Idea Of Reality Research Articles

A critical exposition of Bergson's process philosophy

This paper is a critical and expository study of the basic ideas in the process thought of Henri Bergson. Process philosophy is one of the oldest traditions in metaphysics, traceable to the doctrine of Heraclitus, an ancient Greek thinker. It is opposed to the idea of the Milesian thinkers like Thales and Anaximenes, who believed that reality consists of an unchanging substance that persists. Overtime, the view that reality is a novelty and, as such creative became a discourse of interest, either implicitly or explicitly, for many philosophers in the different epochs of western philosophy. As a result, different ideas emerged in an attempt to explain processes. However, these ideas have been discovered to point toward two directions – mechanism and finalism. As against this stance which pointed toward an end to the creative and novel posture of reality, Henri Bergson came up with his philosophy of multiple virtualities. However, how successful was his project? In this paper, therefore, we critically assess some strengths and weaknesses of the basic ideas in his thought process. However, though we have noted some inherent problems in his thought, Bergson’s idea of reality as multiple virtualities gives room to reality as continually processual, overcoming the mechanistic or finalistic you of other thinkers.

The Feminine Cultural Politics Essentialism and Popular Imagination Liberality in Nuruddin Farah’s Sardines (1982)

Throughout the development of this fiction, Nuruddin Farah exposes the issues of the sphere of origin. In fact, the run of Sardines exhibits the question of the patriarchal reality of ideas, and then, emphasizes a feminine self-consciousness, which through its evolutionary source and perfecting method disrupts the traditional construction of narrative-based essentially on custom of symbol. Through the implemented study of a new feminine ontological aspect, the logic of Sardines remains in a realistic and structural redefinition of social epistemology. In this line, within the realm of social agency, the feminine new ontological discourse dismantles the macro-structural establishment within which identity is constructed. In this perspective, this paper aims to focus on voluntary feminine emancipation and its psychological and cognitive value. Furthermore, through the discourse of a new politics of identity, this paper seeks to unveil the manner socio-political conservatism reality annihilates the truth of the individual. Therefore, the consequence of this article is expected to underscore the feminine approach of a new historical materialism.It remains an attempt to display the implied practical mode of communication, which appears different from the apparent reality of the patriarchal mode, the manner Farah creates a discourse of reconstruction and a scientific observation of the real.

Truth / Falsity as Properties of Advertising Discourse: AddresseeCentered Aspect

The research featured the problem of truth / falsity as properties of advertising discourse. Advertising is described both within the linguistics of lying and the interpretive linguistics. The paper introduces a linguistic study of the phenomenon of lying from the subjectivist positions, i.e. as the interaction between two communicants: the liar and the recipient of the lies. Subjectivists interpret the text as compliant or non-compliant to one’s idea of reality, i.e. the conformity to the world of thought. Advertising discourse is the object of the recipient’s receptive and interpretive activity. The authors studied the speech behavior of the interpreter of the false discourse, i.e. how the lies affected the addressee. The research objective was to prove the thesis statement that discourse of lies is determined not only by the liar and their speech behavior, but also by the recipient of the lies. The study featured two texts that differed in the extent of false and reliable information. The lying potential of the advertising discourse was studied by the method of linguistic experiment. Each advertisement was evaluated by the recipient as containing information of various degrees of falsehood. The interpretation depended on the presumptions of the recipient and their choice of either rational-logical or emotional-sensual interpretive strategy.

