ICT Facilities Research Articles

INTEGRATION OF E-CONTENT IN EDUCATION

Over the last two decades there has been a rapid growth in the field of ICT and it has become one of the most important topics in the field of education. Integration of ICT in teaching will facilitate teacher educators’ in meeting the requirement for technology-based teaching and learning. India is a global unicorn in the field of ICT and other cutting-edge domains, and there is a bidirectional relationship between technology and education. The Ministry of Education emphasises the importance of integration of technology in teacher education. In keeping with the digital age, teacher educators’ must integrate ICT in their teaching learning process and reduce the usage of traditional methods in teaching. The aim of this research is to study perceptions of teacher educators’ on ICT integration to enhance the teaching and learning processes and also to analyse the challenges encountered by the teacher educators in successful integration of ICT. A questionnaire was distributed to the teacher educators from the state of Odisha. The results indicate that the teacher educators’ are well-equipped with ICT tools and facilities and their perception regarding this is mostly found to be positive. The results also indicate that the challenges faced by the teacher educators’ are lack of training in integration of ICT, competence, lack of appropriate softwares and materials as well as limitation of time .

ATTITUDE OF SCHOOL STUDENTS, TEACHERS AND PARENTS TOWARDS ONLINE TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS

The COVID-19 pandemic, a public health crisis of worldwide importance, announced by the World Health Organization (WHO) in January 2020 as an outbreak, has made distance education through the E-learning system an urgent and irreplaceable requirement. The present study aims to assess the attitude of school students, teachers & parents towards online teaching learning process. This is a questionnaire based, descriptive study. A total of 200 Students and Parents and 50 secondary school Teachers were randomly selected who were subjects of the survey using the convenience sampling method via questionnaires. An Attitude Scale employed contained 19 items for students, 20 items for Parents and 21 items for Teachers. The analysis of the quantitative data revealed that attitude of students and teachers w.r.t gender in online classes is comparable with df 48 and t- value of 0.4 and that of school parents w.r.t gender revealed df 198 with t-value of 3.4 indicating suggestive relationship. It was uncovered that female parents have more affirmative attitude towards online learning process as compared to male parents Conversely, reluctance to adopt e-learning on the part of parents could be accredited to lack of ICT facilities and online teaching skill, improper ICT training, notion of e-learning shall not be better in improving the quality of their instructional delivery and environmental factors. While result from qualitative data revealed that teachers and parents preferred classroom teaching over online teaching based on the motives like; classroom teaching being more authentic, comfortable and affordable. Students irrespective of the gender found online learning more engageable and vital for teaching and learning platform The findings from this study can be handy for the parents, school students and teachers while taking decision on adoption of e-learning.

Competency Needs Improvement for Effective Content Delivery in the Era of Covid-19 Pandemic among Electrical/Electronic Lecturers in Colleges of Education in North-East Nigeria

This study highlighted critical concepts for managing the COVID-19 issue and its impact on electrical and electronic curricular content in colleges of education, arguing that the country cannot lose core principles and acknowledged strengths while also facing unprecedented disruption to educational systems. It is obvious that countries cannot make the globe into what it once was. This study intended to ascertain the competency gaps among Electrical/Electronics professors in colleges of education in North-East Nigeria in order to deliver content effectively in the face of the COVID-19 epidemic. The study used a descriptive survey research design and was led by two research questions and two hypotheses. The study's 62 participants were drawn from Federal Colleges of Education (Technical) in North-East Nigeria, where there were 49 lecturers and 13 technologists.There was no sampling because the complete population was used. As a tool for data collection, the researcher created a structured questionnaire titled Questionnaire for Lecturers' Competency Needs in Teaching Electrical/Electronics Curriculum Content in the Era of Covid-19 Pandemic. The instrument was validated by three professionals, and the Cronbach Alpha reliability method yielded a reliability of 0.87. The study questions were answered using the mean statistic, and the hypotheses were tested using the t-test at 0.05 level of significance. Learning Management System (LMS), Computer Managed Learning (CML), Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI), Synchronous and Asynchronous Online Teaching Strategies are among the teaching strategies that needs improvement, according to the study's findings in the area of COVID-19. It was also discovered that lecturers need to develop their skills in using interactive whiteboards, PowerPoint, and online tools like LMS, CML, and CAI, among other things. As such, College administration should make sure that the ICT unit located at the institution holds training sessions for instructors on the various e-teaching apps. In order to keep lecturers' abilities in the use of ICT facilities up to date, the National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE) should make sure they receive refresher courses on a regular basis.

