Ideal Age Research Articles

Pre- and mid-season repeated sprint ability of soccer referees from the first and second divisions

The main aim of the study was to investigate the differences in repeated sprint ability of first- compared to second-division referees at the beginning and in the middle of the soccer season. Twenty-seven main and 51 assistant referees, from the first (age 36.2 ± 5.3) and the second (age 28.8 ± 3.9) soccer divisions, performed two fitness tests—at the beginning and at mid-season, consisting of a repeated sprint test of 6 × 40 m and 5 × 30 m sprints for the referees and assistant referees, respectively. While no differences were found among the first division’s main referees, significant improvement ( p < .05) was found among the second division’s main referees at mid-season compared to the beginning of the season in ideal sprint time (31.97 ± 1.5 vs. 32.47 ± 1.3 s) and total sprint time (32.62 ± 1.4 vs. 33.10 ± 1.1 s), respectively. The main referees' ideal sprint time and total sprint time were significantly faster ( p < .05) in the second compared to the first division, at pre-season and at mid-season. Significant correlations were found between age and ideal sprint time ( r = .63) and age and total sprint time ( r = .66) among the main referees, but not between age and performance indices among the assistant referees. The findings demonstrated a superiority of the second over the first division's referees in anaerobic capabilities, suggesting that training program should be specific for each division. It may also indicate that variables other than physical capabilities determine referees' professional status and referee's advancement from second to the first division.

Age at onset of training in children with hearing and speech disorders and the analysis of related factors in Turkey

BackgroundEarly diagnosis and intervention play a vital role in hearing and speech disorders and the effect of intervention varies according to the age at onset of training of children with such disorders. Aim of this study is to investigate the age at onset of training in children admitted to our center with complaints of hearing and speech disorder, and the related factors.MethodsIn the first phase of the study, data of 473 children admitted to our center between January 2015 and October 2018 with complaints of hearing and speech disorders and no additional disability were retrospectively analyzed. Then, their chronological age, gender, cause of admission, age at onset of training and the effect of factors that may have an impact on the age at onset of training were analyzed statistically. Study data were obtained from patient records.ResultsOf 473 children (350 males and 123 females) admitted to our training center with the complaints of hearing and speech disorders, 252 (53.3%) were presented with speech sound disorders, 90 (19.0%) with stuttering, 87 (18.4%) with delayed speech, 32 (6.8%) with hearing loss and 12 (2.5%) with other causes. Although there was a statistically significant difference between the age at onset of training and the factors; such as cause of admission, parental education level, employment status of the mother, occupation of the father, and socioeconomic status of the family (p < 0.05), no statistically significant difference was found between the age at onset of training and gender (p > 0.05).ConclusionsThe study revealed that children with hearing loss have the chance of early diagnosis thanks to neonatal hearing screening programs and that they commence their training until the age of 2, which is considered to be a critical period for language and speech development. However, it is an undeniable fact that we have not yet reached the ideal age for the commencement of training (6th month). Similarly, the age of diagnosis and initiation of training is delayed in children with speech disorders due to families’ delayed referral to the training centers.

Efektifitas Peran Kader Terhadap Motivasi Ibu Mengikuti KB IUD Di Desa Karangrejo Kecamatan Blimbingsari Kabupaten Banyuwangi Jawa TimurEfektifitas Peran Kader Terhadap Motivasi Ibu Mengikuti KB IUD Di Desa Karangrejo Kecamatan Blimbingsari Kabupaten Bany

