single index decision scheme, this scheme achieve a maximum of 42 % GHG emissions reduction. The high comprehensive performance scheme is characterized by small sectional dimension, high reinforcement ratio, and high cavity ratio. Cavity ratio is a key parameter to achieve high performance design. The research findings provide an important theoretical basis and technical support for the low-carbon transformation in the engineering field.

Students' Perspectives on their ideal English professor in class

This research aims to identify students' perspectives on their ideal English professor, characteristics and skills and investigate whether they would like to learn a second language and consider it to aid their professional life. Therefore, a survey was done online with N= 220 learners taking the A1 English level in a public university in the coastal region of Ecuador. The data collected comprised 19 statements divided into three categories ( 1. The perspective in the English professor's Identity; (2. Perspectives on the English Professor's Instruction; (3. Teachers Profile. The analysis uses descriptive statistics. The results demonstrate that students prefer flexible English professors who motivate them to learn a second language, which is essential for them. Most of the students agree that the ideal English professor must have a good proficiency in English level and studied in the field. In summary, as students like to learn a second language, believing it is essential for their professional career, they would prefer a professor who adapts to their necessities.

그림책으로 읽어보는 어린이의 몸과 건강: 푸코의 지식, 권력과 담론을 기초로

Objectives This study aimed to analyze how picture books discuss and represent children's bodies and health, as well as to uncover their underlying meanings, utilizing the concepts of knowledge, power, and discourse by the post-structuralist M. Foucault. Methods To achieve this, a discourse analysis was conducted using Foucault's techniques of discipline, surveillance, and normalization on 132 picture books selected through the search of the National Library for Children and Young Adults. Results The findings revealed that these picture books reflect the standards and norms set by our society regarding children's bodies and health. They utilize the authority and status of specialized knowledge in fields such as medicine, nutrition, psychology, and sports science to regulate children's bodies by presenting different arrangements of healthy or vulnerable bodies and establishing hierarchical knowledge to secure a standardized body position. The multiplicity of voices, including the voice of narrators, illustrations, and the voice of adult readers, intertwined with gazes between characters, exerted the power of reward and punishment, allowing child readers to self-regulate regarding their bodies and health. Moreover, the ideal characteristics of children's bodies and health were reinforced through powerful discourses structured around expectations, commands, conventions, norms, declarations, and linked to broader societal discourses such as risk and deficiency, differentiated by age and gender. Conclusions The meaning and discourse surrounding children's healthy bodies were discussed within the context of how societal discourses, including risk and deficiency discourses based on age and gender, also regulate children's bodies and health. Picture books by adopting a narrative form can become a mechanism of power that (re)produces and disseminates knowledge and discourse about children.

Synthesis and Evaluation of 99mTc(CO)3 Complexes with Ciprofloxacin Dithiocarbamate for Infection Imaging.

Background: The accurate diagnosis of bacterial infections remains a critical challenge in clinical practice. Traditional imaging modalities like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) often fail to distinguish bacterial infections from sterile inflammation. Nuclear medicine, such as technetium-99m (99mTc) radiopharmaceuticals, offers a promising alternative due to its ideal characteristics. Methods: This study explores the development of [2 + 1] mixed-ligand 99mTc-labeled ciprofloxacin dithiocarbamate (Cip-DTC) complexes combined with various phosphine ligands, including triphenylphosphine (PPh3), tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine (TMPP), methyl(diphenyl)phosphine (MePPh2), dimethylphenylphosphine (DMPP), and 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (ADAP). The characterization of 99mTc-complexes was conducted using rhenium analogs as structural models to ensure similar coordination. Results: Stability studies demonstrated the high integrity (97-98%) of the complexes under various conditions, including cysteine and histidine challenges. Lipophilicity studies indicated that complexes with higher logD7.4 values (1.6-2.7) exhibited enhanced tissue penetration and prolonged circulation. Biodistribution studies in Swiss Albino mice with induced infections and aseptic inflammation revealed distinct patterns. Specifically, the complex fac-[99mTc(CO)3(Cip-DTC)(PPh3)] (2') showed high infected/normal muscle ratios (4.62 at 120 min), while the complex fac-[99mTc(CO)3(Cip-DTC)(TMPP)] (3') demonstrated delayed but effective targeting (infected/normal muscle ratio of 3.32 at 120 min). Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of 99mTc-labeled complexes as effective radiopharmaceuticals for the differential diagnosis of bacterial infections, advancing nuclear medicine diagnostics. Future studies will focus on optimizing molecular weight, lipophilicity, and stability to further enhance the diagnostic specificity and clinical utility of these radiopharmaceuticals.