Educational Technology Adoption in Instructional Delivery in the New Global reality.

Educational technology is a discipline that has a lot of roles to play in the global education system yet, its services had been neglected over the years in Nigeria. The new global reality that was occasioned by the upsurge of COVID-19 has made educational technology a very consequential discipline with conspicuous roles to play in the face of such a global pandemic. COVID-19 has halted many human activities across the globe. Its effect in the education system has resulted to re-adjustment in the school calendar, prolonged graduation dates, and reduced research output. To combat this, many education systems now adopt the services of educational technology thereby changing the old norm. But for this new norm to be sustainable, this paper argues that the education system must show a pragmatic attitude towards the adoption of such innovation rather than a conservative attitude. Therefore, using the diffusion theory of innovation, this paper argues that necessity called for compulsory adoption of innovation in the Nigerian education system. This new opportunity, however, looks bleak as many educational practitioners lack the required skills and attitude to adopt the innovation. It, therefore, concludes that educational practitioners need in-service training to be part of these changes. The government is suggested to apply a systematic approach in procuring and installing ICT facilities that will enhance the diffusion of this innovation into the school system.

Adoption of Information and Communication Technology: a Strategy For Promoting Lecturers’ Effectiveness in Nigerian Universities

Information Communication and Technology has become a global requirement to replace the traditional teaching methods with a technology-based teaching tools and facilities at all levels of education. It is on this premise that this study examined adoption of ICT as a strategy for promoting lecturers' effectiveness in Nigerian universities. To this end, the concept of information and communication technology with relevant theories and models were examined. Concept of lecturers’ effectiveness, usefulness of ICT and their challenges were critically examined. The challenges include inadequate power supply and poor funding. The study concludes that the importance of ICT in Nigerian universities cannot be underestimated, hence the need for integration of ICT for effectiveness of lecturers. The study suggests that adequate ICT facilities should be provided for lecturers to be efficient and effective in terms of teaching, research and community development.

Finding accommodation in the central region with digital technology

Tourism is a gradually and globally emerging industry, which has grown from the pursuit of a privileged few to a mass movement of people. It is now one of the fastest growing industries of the global economy and a major socio-economic activity with the urge to discover the unknown to explore new and strange places, to seek changes in environment and to undergo new experiences. Tourism has evolved during the latter half of the twentieth century from the marginal and locally insignificant activity to a widely dispersed economic giant, which in 1999 accounted for some sizeable percent of the global economy. The main objective of the study is to examine the importance of ICT in quality service delivery in the accommodation sector of Ghana's tourism industry.It was revealed that all the ten hotels used the telephone, but 60% of them used only telephone while the other 40% used the internet as well. It was also found that 68% of the guests used Telephone, 16% used Internet and 16% did not use any ICT facility in their hotels.It can be concluded that ICT is not significantly used in the accommodation sector in Cape Coast. The Telephone was the most common ICT facility used in the hotels. The internet was used to a less degree, perhaps due to cost and technical challenges. It was surprising that none of the hotels used Property Management System. It can also be concluded that a greater number of guests of hotels in Cape Coast use the telephone.

Usability and Utilization of ICT Among Educational Administrators in Secondary Students in Public School

This study examines the usability and utilization of ICT difficulty among educational administrators in secondary students in public schools, Kwara state, Nigeria. Despite the roles of ICT can play in education, secondary schools in Nigeria are yet to comprehensively adapt them for teaching and learning. Efforts geared towards the integration of ICTs into the secondary school system have not had much impact. The paper identified inadequate funding of ICT education, inadequate ICT facilities in secondary schools, unstable power supply, High Cost of ICT facilities, poor implementation of Government policies on ICT, poor network service and coverage, and poor ICT literacy as the challenges preventing effective administration of ICT in the public secondary schools in Kwara State. The paper thereby suggests the following: government should increase the funding of ICT education, provide capacity development for teachers and school administrators, provide adequate ICT facilities, ensure a constant supply of power and implement all the ICT educational policies. Recommendations were then made to the government.