The Family Planning Program is an effort to manage pregnancy, the ideal distance and age for childbirth through the use of contraception. Cadres have a role in increasing the number of family planning acceptors in their hamlet or area. The number of long-term Intra Uterine Device (IUD) family planning acceptors in Karangrejo village, Blimbingsari is still low for about 37%. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the cadres’ role on mothers’ motivation in using IUD family planning program. The research type was a cross sectional study with one group pre-post test design. The population was productive aged mothers in Karangrejo Village, Blimbingsari, Banyuwangi. The sample taken was some of the productive aged mothers in Karangrejo Village, Blimbingsari, Banyuwangi. The sample was taken by using purposive sampling technique. The analysis technique used Wilcocson Test. The research results before the mothers got motivation on the use of IUD contraception, there were 51 (59.3%) respondents used IUD contraception, it was categorized as less. After getting motivation, there were 57 (66.2%) respondents used IUD contraceptives, it was categorized as good criteria. The results of data analysis by Wilcoxon test using SPSS for Windows 23 showed that Sig (P) = 0.00 <0.05, So Ho was rejected, it means that there was correlation between the effectiveness of cadres’ role on mothers’ motivation in using IUD family planning program in Karangrejo village, Blimbingsari, Banyuwangi in 2019. From this study, it can be concluded that the activeness of cadres in giving motivation to the productive aged mothers give good result. Many productive aged mothers want to use IUD contraception in the near future. It is suggested for cadres to be more active in giving motivation to all productive aged mothers in their area and midwives can provide assistance to cadres as an effort to increase the coverage of IUD acceptors.

THE INFLUENCE OF HEALTH EDUCATION TOWARD THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND MOTIVATION IN THE USE OF FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS WITH THE LONG-TERM METHOD OF CONTRACEPTION

Background: Family planning is an effort to regulate the birth of children, distance, and the ideal age for giving birth, regulating pregnancy, through promotion, protection, and assistance by reproductive rights to create a quality family. Efforts to health education about contraception can increase knowledge that can influence the attitudes and motivations that exist in someone to take action in choosing a contraceptive method. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of health education on the level of knowledge and motivation in the use of MKJP in women of childbearing age. Methods: This research was conducted in Wuwuharjo Village, Kajoran District, Magelang Regency. This study uses One Group Pretest and Postest correlation analysis with a crossectional approach and sampling using the Systematic Random Sampling method. The respondents used were 80 people. Data collection was done by questionnaire instruments and data were analyzed bivariate by testing Marginal Homogeneity and McNemar. Result: The results of the study show that there is an influence between health education on the level of knowledge and motivation in using MKJP in women of childbearing age. This can be seen from the significance value produced <0.1. Conclusion: The recommendation for further research is about the routine of health education by using media that are appropriate to the needs of educational routines that increase the knowledge and motivation of women of reproductive age couples in contraceptive use.

ADOLESCENT PERCEPTIONS ABOUT EARLY MARRIAGE (Descriptive Study in SMAN 7 Sarolangun)

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of early marriage that occurs among adolescents. Early marriage is a marriage that starts from the age of 16 years to 19 years. The ideal age for getting married at the age of 21 years. This study aims to (1) describe adolescent perceptions about early marriage from the cognitive aspect (2) describe adolescent perceptions about early marriage viewed from the affective aspect (3) describe adolescent views about early marriage viewed from the conative aspect.The type of research used is quantitative with descriptive research. The sample in this study students of class X, XI, XII SMA 7 Sarolangun with 246 students. The data collection tool used was a questionnaire. Data analysis techniques using percentage techniques.The results showed that: The results showed that: (1) adolescents' perceptions of early marriage viewed from the cognitive aspects in Sarolangun 7 High School were in a fairly good category with a percentage of 80%, (2) adolescent perceptions about early marriage viewed from the affective aspects in Sarolangun 7 High School in the pretty good category with a percentage of 76%, (3) adolescent perceptions about early marriage seen from the cognitive aspects at SMA Negeri 7 Sarolangun are in the quite good category with a percentage of 56%. According to the research findings, counselor and teachers need to provide guidance and counseling services to adolescents regarding early marriage.

