Ice Gel Research Articles

Application of Ice Gel For Edible Flowers Distribution Packaging of Butterfly Pea

Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) is a popular edible flower in Indonesia that is rich in antioxidants. However, they are perishable and sensitive to temperature changes during storage and transportation. The use of ice gel in distribution packaging has been identified as an effective solution to maintain its quality. This study aimed to determine the optimal positioning of ice gel in two types of distribution packaging: a Styrofoam box and an insulated box. The experiment involved cooling 36 g of flowers per distribution package over 2 h of simulation using six pieces of ice gel at two different positions (positions 1 and 2). The results showed that the ice gel placed in position 2 reduced the temperature inside the packaging more rapidly and maintained the lowest temperature for a longer period than the ice gel placed in position 1. Therefore, placing the ice gel in position 2 is the best option for application in the distribution package. Ice gel position 2 can reduce the flower’s temperature from 20°C to 10.7°C in the Styrofoam box and from 20oC to 11°C in the insulated box during simulation.

Solar photovoltaic-assisted DC vapour compression with a low-cost ice gel thermal battery for off-grid building cooling

In off-grid areas where extending the grid is costly, traditional AC powered air conditioning units pose challenges for off-grid photovoltaic PV setups due to expensive inverters and battery storage. This leads to an interest in cost-effective solar-driven DC cooling system. However, its efficiency depends on solar energy availability with limited operation during low solar radiation. This study proposes a solar PV-driven DC vapour compression system with variable refrigerant flow (VRF) and low-cost organic phase change material (PCM) ice gel storage. Preliminary experimental work determined the best operational mode namely, Mode A (PV + Thermal Battery), Mode B (PV-electrical battery-3h + Thermal Battery), Mode C (PV-grid + Thermal Battery), and Mode D (Grid + Thermal Battery). Key performance parameters include the Performance Quality Factor of the PV-powered system SFPVVC, and levelized cost of cooling (LCOC). Mode B was found the best, and due to the system's complex dynamic variation with environmental parameters, a novel simulation approach combining artificial neural network (ANN) and TRNSYS was developed and experimentally validated. Thermal comfort is crucial for healthcare facilities as it promotes patient well-being, enhances staff performance, and is vital for infection control, thus a rural healthcare facility in Malaysia was selected for the simulation case-study. Mode B showed at least 50 % higher SFPVVC compared to grid reliance, with superior LCOC performance, ensuring sustainable cooling despite limited electricity supply. The low-cost ice gel thermal battery reduced the system cost to 0.06 USD/kWh compared to 0.56 USD/kWh without it and 1.01 USD/kWh with grid extension. These findings offer insights for implementing similar sustainable cooling systems in rural areas.

Effect of Dry Ice Gel PCM on Wall Freezer Temperature Variance

The increasing population growth in cities will cause environmental detriments such as global warming and ozone depletion. The electricity need will increase in the future due to the higher temperature in the cities, leading to the higher usage of cooling equipment such as freezers. The current study proposed a method to improve the freezer's energy efficiency by using phase change material of dry ice gel. Most of previous studies only focused on the impact of position of phase change materials on the temperature of wall freezer while no previous studies consider the detailed methodology of measurement and the impact of phase change material based on dry ice gel to the variance of wall temperature. The sensor thermocouple type T and data logger ADAM 6018+ were used to measure the wall temperature of the freezer. The results showed that the sensor thermocouple was verified to the calibrated thermometer with R2 = 0.99. The installation of phase change material based on dry ice gel on the wall freezer could maintain the temperature around 1-2oC while the freezer was turned off for 4, 6, and 8 hours. The efficiency of freezer could be increased from 10% to 30% due to using dry ice gel phase change material. The future study should investigate the various types of phase change materials and the new combination of phase change materials.