ICT skills and challenges faced by high school teachers of Inle Lake located in the Nyaungshwe township of Shan State in Myanmar

In western Shan State of Myanmar, there is a picturesque lake, famous for its floating villages and gardens and the unique way of life of the local Intha people, with their living communities based entirely on the water. The present survey research was aimed at identifying the ICT facilities, skills, usage, and the problems faced by the high school teachers of basic education while using ICT. The population of the study comprised the teachers of 17 Inle villages. Instrument was developed by the first author. About 102 state high school teachers were selected from three government high schools. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that only some of the teachers have computers and Internet facilities at home and school. They are expert at simple skills like searching and browsing internet, social networking, and MS word but are less skilled or poor on other skills like using MS access, discussion forums/blogs and Windows file management. Teachers spend more time on computers for academic and other purposes than for recreational purpose. They believe that the use of ICT supports their learning, lack of technical support at home and at school, load shedding at home and at school and signal problem in Internet at home and are the problems faced by most of the teachers. Thus, the government high schools should invest more on improving the infrastructure to address the ICT related problems of teachers at the schools.

Housing Satisfaction among Students in Tertiary Institutions in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

The paper focused on examining the satisfaction of students with hostel accommodation in tertiary institutions in Calabar, Cross River State Nigeria. The study sought specifically to identify the level at which students were satisfied with hostel accommodation using fifteen (15) variables. In order to obtain data, three (3) tertiary institutions within the study area were purposively sampled. A total of 150 copies of questionnaire were distributed to residents in the school hostels. Specifically, 50 copies of questionnaire were distributed in each residential hostel in schools that were sample out. Analysis were done using both descriptive statistics such as frequencies and simple percentages as well as relative satisfaction index (RSI) to determine the level of satisfaction of students in the hostels. A five point likert scale was adopted in explaining the level of satisfaction of students with the hostels. The findings revealed that the students were fairly satisfied with the quality, condition and general standards of the hostels in the study area. This is due to the fact that certain facilities that need to be on ground to boost satisfaction level of students were not adequately provided. For instance, it was noted that students do not have maximum access to ICT facilities in hostels. It was also revealed that privacy in hostels had the weakest contribution to student satisfaction in the hostels. In order to boost satisfaction of residents with hostel accommodation, it was suggested that hostels be maintained regularly to avoid deterioration of facilities. It was also recommended that more residential units be developed to accommodate students in the study area. Equally, the students’ priority should be given concern in the housing development process.

Effects of Student’s Use of Social Media on Academic Performance (A case study of Secondary School students in Onitsha)

Abstract The impact of social media use on academic achievement in science subjects among senior secondary school students in Anambra State, Nigeria, was studied using a descriptive survey design. The study’s goals are to determine the relationship between social media usage and academic performance in science subjects among Anambra State Senior Secondary School students, as well as to determine whether there is a difference in the relationship between social media usage and academic performance in science subjects between male and female Anambra State Senior Secondary School students. The study’s participants are all Senior Secondary School students in Onitsha, Anambra State. The population in its entirety is 1,450. According to the research advisers’ requirements, the study’s sample size is two hundred and sixty (260) senior secondary school students from Onitsha North and South. To test hypothesis one, the data was analyzed using Pearson product moment correlation (r). The use of PPMC was based on the assumption that it can be used to form relationships. Because hypothesis two had multiple independent variables, regression analysis was utilized to test them. There is no significant association between social media usage and Academic Performance in Science Subjects among Anambra State Senior Secondary School Students, although there is a significant difference between male and female Senior Secondary School Students in Anambra State. The following recommendations were made based on the study’s findings: teachers should encourage students to use social media positively for academic activities, teachers and school counselors should treat both male and female students with social media disorder equally, adequate ICT facilities should be provided to both local governments, and secondary school teachers should use the same motivational measures for using social media for academic purposes.