Ideal Age at First Birth and Associated Factors Among Young Adults in Greater New York City: Findings From the Social Position and Family Formation Study

Despite increases at age at first birth in the United States, we have little research on how individuals conceptualize the ideal age to have a child. Using qualitative interviews with male and female young adults in greater New York City, we examined individuals’ responses to questions about the ideal age at first birth. We find factors associated with an age being ideal tend to fall in four main domains: structural/social position factors, interpersonal factors, fertility and health-related factors, and aspirational factors. This research suggests that the ideal age is higher than the actual age at first birth, and both males and females consider a number of factors when choosing an ideal age, including education and career. We find that interpersonal and aspirational factors are also important considerations. Understanding ideal age at first birth is important for understanding family formation decision making in relation to age and may have important implications in other areas.

Cochlear implants before 9months of age led to more natural spoken language development without increased surgical risks.

Evidence suggests that cochlear implants are beneficial for language development, but there is no consensus about the ideal age for surgery. We investigated how language development and surgical safety were affected by patients' ages. This study comprised 103 children (52 boys) aged 4.3-16years who received cochlear implants at 5-29months at the Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, between 2002 and 2013. All showed typical development and were from monolingual homes. Bilateral implants were common (95%). The children were regularly assessed on language understanding, vocabulary and speech recognition by a multi-disciplinary team for 10.0±3.7 (4.7-16.0) years. There were no associations between complications after surgery and the age when children had their first implant. Children implanted at 5-11months reached an age-equivalent level of language understanding and better vocabulary outcome sooner than subgroups implanted later. Children who had surgery at 12-29months demonstrated more atypical and delayed language abilities over time. Early implantation, preferably before 9months, may lead to a more typical trajectory of spoken language development. Our findings showed that cochlear implantation before 9months was safe. Early implantation may reduce the negative effects of auditory deprivation and promotes more natural and synchronised language development.

Interceptive extractions for first permanent molars: a clinical protocol.

Treatment planning for compromised first permanent molars (FPM) can be difficult. In this paper, we present a clinical protocol to support decision-making. Interceptive loss of an FPM should be considered: where the restoration required to repair the compromised FPM is likely to be large; if the FPM is compromised because of molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH); where orthodontics requiring loss of tooth units is planned; or if third permanent molars (TPM) are present. Planning requires careful assessment of the prognosis of the FPM and 8-10 years is the ideal age to do this. If the prognosis is uncertain, the decision of whether or not to extract can be influenced by the presence or absence of the TPM. If the decision to extract the FPM is made, timing is dependent on whether or not extractions will be required as part of orthodontic treatment.

Response of Southern Ocean Ventilation to Changes in Midlatitude Westerly Winds

ABSTRACTChanges in ventilation of the Southern Hemisphere oceans in response to changes in midlatitude westerly winds are examined by analyzing the ideal age tracer from global eddy-permitting ocean–ice model simulations in which there is an abrupt increase and/or a meridional shift in the winds. The age response in mode and intermediate waters is found to be close to linear; the response of a combined increase and shift of peak winds is similar to the sum of the individual responses to an increase and a shift. Further, a barotropic response, following Sverdrup balance, can explain much of the age response to the changes in wind stress. There are similar peak decreases (of around 50 years) in the ideal age for a 40% increase or 2.5° poleward shift in the wind stress. However, while the age decreases throughout the thermocline for an increase in the winds, for a poleward shift in the winds the age increases in the north part of the thermocline and there are decreases in age only south of 35°S. As a consequence, the change in the volume of young water differs, with a 15% increase in the volume of water with ages younger than 50 years for a 40% increase in the winds but essentially no change in this volume for a 2.5° shift. As ventilation plays a critical role in the uptake of carbon and heat, these results suggest that the storage of anthropogenic carbon and heat in mode and intermediate waters will likely increase with a strengthening of the winds, but will be much less sensitive to a meridional shift in the peak wind stress.