“Jogos de verdade”, educação e o ethos do fascismo contemporâneo

O artigo problematiza a crise da verdade na contemporaneidade e suas relações com a constituição de um ethos do fascismo, destacando as implicações na educação. Para tanto, analisa os jogos de verdade que estão implicados nas relações de saber-poder e seus critérios de legitimidade institucionais, considerando que esses critérios, chamados de veridicção, estão sendo deslegitimados pelos efeitos discursivos da pós-verdade, considerada uma estratégia de construção de um ethos do fascismo. O dizer verdadeiro, as condições para o dizer verdadeiro são analisados a partir da perspectiva do filósofo Michel Foucault, o que possibilita tensionar o campo de lutas que circunscreve a ideia de verdade e como, na contemporaneidade, os critérios de veridicção estão sendo suspensos pelas narrativas que deslegitimam as instituições do dizer verdadeiro. O anti-intelectualismo, o ataque à educação e aos educadores, bem como à imprensa, são táticas que o fascismo utiliza para desconstruir a ideia de realidade e suspender os critérios de veridicção.

The invention of reality

The subject of the article is the process of forming ideas about the world as reality, which is most accurately described by the word “invention”. The author, relying on classical texts in this respect (E. Husserl, M. Heidegger) and modern studies (A. Makushinsky, J.-F. Kurtin) substantiates the position according to which the idea of reality is not a cultural invariant. The notion that reality has always existed, and thanks to scientific reason has been most adequately reflected, understood and described, is a significant modernization. This has been evidenced by both the etymology of the concepts of “reality” and “reality”, which first appeared only in scholasticism (D. Scotus, M. Eckhart), and the process of their content filling, which is inextricably linked with the formation of scientific rationality. The article shows that both the scientific mind and the integral image of the world created by it, which we call reality, genetically date back to the Christian value-semantic universe. Initially, it was within the framework of the discourse of natural theology that the image of the autonomous world has been conceptualized, developing according to the universal principles established by God. In the first scientific programs (R. Descartes, G. Galilei, I. Newton), these ideas were continued, as a result of which the world began to be understood as an immanent reality that is subject to the laws of nature. The new ontological beliefs received the ultimate philosophical foundation in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, to whom the phenomenal world exhausts the reality available to man. Accordingly, the world turns into a one-dimensional detranscendentalized reality. This methodological approach allows the author to make the following conclusions: 1) the image of world “reality” is a rather modern “invention”, which was unknown in previous eras; 2) at the same time, it is genetically connected with the Christian semantic universe, outside of which it could not appear; 3) the world in it is understood as a one-dimensional immanent reality.

«Цифровое слабоумие» молодежи как проблема современного образования

We consider the issues on the causes of the decline in the intellectual abilities of modern youth. We describe the correlation of this phenomenon with the wide-spreading and starting from an early age use of various kinds of digital devices. We briefly note the origin history of the term “digital dementia” and the author's position regarding this term perception. We describe a number of factors that contribute to the decline in the intellectual development of young people, including: a decrease in the quality of secondary education, deterioration of preschool training of children, simplification of animation and film production, reduction of communication time between parents and children, lack of funds for parents to organize high-quality regular leisure time for children. Negative effects on the intellectual abilities of a young person are described: digital devices can form only a fragmentary idea of reality, without forming a complete idea of a real object; a full-fledged experience of social interaction is not acquired; memory deterioration occurs; there is an appearance of mental dependence on digital devices. Examples from the author's pedagogical practice are given, confirming the manifestation of the effects of “digital dementia” among students: memory impairment in students, undeveloped critical thinking, poorly developed speech (terminologically poor, inconsistent, unsubstantiated), demonstration of misunderstanding of the meaning of the heard or read text.