MATHEMATICS PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ DIGITAL LITERACY AND THEIR READINESS TOWARDS 21ST CENTURY LEARNING: A MIXED METHOD STUDY

The rapid advancement of technology in Indonesia seems not in line with its utilization, especially in the educational field. According to studies, Indonesian teachers are not ready to implement ICT in their classrooms. Furthermore, most elderly teachers are not sensitive enough to technology changes. When it comes to emergency teaching and learning in the pandemic era, teachers as predicted do not have enough capacity to maximize the use of ICT as the only source. This study aims to find out: (1) if the lack of digital literacy skills already happened in college, and (2) pre-service teachers' readiness to face 21st century education. As the result, this study could not prove that the lack of digital skills occurs in college. The digital literacy skills of pre-service are good (77,6%) and they have received multimedia learning subject from university. Related to their readiness toward 21st century learning, most of them claimed not yet ready because of the lack of skills and knowledge in implementing ICT and because of the lack of ICT facility support.

Strengthening Teacher Education in Tanzania: Student-Teachers’ and Tutors’ Satisfaction with College Facilities and Environment

Assessing customers’ satisfaction with service quality has been a common practice that allows leaders and managers to improve service delivery to the customers in business studies. In education, the measurement of student satisfaction has received popularity and so does the satisfaction of teaching staff. Studies examining student teachers’ and tutors’ satisfaction with service quality particularly in teacher education are scant. The aims of this study are threefold: to determine the level of support that the Teacher Education Support Project (TESP) provides to strengthen teacher education in Tanzania; to explore the student teachers’ and tutors’ perceptions and satisfaction with the facilities and overall college environment in public TCs and to determine the factors explaining student teachers’ and tutors’ satisfaction with service quality. A survey study involving 2772 student teachers and 302 tutors from all 35 public TCs was conducted in the Tanzania Mainland. The study findings revealed that the TESP has provided significant support of textual and non-textual facilities and learning materials in all public TCs. Besides, student teachers’ satisfaction is most strongly predicted by in-class teaching aids and practical materials albeit other factors such as library and ICT facilities had a considerable prediction. Whereas tutors’ teaching strategies made a significant contribution in regression analysis to explain student teachers’ satisfaction Tutors’ satisfaction was most strongly explained by ICT-supported teaching environments followed up by teaching aids and science facilities. The study concludes by proposing that the measurement of student teachers’ and tutors’ satisfaction be approached and improved separately. Implications for these findings are discussed.

In Minna East Senatorial District, Niger State, Assessing Counselors' Ability and Competencies in E-Counselling Services in Secondary Schools

In the Minna East Senatorial District of Niger State, this study looked into e-counseling and counsellors' talents and competencies for counseling services in secondary schools. The study was directed by three research questions and one null hypothesis. The study was conducted using a descriptive survey research approach. 312 counselors were included in the study. A basic random sampling procedure was used to select the sample. The respondents' data was collected using the E-counseling and Counsellors' Abilities and Competencies in Guidance and Counselling Services Questionnaire (ECACGCSQ). To answer the study questions, the data were examined using frequency counts and percentages, while t-test statistics were utilized to test the null hypothesis at the 0.05 level of significance. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the data demonstrated that certified school counselors have very weak e-counselling abilities and competencies in the utilization of ICT facilities for students' counseling services. In light of the hazards and threats posed by COVID-19, the study advised that the government teach counsellors on how to use E-counselling services, in accordance to health experts' COVID-19 safety guidelines for the health and safety of all pupils.

CURRENT ISSUES & CHALLENGES IN THE USE OF SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS IN TEACHING ENGLISH IN MAJAYJAY DISTRICT: THE EXPERIENCES OF ENGLISH TEACHERS