Effect of Ice Gel Pad Application on Early Postpartum Perineal Trauma Outcomes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Effect of Ice Gel Pad Application on Early Postpartum Perineal Trauma Outcomes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The Statistic Analysis of Instruments and Temperature Measurement of Freezer Wall Attached by Dry Ice Gel

The need for electrical energy in Indonesia is increasing rapidly, and the use of electrical energy will increase carbon dioxide gas emissions by around 1.3% each year, which causes environmental damage. The electricity usage sector in households is higher than in industry and transportation. The need for electricity in households will increase from 49% in 2018 to 58% in the BAU (business as usual) scenario and 61% in the RK (low carbon) scenario in 2050. The leading cause of the high use of electrical energy in households is the use of cooling equipment such as air conditioners, refrigerators, and freezers. One strategy to increase energy efficiency that can be used in cooling equipment such as freezers is using phase change materials (PCM). The method in this research used phase change material of dry ice gel to maintain the temperature in the freezer although the electricity was off. The results showed that the dry ice gel PCM maintained the temperature under zero degree.

Network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing the effectiveness of different treatments in reducing amniocentesis-associated pain and anxiety

ObjectiveThis network meta-analysis compared different methods to determine which is most efficient at lowering pain and anxiety in women undergoing amniocentesis.MethodWe looked through all published randomized controlled trials in the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and EM base. Anxiety and pain were the predominant results. We used the R software version 4.2.1 to analyze the data.ResultsWe included a total of 20 studies, with sample sizes ranging from 60 to 570. Virtual reality was the most effective strategy for lowering pain during AC [MD = -1.30, 95% CI (-2.11, -0.49)]. In addition, paracetamol use was the most successful approach for lowering pain following AC [MD = -1.68, 95% CI (-1.99, -1.37)]. The use of H7 acupressure, however, was the strategy that significantly reduced anxiety following AC [SMD = -15.46, 95% CI (-17.77, -13.15)].ConclusionThe most effective method for reducing pain is the combination of virtual reality with paracetamol. Whereas, the most effective way to reduce anxiety is to combine an ice gel pack with H7 acupressure before applying AC.

Effectiveness of Non-Pharmacological Intervention to Reduce Perineal Pain In Postpartum Women

The morbidity and mortality rates for pregnant, postpartum and postpartum women are still a big problem. One of the factors of this morbidity rate is postpartum pain caused by perineal tears. Pain management has two methods, namely pharmacological and non-pharmacological. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in reducing perineal wound pain in postpartum mothers. The method used in this paper is a literature review. The preparation of the literature review was carried out by searching articles from the Google Scholar and Pubmed databases. The keywords used included non-pharmacological, perineal pain OR reducing perineal pain, and postpartum. The inclusion criteria in this literature search were articles from 2018-2023, articles in Indonesian, articles in English, free full-text articles, original articles and articles on non-pharmacological therapy to reduce perineal wound pain in postpartum mothers. The results of the study, it was obtained the results of several non-pharmacological interventions that were effective in reducing perineal wound pain, namely Papaya Leaf Decoction, Red Ginger, Cinnamon Extract, Aromatherapy (Chamomile Aromatherapy, Lavender Aromatherapy, Lemon Aromatherapy), Sitz Bath Therapy, Compress Ice Gel and Acuyoga Postpartum. Based on the findings of the literature, this non-pharmacological intervention in postpartum mothers has proven effective to be applied in practice and is recommended for health workers.

Effects of combined interventions to optimize recovery during high-intensity exercises in trained individuals