Modified Bentall procedure: Mechanical vs biological valved conduits in patients older than 65 years

BackgroundThe modified Bentall procedure is still the treatment of choice for patients requiring combined replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve. We compared the long-term outcome of patients >65 years of age undergoing Bentall procedure with biological vs mechanical valved conduits in a multi institutional study. MethodsA total of 282 patients, undergoing a Bentall operation (January 1994–May 2015), with a biological (Group 1, 173 patients) or a mechanical (Group 2, 109 patients) conduit were reviewed, the primary outcome being analysis of late survival and freedom from major adverse events. ResultsHospital mortality was 5% (9 patients) and 2% (2 patients) for Group 1 and Group 2 (p = 0.2). Median follow-up was 77 months (range Q1–Q3: 49–111) for Group 1 vs 107 months (range Q1–Q3: 63–145) for Group 2 (p < 0.001). A not statistically significant advantage in late survival was found in patients receiving mechanical valved conduits (36% for Group 1 vs 58% for Group 2 at 12 years; p = 0.09), although freedom from major adverse events was similar between the 2 groups (33% in Group 1 vs 50% in Group 2 at 12 years; p = 0.3). ConclusionsIn conclusion, mechanical-valved conduits employed for the modified Bentall procedure show a trend towards an improved late survival in patients ≥65 years of age and particularly in those between 65 and 75 years, despite a higher incidence of major adverse events. Our results indicate the need for specific guidelines to better define the ideal age limit for each type of valved conduit.

The Ocean's Global 39Ar Distribution Estimated With an Ocean Circulation Inverse Model

Abstract39Ar with its 269‐year half‐life has great potential for constraining ocean ventilation and transport. Here we estimate the distribution of 39Ar using a steady ocean circulation inverse model. Our estimates match available 39Ar measurements to within an absolute error of ∼9% modern argon without major biases. We find that 39Ar traces out the world ocean's ventilation pathways and that the 39Ar age ΓAr and the ideal mean age have broadly similar large‐scale patterns. At the surface, 39Ar is close to saturated except at high latitudes. Undersaturation imparts a finite 39Ar age to surface waters relative to the atmosphere, with peak values exceeding 100 years in Antarctic waters. This reservoir age is propagated into the interior with Antarctic Bottom Water, elevating ΓAr by ∼50 years in the deep Pacific and Indian oceans. Our estimates identify the large‐scale gradients and uncertainty patterns of 39Ar, thus providing guidance for future measurements.

A comparative study to assess the unmet need for family planning and its determinants among married women in rural and urban community

Background: Unconstrained population growth is mainly due to the unmet need for family planning. The major tools for improving the health of the population are increasing awareness on the use of contraceptives and implementation of effective family planning services Aim and Objectives: To Compare and identify the determinants of unmet need for family planning among married women in rural and urban community Methods: 1200 married women in the age group of 15-49 years were selected from the all seven talukas of Gulbarga from which 600 study participants who were selected randomly from wards in urban areas and 600 study participants from the villages in rural areas by using multistage sampling techniques. Collected data was tabulated and analyzed by using SPSS software Results: The prevalence of unmet need for family planning of married women is statistically associated with area of residence (Chi-square=4.1100 p<0.05) at 5% level of significance. There is significant association between need for family planning of married women with age groups, religion, Educational qualification, number of living children, income group, status of still birth, knowledge about family planning method and ideal age for marriage are found to be statistically significant Conclusion: The unmet need for family planning is maximum in rural and urban married women among illiterates (54.27%) and (53.33%), minimum in graduates and higher degree. Women literacy rate contributes significantly in decreasing the unmet need. Unmet need for family planning is maximum in rural and urban married women among Muslim religion (45.74%) and (41.46%), minimum in other religions. We also found that age, the number of children, ideal age for marriage and being highly supportive of family planning were found to be important indicators of current contraceptive.