The research study focused on the experiences of teachers in the current issues and challenges in the use of different software applications in teaching English. Specifically, it aimed to determine the status of ICT facilities that are available to teachers teaching English in Majayjay District, extent of English Teachers’ Expertise on different ICT Software skills and programs, perceived issues, and challenges in the use of ICT in teaching and their significant relationships. The research involved one-hundred seven (107) teachers teaching English subjects. Frequency Distribution was used to determine the extent of ICT facilities that are available to teachers. A researcher-made questionnaire was used as the main instrument to obtain the necessary data. Weighted Mean and Standard Deviation was used to determine the extent of English Teachers’ Expertise on different ICT skills and Programs as well as the perceived issues and challenges in the use of ICT in teaching. In addition, Spearman Correlation was used to determine the significant relationship between ICT Facilities and issues and challenges in the use of software applications in teaching. The results of the study revealed that most of the teachers have ICT facilities available for their teaching. In terms of Teachers’ Expertise on different ICT Skills and Programs, most of the teachers have “Very High Expertise” on MS Word, MS Excel, MS Powerpoint, Google Forms, Search Engines, Social Networks (e.g., Zoom, Google Meet, etc.), Google Classroom, Email, File Attachment, and Windows & File Management with Average Weighted Mean of 4.48, 4.35, 4.57, 4.23, 4.61, 4.56, 3.98, 4.42, 4.52, and 4.51 respectively. Also, teachers teaching English in Majayjay District perceive the issues and challenges in the use of ICT in teaching with “Very High Challenge” specifically in terms of External Variables, Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease-of-Use (PEOU), Attitude towards used and Social Influence Processes with Weighted Mean of 3.46, 4.32, 3.95, 3.43, 3.01, and 3.45. The relationship between Teacher’s Expertise on Software Application and the Issues and Challenges in the Use of Software Application in Teaching has a significant relationship with the Perceived Usefulness (r=0.626, p= 0.000); Perceived Ease-of-Use (PEOU) (r=0.442, p= 0.000); Attitude toward Use (r=0.306, p= 0.001), and Social Influence Processes (r=0.264, p= 0.015) and do not have a significant relationship with External Variables (r=0.055, p=0.577) and Behavioral Intention (r=0.030, p=0.759).

Investigation of Student-Teachers Readiness and Attitude Towards Utilization of ICT in Studying Business Education in Delta State, Nigeria

Student-teachers' readiness and attitude towards utilization of information and communication technology in studying business education in colleges of education in Delta State were investigated in this study. A descriptive survey research design was employed in the study. The population for the study entailed 1, 318 NCE business education student-teachers from two out of the four colleges of education in Delta State. The sample size of this study constituted 659 NCE business education student-teachers from two colleges of education in Delta State, which was selected at 50% using the proportionate stratified random sampling. Mean scores and standard deviation were used to analyze data in this study and all hypotheses were tested on an alpha level (α) of 0.05 significance using a t-test. The findings revealed that student-teachers showcased strong readiness and positive attitudes towards utilization of the information and communication technology in studying business education in COEs in Delta State. However, the findings revealed that the student-teachers did not possess the requisite skills in different aspects of computer packages for utilization of the information and communication technology in studying business education in COEs in Delta State. From these findings, recommendations were proffered, and among them included that: the various institutional leadership in the colleges of education such as the Provosts, Deans, and Head of Departments (HODs), should support students' readiness and preparedness for the use of ICT in studying business education at the colleges of education. This can be achieved through ICT facility provisions, adequate funding, infrastructural development, and private sector support and encouragement.

Information Communication Technology as A Tool for Improving Nigerian Education at All Levels: A Theoretical Perceptive

The importance and integration of ICT equipment and facilities in teaching and learning are needed in Nigerian schools. However, the use of ICT in learning is still experiencing problems. The aims of this study are information and communication technology as a tool to improve Nigerian education at all levels. This type of research is qualitative research. The methods used in data collection are documentation study, literature study, and observation. The primary data collection instrument is the researcher observing, asking, listening, asking, and taking research data in qualitative research. The data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative analysis. The result of the research is that Nigeria is experiencing problems with the integration and application of ICT tools due to many factors such as; Limited ICT facilities in Nigerian Schools, Lack of experienced technical tutors, Electrical Problems, Environmental Factors, and Expensive IC tools, and Lack of professional skills. The research concludes that the government should make efforts to offer solutions to the problems mentioned in this paper to improve Nigerian education at all levels. The researcher asks education stakeholders to encourage tutors, facilitators, and students to develop positive attitudes towards using ICT tools at all levels of education in Nigeria.