Routes to What Is Not There

The work consists in a series of instructions which guide the reader’s movement on invisible paths through any given space. It can be any kind of environment, from an art exhibition to a domestic space, public space or another outdoor location. Through the instructions, the experience of that which is present is shaped by that which is not, while the imagination of things not present is confronted with the awareness of the physical space around. Where does one place oneself in relation to what is not there and how precise can this placement be? How can distances be measured if visibility cannot provide support? Through the movements of the participants, the routes drawn through the text become embodied actions, drawing new trajectories in the room. The work is part of the project ‘Preliminary Remarks on the Study of What Is Not There’, grounded in long-term investigations into the idea of a reality not accessible to observation. This reality is increasingly central to current discussions around realism in the philosophy of science, as a result of the growing presence of unobservable objects in scientific research, challenging the empirical foundations of the natural sciences established at the beginning of modernity. Equally, the idea of a supersensible reality, existing in itself, independently from the way it presents itself to sensibility, is returning to the centre of debates in contemporary philosophy, as part of a new realist turn. The project questions art’s relation to these other fields of knowledge in exploring its own metaphysical grounds. The series of instructions ‘Routes to What Is Not There’ can take the form of a text script or an audio guide. It is complemented by the other works in the project: ‘Preliminary Remarks on the Study of What Is Not There’, a performance which takes the form of a guided tour amongst all the things not present in the space where it is presented, ‘All the Things Which Are Not There’, a site-responsive installation which maps the invisible maps or previous locations in which the performance took place, and ‘Methods for the Study of What Is Not There’, a series of medium format photographs which introduces actions of measuring, classifying, dividing, belonging to the process of scientific methodology, but faced with an absence.

Theater, is it Real? Thoughts on the notion of the Real in contemporary stages

Abstract: This article focuses on the possible outcomes that may unfold when personal narratives have been intentionally applied on stage to generate a tension between the ideas of reality and fiction in performance. The article uses theoretical references that conceptualize the notion of the ‘Real’ - from the social context of the 1960s to the present - and follows the thoughts of philosophers like Debord, Baudrillard and Rosset with the aim to consider theater and performance as artistic fields that have the potential to interrogate totalizing statements about the truth in today’s world.

Re-imagining Histories, Re-inventing the Self in Ian McEwan’s Atonement

Justifiably classified as an example of postmodern realism, or a “restorative metafiction” (O’Hara), Ian McEwan’s popular and critically acclaimed novel Atonement (2001) in its entirety reasserts its author’s frequently cited statement that “imagining what it is like to be someone other than yourself is at the core of our humanity.” Focusing mainly on the metafictional ending, which, as a kind of unusual post-scriptum, introduces a thematic, structural and an ontological twist re-directing the whole story, this paper explores the limits and the power of creative imagination to re-generate, amend and meaningfully extend personal histories, pointing to the fundamentally ethical dimension of the contemporary self-conscious fiction. The phenomenological connection between ars memoria, imagining, (re-)writing and the Self is seen through the main assumption of the existential psychology that the subject is capable of transcending oneself, recreating and re-inventing oneself in and by means of narrating the self as well as others. Analysing Briony Tallis as both a character and an author within the novel, in her narrative of her own as well as others’ histories, this paper will address ethical possibilities of the self-reflective fiction to connect subjectivity to the world questioning at the same time the boundaries of past, present and the idea of reality.

LEXICAL METHODS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EVALUATION CATEGORIES IN THE GERMAN NEWSPAPER DISCOURSE

Te article is focused on the most effective lexical ways that serve to create evaluation in the news and comments of the electronic German press. Pragmatic adequacy, which is determined by the interaction of the evaluation component and content, specifes the requirement for the effectiveness and efciency of communication between the recipient and the target audience. Te article describes the examples of metaphors expressing implicit evaluation in the texts of publicistic discourse. Conceptual metaphor is effectively used in newspapers with pragmatic purposes, aiming at transforming the worldview of the addressee. Vivid images created by evaluative metaphors exert a psychological affect on the mind; impose a distorted idea of reality, not coinciding with the one of the recipient, which ultimately leads to the information perceived at a desired angle. Te article analyzes the metaphorical meanings of military, medical and theatrical terms, emphasizes their ability to express the implicit evaluative judgments of the addressee and influence public opinion. Successful political metaphor has argumentative and heuristic potential; it forms the attitude to reality in question.