Background
 Team sports such as ice hockey offer the opportunity of recovery breaks between high-intensity work intervals. Strategies aiming to mitigate fatigue during intermittent physical activity are seldom investigated in combination, although several different mechanisms of action exist, which might be cumulative and therefore beneficial for athletes. This study examined the effects of seven combined recovery interventions (enhanced recovery package, ERP) on exercise capacity during intermittent high-intensity cycling.
 Methods
 Sixteen trained men (age: 24.8 ± 3.4 y; maximal power output: 5.0 ± 0.5 W･kg-1) completed a repeated sprint exercise (RSE) protocol consisting of six 30-s cycling sprints with 3-min breaks between each sprint. The first sprint was always performed at a similar load, while sprints 2-6 were performed with the ergometer in cadence dependent mode (0.075 kg･kg-1). During the breaks, the ERP, Placebo, or Control protocols were applied, all on different days. The ERP condition combined 1) 3-min ice gel packs to the neck; 2, 3) 5-s mouth rinsing of a 10% carbohydrate and caffeine (6 mg･kg-1), 4) ingestion of 50 ml of a 6% carbohydrate solution, 5, 6) 30 s of all-out hyperventilation while breathing 100% O2 (hyperoxia); and finally, 7) potentiation maneuvers via performance of 3 half-squats at 75% of one maximal repetition. The placebo intervention masked the interventions except for the ice packs and potentiation maneuvers. Participants were told they were performing a simplified version with only the known beneficial interventions. Power output, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, rate of perceived exertion and gas exchange were compared between the ERP and Placebo conditions.
 Results
 Mean power output (W) was significantly higher for the ERP condition compared to Placebo (570 ± 74 W vs. 560 ± 71 W, t(15) = 4.603, P < 0.001, 95% CI diff = 5 – 14 W, dz = 1.15). The rate of power decrement over sprints 2-6 was very similar between trials (ERP -14.2 W per sprint, 95% CI = -21.6 – -6.8 W; Placebo -17.4 W per sprint, 95% CI = -24.7 – -10.2 W per sprint, P = 0.407). Mean heart rate was higher (3 ± 4 bpm, P = 0.012) for the ERP compared to the Placebo condition, as was breathing frequency (2.4 ± 4.0 breaths･min-1, P = 0.028) and respiratory exchange ratio (0.12 ± 0.06, P < 0.001). Oxygen uptake was 80 ± 109 ml･min-1 (P = 0.013) lower for ERP. No differences were found with regards to the rate of perceived exertion or blood lactate concentration.
 Conclusion
 ERP optimized recovery when applied during the breaks of a high-intensity repeated sprint exercise and shows a small but consistent increase in mean power output. It is possible that the ERP prevented a loss of aerobic efficiency. A top-down approach when tailoring packages for individual athletes might overcome the issue of small improvements that are difficult to detect when strategies are tested in isolation.

The effect of ice gel pack on pain reduction of sheath removal in post-cardiac catheterization patients

Background: Cardiac catheterization is a minimally invasive intervention that can cause complications of vascular access after compression of the femoral artery or sheath removal. Cold pack gel is a non-pharmacological therapy given after sheat removal to reduce pain. Objective:This study aimed to measure the effect of ice pack gel on pain reduction in arterial sheath removal post-cardiac catheterization patients. Methods: This interventional clinical study with control and group treatment was conducted in the cardiology room of Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang, Indonesia. The respondents (n=32) were divided into two groups in pre and post-test control group design. Group A receives pressure bandages as a standard protocol (control groups) while group B, ice-packed gel. Pain scale measured by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) by 1-10. Results: The Mann-Whitney test in two groups shows that there are differences in scores of pain reduction. The pain reduction difference in the treatment group (ice pack gel) was higher than the control ones (p < 0.001). The cold temperature of the cold-packed gel decreased the peripheral free nerve ending conductivity, furthermore, it made sensitivity stimulus or pain impulses slowed down then reduced the perception of pain. Conclusions: The intervention of ice-packed gel is more effective than the standard protocols to reduce the pain in the removal sheath post cardiac catheterization.

Designing Body Life Bag Using Reusable Ice Gel As A Curative Measure To Handle Heat Stroke Cases Of Indonesian Hajj Jamaah

Hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam which is carried out physically, activities in the outside environment can reach 30 hours exposing pilgrims to hot temperatures [3]. The Indonesian Ministry of Health recorded that 430 Indonesian pilgrims died each year between 2012 and 2019 due to heat stroke. The Indonesian Ministry of Health for Hajj 2022 uses body bags as a medium for storing ice water, creating fear among pilgrims and making it difficult to get ice water. The body life bag is an innovative immersion device using ice gel. Testing of three alternative body life bag designs (Salamon, Arabiyan, Camel Poc) was carried out by three subjects aged 42 years. Subjects were selected based on the similarity in appearance of fatigue due to exposure to environmental heat with elderly Indonesian pilgrims. The criteria of BMI are 30.45 kg/m2, 26.93 kg/m2, and 27.64 kg/m2. The test was carried out during the day under exposure to environmental heat with an ambient temperature of 28.3oC, an air speed of 1.5 m/s, and an air humidity of 43 g/m2. This test was based on ISO 9920 and ISO 11079 standards. There were three alternative designs of the Body Life Bag, the fastest cooling time was 5 minutes 41 seconds and the subject's final temperature was obtained at 33.2oC. So the most effective design for lowering body temperature is the Salamon design.