Outcome after subtalar screw arthroereisis in children with flexible flatfoot depends on time of treatment: Midterm results of 95 cases

ObjectivesThe subtalar screw arthroereisis (SSA) is a treatment option for painful pediatric flexible flatfeet (PFF). Hence, the optimal time point for a SSA is discussed controversially. Therefore the present study evaluates the influence of the patient's age at surgery on the radiological outcome to provide further evidence in this matter. MethodsFrom 08/2007 to 12/2015 50 patients with 95 PFF were included. Inclusion criteria were: 1) Patients with PFF under or equal 15 years of age, 2) treatment with SSA and 3) presence of pre-op, post-op and follow up (FU) routine biplane radiographs. A subdivision was made into group A: 5–8 years, group B: 9–12 years and group C: 13–15 years. The radiographs were analyzed for: 1) calcaneal-pitch (CP), 2) lateral talocalcaneal angle (lat. TCA), 3) a.p. talocalcaneal angle (a.p. TCA, kite angle) and 4) navicular-cuboidal-index (NCI) and meary angle. ResultsOur study showed the best deformity correction when surgery was conducted between 9 and 12 years of age (group B), with significant improvement in all measured parameters without secondary deterioration during FU. In group A, the SSA show inferior results with poorer long-term success with only an improvement in the a.p. TCA. Group C showed mixed results. While CP and NCI improved, the lat. TCA deteriorated in FU.In conclusion, the ideal age for surgical intervention by SSA is between 9 and 12 years. Surgery before the age of 8 years did not show long-term success and delayed treatment at the age of 13–15 was only partially successful with deterioration during FU period. Level of evidenceIV.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PERNIKAHAN DINI DI DUSUN I DESA BARU KEC PANCUR BATU DELI SERDANG SUMATERA UTARA TAHUN 2017

Based on the research by the Sexuality and Gender Study Center of University of Indonesia, the rate of early marriage in Indonesia is the second highest in Southeast Asian in which 2 million out of 7.3 million women below 15 years old are married and drop out from school. Early marriage hinders them from going to school, causes pregnancy and birth complication, impedes the achievement of KB (Family Planning) Program and increases divorce rate. Goals : The objective of the research was to discover the correlation of value of virginity, knowledge and trust with early marriage at Dusun I Desa Baru. Methods: This is an observational analytical research with cross sectional design. It was done at Dusun I Desa Baru, Pancur Batu Subdistrict from November, 2017 until February, 2018. The population covered the teenagers below 20 years old which was all taken as the research samples i.e. 139 people. The dependent variable was early marriage, while the independent variables were parent income, trust, knowledge and value of virginity. The data were collected through questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression testing was employed to analyze the data. Result : The research results demonstrated that the variable with the most dominant influence was parent income at p-value = 0.006 (p&lt;0.05) and Exp. β value = 3.675, followed by the variable of trust at p-value = 0.027 (p&lt;0.05) and Exp. β value = 2.368, the variable of knowledge at p-value = 0.003 (p&lt;0.05) and Exp. β value 6.064, and the variable of virginity at p-value = 0.003 (p&lt;0.05) and Exp. Β value = 6.064. Based on these results, it was concluded that f(y) was 97%. It indicated that the probability of the variables of parent income, trust, knowledge and virginity influenced early marriage of 97.7%. Conclusion: It is recommended that the local government cooperate with local Puskesmas, Religious Figures, and Parents to conduct counseling to improve people’s knowledge of the ideal age to get married, so that they can prevent from possible problems due to early marriage and provide their children parent income at early age the importance of protecting their virginity until they get married.