CREATING A POSITIVE IMAGE OF A PLACE WHICH IS AN ELEMENT OF THE CITY MARKETING STRATEGY – THE EXAMPLE OF TOMASZOW MAZOWIECKI

The city’s marketing strategy can take four forms in relation to a given territory, ie: image, attractions, infrastructure and people. It is assumed that the image is a whole of subjective ideas of reality, which, created in the minds of service recipients, should be surveyed and used for making changes. Hence, among the objectives of territorial marketing, the need emerges associated with shaping a strategy in line with the needs or imaginations of the local community. The empirical part of the work is a presentation of a section of research carried out on a group of a thousand inhabitants of Tomaszów Mazowiecki. The opinions presented relate to the assessment of the city’s functioning in selected areas of life and the indication of sources of information on the activities carried out by local government authorities. The collected data can be the basis for strengthening or building a positive image from scratch

Perceiving Ideas

AbstractAt the heart of Descartes’s theory of cognition is the act of perceiving an idea. However, it remains unclear what precisely an idea is, what the act of perceiving ideas amounts to, and how that act contributes to the formation of cognition under Descartes’s view. In this paper, I provide an account of perceiving ideas that clarifies Descartes’s notion of an idea and explains the fundamental role that the perceiving of ideas occupies in his theory of cognition. At the end of the paper, I will address an issue that arises regarding the objective reality of ideas and the unity of mind.

“We have even locked out the very Zeitgeist itself”

This article analyses the discourse employed by Norwegian fraternal organizations, based on Hugh B. Urban’s postulate that secrecy is a strategy for ‘adornment’, i.e. conveying a special status to certain values and beliefs. The discourse is analysed in terms of the fraternities’ idea of reality, identity, and mission, and claims that these organizations regard themselves as defenders of society’s core values which they claim are threatened by moral corruption and decay.

Ideas of Reality: Antonio Dias between Rio de Janeiro, Paris, and Milan

Despite the fact that the growing reception of Antonio Dias (b. 1944) in the English-speaking world is happening under the sign of global art history, the trajectory of the Brazilian artist in the 1960s and 1970s actually suggests both a counter-genealogy and a counter-geography of the global. This essay explores this situation by recontextualizing Dias's emergence vis-à-vis the critical debate on realism and underdevelopment that marked the Rio de Janeiro avant-gardist scene of the mid- to late-1960s and involved writers such as Ferreira Gullar, Hélio Oiticica, Mário Pedrosa, Pierre Restany, and Frederico Morais. It subsequently argues that such critical terms simultaneously both change and remain crucial as Dias moves away from Brazil, first to Paris, late in 1966, and then to Milan, in 1968, inflecting the artist's recourse to the English language and his turn to painting as his preferred medium even as he began to circulate amongst artists associated with Arte Povera and Conceptualism in Europe.

Sociologie na poli medicíny a zdravotnictví – cizinec nebo vetřelec?

Medical sociology is a discipline that applies sociological perceptions, theoretical approaches and empirical methods to the study of healthcare issues. Modern medicine is one of the key symbols of modern society and its achievements in terms of human intervention in nature. A sociologist studying healthcare issues faces certain specific problems deriving from the socio-cultural framework of modern medicine and the natural sciences in general. By pursuing sociology in medicine he may lose his identity and autonomy, but by pursuing sociology of medicine he may tend to study issues perceived as irrelevant by healthcare experts. Being a „stranger“ in the field of medicine may, however, mean that a sociologist can contribute to the articulation of new problems as public matters or social problems. He may also be perceived as a representative of the lay perception of healthcare issues. Both quantitative and qualitative models are used in this field, mostly in a process of triangulation that gives a fuller and more truthful idea of reality from the perspectives of different actors. Although the natural sciences are the basis of medical knowledge and skills, medicine is also a symbolic world with its own culture, values and norms.