PENERAPAN KOMPRES DINGIN (ICE GEL) TERHADAP PENURUNAN NYERI LUKA EPISIOTOMI PADA PASIEN POST PARTUM DI RSUD Dr. SOESELO KABUPATEN TEGAL

This study aims to determine the application of cold compress (ice gel) to reduce episiotomy wound pain in post partum patients at RSUD Dr. Soeselo Tegal Regency. This research method is a descriptive method with the research design being a case study. The results of the case study study with cold compress therapy (ice gel) had a significant influence in reducing the scale of pain in post partum patients with episiotomy wound pain. There was a decrease in the pain scale of the two respondents, namely the level of the pain scale before being given cold compress therapy (ice gel) in patient 1 pain scale 6 and patient 2 pain scale 7, after being given cold compress therapy (ice gel) for 3 days to both patients the pain scale dropped to 2. The application of cold compress (ice gel) is recommended to be done 3 times a day for 3 days with a duration of 5-10 minutes at a temperature of 15o C to reduce pain. In conclusion, cold compress therapy (ice gel) can reduce episiotomy wound pain in post partum patients.Keywords : Pain, Episiotomy, Cold Compress.

A True Experimental study to Evaluate the effect of Ice Gel Pack Application on Peri Orbital Edema among patients after Craniotomy Surgery

A craniotomy is a cornerstone for the management of the traumatic brain injury worldwide and it is estimated that more than 60000 craniotomy surgeries are performed per year in Tamil Nadu. The postoperative complications related to craniotomy are hematoma formation, cerebral edema, subgaleal collection, per orbital edema, wound/bone flap infection, extra dural abscesses, and herniation. Ice gel pack application is one of the non- pharmacological approach to reduce per orbital edema, after craniotomy. The study was aimed to assess the Effect of Ice Gel Pack Application on Periorbital Edema among Patient after Craniotomy. True experimental pre-test-post-test control group design was adopted and the purposive sampling technique, 30 samples were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, experimental group [n=15] and the Control group [n=15]. The demographic variable, medical history, surgeon periorbital rating edema scale in both experimental and control group. Intervention was given to experimental group and routine treatment was given to control group. It was identified that the mean level of periorbital edema after craniotomy surgery in experimental and control group was 1.33 and 0.36 respectively with a mean difference of 1.73. Likewise the standard deviation of the experimental and control group was 0.36 and 0.59 respectively. The calculated t’ value 27.8 was greater than the table value 3.67at 0.001 level of significance. Hence, it was concluded that ice gel pack application was an effective method to reduce the grade of periorbital edema after craniotomy surgery.

A flexible solid-state supercapacitor with extreme low-temperature tolerance based on an ion conducting ice gel electrolyte

An innovative ion conducting ice gel served as a solid-state electrolyte in a flexible supercapacitor with improved extreme low-temperature tolerance.

Cold Compress Using Ice Gel Effectively Reduces Pain Intensity in School Age Children (6-12 Years) During Infusion Procedures

Background: t he infusion procedure is an invasive procedure that is often performed when treating children in the hospital, this action is done by inserting a needle into the child's vein which can cause pain. Cold compress using ice gel is one way to stimulate the skin so that it is therapeutic before infusion procedure. Purpos e: to find out whether there is an effect of cold compresses using ice gel on the pain intensity during infusion procedure of school age children. Methods: this type of research is a quasi experiment two group posttest only design method. The population in this study were 32 children aged 6-12 years and the reaseach was taken at RSUD KRMT Wongsonegoro Semarang. The instruments were used ice gel compress, and were measured using pain intensity (OUCHER). The hypothesis test used the Wilcoxon test and Man-Whitney test. Results: data from 32 respondents obtained the results of the pain scale using the cold compress application. Ice gel against pain intensity of school-age children during infusion with p -value - 0,000> 0.05. Thus, if p - 0.000> 0.05 then Ho is accepted and Ha is rejected, which means that there is a significant difference in the pain scale between giving compresses (ice gel) to school-age children who are subjected to infusion. Conclusion: the application of cold compresses using ice gel can reduce the pain intensity of school-age children during the infusion procedure. That is recomended as the intervension during infusion procedure.