Radiocarbon and Helium Isotope Constraints on Deep Ocean Ventilation and Mantle‐3He Sources

AbstractRadiocarbon (Δ14C) and helium isotopes (δ3He) have long been used to constrain the ocean's ventilation rates and to trace regional deep ocean circulation pathways, but they have not been fully exploited together to constrain the deep circulation in global models. Here we assimilate Δ14C and δ3He measurements into a global ocean circulation inverse model (OCIM) to jointly constrain the deep ocean circulation and the rate of mantle‐helium injection at seafloor spreading ridges. We find that the new version of the inverse model (OCIM2) matches the observed Δ14C and δ3He distributions much better than a previous version (OCIM1) that assimilated objectively mapped Δ14C but not δ3He. OCIM2 features faster‐ventilated bottom waters and slower‐ventilated intermediate‐depth waters in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The mean time since last ventilation (ideal mean age) in Pacific bottom waters is up to 150 years younger, while middepth Pacific waters are up to several hundred years older. The δ3He constraints are shown to be important for estimates of the mean time to next ventilation in the Pacific Ocean. The δ3He constraints also favor jet‐like currents in the deep equatorial Pacific to capture realistic westward propagating helium plumes emanating from the East Pacific Rise. The globally integrated mantle‐helium source is 585–672 mol/year, compared to 400–1,000 mol/year from previous estimates. The major regional difference occurs in the Southern Ocean, where the OCIM2 mantle‐helium source is up to threefold smaller than estimates based on ridge spreading rates.

Persepsi tentang Usia Pernikahan Perempuan dan Jumlah Anak yang Diharapkan: Mampukah Memprediksi Praktek Pengasuhan Orang Tua?

In Indonesia, the ideal age for marriage and the number of ideal children has become an issue in family development program. This study aims to analyze the mother's perceptions of the marriage age of women and the expected number of children among families with preschool children in Indonesia and its relation to the practice of parenting. The study used secondary data from the Survey of Population, Family Planning and Family Development Program Performance, National Medium Term Development Plan Year 2017. Respondents of this study were mothers who had preschool children that were 17,886 people. The results showed that good parenting was in line with maternal characteristics such as the status of working mothers, increasingly mother's age, higher maternal education, and the number of preschoolers in the family. This study also showed that there is a relationship between parenting practices and the mother's attitude on the age marriage of women and the expected number of children. These findings indicate that maternal assessment of the age of marriage of women and the expected number of children could predict parenting practices carried out by the family. Therefore, the program to increase parenting capacity needs to consider the mother's beliefs about the age of marriage and the number of children as factors that will influence the parenting practices of the family.

History of Fish-Based Complementary Food Provision Toward Children's Cognitive Level in Elementary School

Background: Nutritional components contained in fish like ssential fatty acid might support the growth and development of children’s brain. Therefore, it’s better to give it as early as possible at the age of 6-24 months as complementary food because this age is the ideal age for the growth and development of children's cognitive intelligence. The aim of this study is to find out the correlation between fish-based complementary food history with children’s cognitive level.&#x0D; Methods: This study used cross sectional design with 59 students from 4th grade Budya Wacana Elementary School Yogyakarta were selected as participant in this study. Data were collected by IQ test (CFIT 2B scale) and validated questionnaire.&#x0D; Results: Statistical bivariate analysis by spearman rank test showed a correlation between fish-based complementary food history (p = 0.031), parental assistance (p = 0.022), exclusive breastfeeding history (p &lt; 0.01) with children’s cognitive level. There were no correlation between parenting style (p = 0.683), mother’s knowledge about complementary food (p = 0.374), and education (p = 0.902) with cognitive level. Statistical analysis by logistic regression test showed that exclusive breastfeeding history (p = 0,03) has stronger correlation to cognitive level compared to fish-based complementary food history (p = 0,155) and parental assistance (p = 0,167).&#x0D; Conclusion: There is correlation that is clinically significant but not statistically significant between fish-based complementary food history and parental care with children’s cognitive level. Exclusive breastfeeding history has a stronger correlation that clinically and statistically significant to children's cognitive level.