ATTITUDE TOWARDS USE OF ICT OF SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS OF PATNA DISTRICT

ICT is an accepted element in all our lives and has a central role to play in education. a substantial investment has been made in ICT facilities and training in schools, as in many countries, the debate about ICT in education concentrates on the potential impact of ICT on teaching and learning and on the measures that need to be adopted to ensure that the potential of ICT to enrich students’ learning experience is realised. Teaching is an activity which is designed and performed for the attainment of some broad goals or a large number of specific objectives in terms of change in pupils cognitive structure and behaviour. Teacher in an experimental situation may use simple models but in actual practice no teacher sticks to one model. The objectives of the study were to find the attitude towards use of ICT of the secondary school teachers of Patna district. The methodology used in study was survey method. self constructed and validated tool on attitude towards use of ICT . There were 200 randomly selected secondary school teachers from of Patna were taken . S.D. t-test and Pearson product moment co-relation were used to analyze the data. The finding of the study were : there is a significant difference between the mean scores of secondary school Teachers in their attitude towards use of ICT on the basis of gender, type of school and area of school. There is a no significant difference between the mean scores of secondary school Teachers in their attitude towards use of ICT on the basis of medium.

Modeling the Impacts of MSMEs’ Contributions to GDP and their Constraints on Unemployment: The Case of African’s Most Populous Country

Abstract The activities of micro small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) are crucial to combating the menace of unemployment towards the actualization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in African. However, financial constraints and infrastructural deficits are conspicuous issues among the numerous challenges confronting MSMEs’ activities in many developing nations. Hence, this study explores the challenges and the impacts of MSMEs’ contributions to GDP on the unemployment level in Nigeria as Africa’s most populous country. The empirical results from the study using annual time series data (1985-2018) reveal that a rise in MSMEs’ activities vis-à-vis their contributions to GDP in 5 major economic sectors (agriculture, trade, accommodation, manufacturing, and other services) alongside the financial support given to them, have significant impacts on stemming the level of unemployment in the Nigerian economy. Contrastively, the cost of accessing credit by MSMEs significantly exasperates unemployment while the impacts of the level of infrastructural investments by the government were found to be insignificant in reducing unemployment in the country over the reviewed period. In practical terms, the findings suggest that while ensuring adequate provision of financial support to MSMEs, cogent efforts should be concurrently geared toward the implementation of sufficient budgetary allocations for investment in critical infrastructures like electricity, transport, and ICT facilities to boost MSMEs’ activities to proactively address the unemployment menace in Nigeria.

Preservation and Organization of Electronic Resources for Effective Service Delivery in Federal College of Education Libraries in Northern Nigeria

The study investigated the preservation and organization of electronic resources for effective service delivery in Federal College of Education Libraries in Northern Nigeria. The objective is to examine the electronic resources preservation strategies, ICT facilities used for resources preservation,organization of electronic resources and types of electronic resources organized. The research adopted qualitative research methodology. The population of the study is the 12 college librarians and was sampled. Interview was used for data collections, data collected were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that, the strategies applied for preservation of resources were migration and normalization. The libraries used external hard drive, drop box/cloud and institutional repository for preserving electronic resources. Majority of the libraries organize their resources. In conclusion, proper management of e-resources is a prerequisite to easy access and use of the resources to enhance research, teaching and learning. The study recommended the use of preservation strategies that can prolong the life span of the resources; organize the resources for easy retrieval; provides access to the resources remotely and lastly, the management of the colleges and their libraries should ensure that all the challenges are minimized in order to provide access for use of the resources.

An Approach to Digitalize the Health Care System of Bangladesh using Smartphone

Health is one of the basic needs of human life. If this need cannot be fulfilled, then nothing can compensate for the loss. Often in Bangladesh, we observe that the economic ability of mass people can hardly ensure proper health care. The poor are being deprived of proper health care and even though the rich class can afford quality health care, but it comes with many compromises with their valuable time and labor. To meet the gap, we thought of a smartphone-based health care system that will assist people, especially the underprivileged, to attain health care easily and effectively. To effectively use the ICT facility that the government and non-government sectors are providing, we made a mobile application that will have several features including online appointment and cabin booking, prescription generator, hospital, and doctor's information displayed along with the suggestion, medicinal and disease information, etc. Since there is a great need for a system that can alarm people of emerging diseases in their area, we made a system to alarm people about that. Moreover, in the world of continuous changes, there is a great need for communication to acquire the latest knowledge. Hence a social network where doctors can discuss cures and medication will be of great benefit. Along with this, the need for continuous observation of medicinal side effects is not negligible. So, we need a proper channel for communication between patient and doctor, especially when a patient encounters some trouble when he takes the pre-scribed medications because of their side effects.