Kant's Theory of Normativity: Exploring the Space of Reason by Konstantin Pollok

Reviewed by: Kant's Theory of Normativity: Exploring the Space of Reason by Konstantin Pollok Matthew C. Altman Konstantin Pollok. Kant's Theory of Normativity: Exploring the Space of Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. xvi + 326. Cloth, $99.99. Konstantin Pollok's ambitious aim in this book is to formulate a unified theory of normativity that runs throughout Kant's three Critiques. Specifically, he argues that, on Kant's view, synthetic a priori principles structure "the space of reason" and determine the validity of our judgments. Such principles are constitutive of our epistemological, ethical, and aesthetic practices by setting the conditions for what makes a meaningful judgment in those areas, but they are also normative in that the particular judgments we make can be right or wrong depending on whether we successfully apply the principles. For example, to be making knowledge claims, we must use the pure concepts of the understanding to interpret our experience; but we may use the category of causality wrongly if we misidentify the cause of an event or attribute causality to what lies beyond possible experience. Pollok provides the vocabulary to explain what is happening here: in claiming that our judgments are valid, we acknowledge the rational standards against which our claims can be understood as claims about something, we can fail to meet these standards, and the judgments can be imputed to us. [End Page 177] The book is divided into three parts. Part I sets Kant's theory of normativity in its historical context. Pollok interprets Kant's Copernican turn as a rejection of rationalist perfectionism. Instead of focusing on the reality of ideas, and subjecting them to norms (i.e. different degrees of clarity or perfection), Kant focuses on relations of ideas (i.e. judgments) as the medium of normativity. Pollok then sets out a taxonomy or division of judgments for nature, freedom, and purposiveness that defines possible judgments in terms of several dichotomies: a priori or a posteriori (regarding the source of a judgment's propositional content), analytic or synthetic (regarding its scope), objective or subjective (regarding a judgment's validity), determining or reflective (regarding the extrinsic and intrinsic guidance of the power of judgment), and constitutive or regulative (regarding the justificatory status of principles). In Part II, Pollok turns to what he calls Kant's "transcendental hylomorphism." Hylomorphism is the idea, traceable to Plato, that objects are the result of matter and form together. Kant's hylomorphism is transcendental because the form of a given judgment determines, or is a condition for the possibility of, how propositional content or matter becomes available to us. What makes a form reasonable is its adherence to synthetic a priori principles. The content of our judgments must be determined according to these forms to count as experience, moral maxims, or aesthetic judgments. Pollok talks at length about how matter and form are related in our use of concepts, our judgments, our inferences, and a system of knowledge. Pollok demonstrates the need for synthetic a priori judgments in Part III. The norms of thinking and acting are inherent to the nature of reason—he draws on the natural rights tradition to explain this—and thus they are universal constraints for any imperfectly rational being. He argues against Christine Korsgaard's constructivist interpretation of Kantian normativity, claiming that self-legislation is a matter of holding ourselves to the laws of reason that make epistemic, practical, and aesthetic judgments possible. We do not create such laws, but subject ourselves to synthetic a priori principles by engaging in norm-governed practices. Pollok concludes the book by applying his theory to judgments of experience, practical judgments, and judgments of taste, in order to show how these judgments are made possible by synthetic a priori principles, and how communication among rational beings is governed by them. I have no doubt that Pollok's interpretation of Kant is mostly correct. Those who appreciate Robert Pippin's and Terry Pinkard's work on Kant and Hegel will find this book especially compelling. Pollok's resistance to naturalistic interpretations of Kant is well-founded because explaining judgments in naturalistic terms misses the normative dimension of whether and how our judgments are...