Assessment of time of emergence of anthropogenic deoxygenation and warming: insights from a CESM simulation from 850 to 2100 CE

Abstract. Marine deoxygenation and anthropogenic ocean warming are observed and projected to intensify in the future. These changes potentially impact the functions and services of marine ecosystems. A key question is whether marine ecosystems are already or will soon be exposed to environmental conditions not experienced during the last millennium. Using a forced simulation with the Community Earth System Model (CESM) over the period 850 to 2100, we find that anthropogenic deoxygenation and warming in the thermocline exceeded natural variability in, respectively, 60 % and 90 % of total ocean area. Control simulations are typically used to estimate the pre-industrial variability level. However, the natural variability of oxygen (O2) and temperature (T) inferred from the last millennium period is systematically larger than the internal variability simulated in the corresponding control simulation. This renders natural variability from control simulations to be biased towards low estimates. Here, natural variability is assessed from the last millennium period (850–1800 CE), thus considering the response to forcing from explosive volcanic eruptions, solar irradiance and greenhouse gases in addition to internal, chaotic variability. Results suggest that in the tropical thermocline, where biological and solubility-driven O2 changes counteract each other, anthropogenic changes in apparent oxygen utilisation (AOU) and in O2 solubility (O2,sol) are detectable earlier than O2 changes. Both natural variability and change in AOU are predominantly driven by variations in circulation with a smaller role for productivity. By the end of the 21st century, ventilation becomes more vigorous in the tropical thermocline, whereas ideal age in deep waters increases by more than 200 years relative to the pre-industrial period. Different methodological choices are compared and the time for an anthropogenic signal to emerge (ToE) is earlier in many thermocline regions when using variability from a shorter period, from the control simulation or estimates from the industrial period instead of the variability from the last millennium. Our results highlight that published methods may lead to deviations in ToE estimates, calling for a careful quantification of variability. They also highlight that realised anthropogenic change exceeds natural variations in many regions.

Latest development of radiokrypton dating – A tool to find and study paleogroundwater

The study of paleogroundwater on a timescale of several thousands to a million years is interesting both in terms of understanding the aquifer system itself and water resource management. It may also provide valuable information about the paleoclimate. In their seminal work, Loosli and Oeschger (1969) identified 81Kr as an ideal age tracer for paleogroundwater up to one million years old. Since then radiokrypton dating has been a desirable tool. Recent developments in the Atom Trap Trace Analysis method have made radiokrypton dating available to the earth science community at large. In this paper we will show the current status for radiokrypton dating with an emphasis on sample size reduction. The latest advancements have allowed analysis with only 20 kg of water. Moreover, we will review selected studies that have been carried out on some large aquifers with old groundwater around the world using this new tool.

United Arab Emirates dentists' perceptions about the management of broken down first permanent molars and their enforced extraction in children: a questionnaire survey.

The broken down first permanent molar (BDFPM) is common in children. Enforced extractions of first permanent molars (EExFPMs) guidelines were published in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2014. We aimed to assess the knowledge and practice of dentists in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) of BDFPMs in children in light of the guidelines. A cross-sectional sample of UAE-based dentists treating children completed a self-administered questionnaire covering; knowledge and practice of the principle of EExFPMs; to whom dentists would refer in case of BDFPMs; knowledge of the ideal age for EExFPMs (8-10 years) and finally actual awareness of the EExFPMs guidelines. Chi-square tests (p < 0.05). A total of 199 questionnaires were completed (total return rate was 66.33%). There was no agreement on how to deal with a scenario of BDFPMs. Over 85% majority believed in saving BDFPMs rather than extracting them but 89% would consult/refer to other specialists. Whilst 51% of the participants had never carried out EExFPMs in children, 69% were aware of the EExFPMs concept and 61% knew the ideal timing of a lower FPM extraction. More than 82% were unaware of the actual UK EExFPMs guidelines. Paediatric dentists would consider EExFPMs more than other groups (p = 0.007). In the UAE dentist sample surveyed, there was a preference for preserving BDFPMs rather than extracting them in children, despite knowing when the ideal time for extraction was. Training background and specialty were influencing factors. There was a lack of awareness of the actual UK 2014 EExFPMs guidelines.