The margins ‘in-between’

The paper presents a case of engaged ethnography developed by a group of geographers from the University of Cagliari focusing on the everyday experience of urban marginality by the residents of Sant’Elia, a low-income district in Cagliari, Italy. Stigmatised for being ‘at the margins’ of the city, the district reveals on the one hand, degraded socio-economic conditions and, on the other hand, a strong sense of identity and belonging among its inhabitants. The main aim of the study is to discuss and contrast the stigma affecting Sant’Elia through the direct involvement of a group of women living in the district in participative fieldwork utilising a mixed set of both quantitative and qualitative tools and aimed at collecting a multilayered reality of ideas, emotions, perceptions, experiences and images of the district as perceived by its own inhabitants. By presenting the different phases, methodologies and results of the study, the paper operates at two different, albeit interconnected, theoretical and methodological levels. From a theoretical standpoint, it deconstructs the concept of marginality, showing what it means to live in a ‘difficult’ district on a daily basis. From a methodological point of view, it proposes a wider reflection on the politics of multimodal ethnography, by focusing on how the different positionalities of researchers and residents have been challenged by the fieldwork activities.

Enrique Pichon Rivière's conception of reality in psychoanalysis

The author places the subject of his paper in the context of the original views of a school of Argentinian psychoanalysts that differed from traditional conceptions of man and his2 relationship with the sociocultural context – that is, with reality. These were the analysts who followed Enrique Pichon Rivière and further developed his ideas – namely, Madeleine and Willy Baranger, José Bleger, and David Liberman. The author begins his exposition with a discussion of Pichon Rivière and culture. He then offers an outline of Pichon Rivière's particular conception of man, followed by a section on the Internal Group as the nexus between the psyche and reality. Further sections address the idea of reality in the analytic situation as a dynamic field and the operative definition of the transference; the distinction between perceptual reality and the reading of reality, with a consideration of the notion of ‘critical judgement’; and lastly the issue of health and illness in terms of adaptation to reality. In addition, on the basis of a quotation from Antonio Damasio, the author draws a parallel between these psychoanalytic thinkers’ ‘psychosocial’ approach to man and the findings of contemporary neuroscience as presented by one of its paradigmatic protagonists.

Pedagogi Konstruktivisme dalam Praksis Pendidikan Indonesia

Constructivism is one of philosophy of knowledge that emphasizes that our knowledge is (shapes) construction of ourselves. Knowledge is not an idea of reality. Knowledge is always a result of cognitive construction of reality by one’s activities. Some psychologists who started on constructivism approach are Piaget and Vygostky. The difference between them is where Piaget more emphasizes and discusses constructivism of learning process personally but Vygostky develops constructivism of learning process socially. Both of Individual Cognitive Constructivist and Sociocultural Constructivist dominate the constructivism concept. Constructivism learning consider that student continuously examine new information which contrast with old rule and revise the rule it is no longer appropriate. For encouraging student more active involve in learning process, it is should that: 1) learning atmosphere is democratic; 2) learning activities goes interactively and student-centered; 3) teacher encourages student to learn autonomously and responsible for their learning activities. Looking at the education practice in Indonesia, the concept constructivism is not implemented yet, although its concept is purposed, for example in KTSP (Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan) that clearly gives freedom to education units included teachers to build student competency that suitable with student needs and interest. One of some main problems of in learning in formal education (school) recently is lowness of student absorption. It was showed by student result learning average that still bad. This is of course a result of learning process that still conventional and far to touch student dimension, it means how actually learning is.

Husserl and Other Phenomenologists

This article addresses a basic question: what elements in Husserl’s phenomenology can account for the variety of post-Husserlian phenomenologies? The answer, I suggest, is that Husserl’s idea of reality, particularly his notion of givenness vis-à-vis self-givenness, facilitated the work of his followers by offering them at once a firm ground and a point of departure for their inquiries. However, adopting Husserl’s phenomenology as their starting point did not prevent his followers from developing their own independent phenomenological theory. Moreover, despite the elusive particulars that shape one’s individual experience of the world, so it transpires, Husserl’s thinking which was different and beyond their own observations and actual experiences, namely, transcendent, appears to have been a genuine guide along their path to achieve meaning. This interpretation thus gives precedence to a metaphysical point of departure, that is, to Husserl’s idea of reality as ‘givenness’, in launching phenomenological investigation—over any specific aspect of his work—as that which continues to sustain phenomenological discourse.