The effect of cold application on episiotomy pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To evaluate the effectiveness of cold application methods in reducing postpartum episiotomy pain. Many women suffer from pain after giving birth due to an episiotomy. This prolonged pain affects their daily lives as they recover. Various methods can help alleviate this pain; however, the effects of cold application specifically are still under discussion. Systematic review and meta-analysis were used. In this review, we investigated studies from the CINAHL, PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases that met PICOS inclusion criteria. We also assessed the studies' methodological quality with the JADAD and JBI checklists. This study was performed based on the Guidelines of Systematic Reporting of Examination presented in the PRISMA checklist (Appendix S1). The search protocol has been registered at the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. A total of seven published studies including 700 total participants were included in this review. Various cold application methods (cold gel pack/pad, crushed ice gel pad, ice pack) significantly reduced the pain after an episiotomy. Ice packs in particular did not significantly differ from lavender oil and acupressure in reducing pain after an episiotomy. Cold application methods can be an effective, non-pharmacological midwifery and nursing intervention to reduce pain after an episiotomy. The use of cold application methods to reduce pain after episiotomy may reduce the need for pharmacological medication in women due to the reduction in pain in the perineum.

Calculating quantities of ice gel for cooling of fresh-cut melon in temporary storage box during distribution

Temperature reduction can be done by adding a cooling media, one of which is ice gel. The use of ice gel as a cooling medium should take notice of the load heat during distribution because the load of heat that is removed by ice gel is limited. The calculation of the required heat load that needed to be removed to determine the amount of ice gel required during distribution. The calculations include the heat load of the storage box, the heat load of the fruit, and the heat load of the fruit respiration. The temporary storage box is made of thermotec heat shield material and has 3 shelves. This study uses fresh-cut melon as a sample of stored fruit. The result of calculating the ice gel needed in the distribution and storage for the top shelf and middle shelf respectively as many as 3 ice gel and the bottom shelf is 2 of ice gel 0.496 grams to storage 22 fresh-cut melon-sized 60 grams.

The effectiveness of aloe vera gel in reducing the pain of perineal wound

Background: Researches on applying ice gel and aloe vera gel compress to reduce perineal wound pain scale after childbirth has been widely studied and proven effective. However, the effectiveness of using both has not been studied.Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness differences of ice gel and aloe vera gel in reducing the intensity of perineal wound pain.Methods: It applied a quasi-experimental research design. The population was 116 post-partum mothers, a sample of 56 mothers with sutured perineal wounds grade II, divided into two groups of intervention (aloe vera gel compress) and control (ice gel compress), with a consecutive sampling technique. The pain before and after the intervention was observed and analyzed using the Wilcoxon and Maan Whitney tests.Result: The mean reduction in pain scale in the group with the aloe vera gel treatment was more than that in another group with ice gel treatment, with a mean difference of 2.46 and 1.61. The statistical analysis results showed a significant difference in pain relief between the two groups, p<0.05.Conclusion: The aloe vera gel compresses are more effective than the ice gel compresses in reducing the scale of perineal pain after childbirth.

Evaluation of the cooling efficacy of different equine leg cooling methods

The use of cold therapy or cryotherapy is widespread in human and veterinary medicine and sports medicine and ranges from focal, localised treatment to whole body treatment. In equestrian sport, a variety of methods and commercial products exist for cooling the lower limbs. To date, there have been no studies comparing the relative efficacy of these different cooling methods. Due to the difficulty in standardising techniques for comparing cooling on live horses, a repeatable laboratory method for determining cooling efficacy was developed using a metal flask. The amount of heat removed from the flask by different traditional methods (corrected for the heat lost over 30 min for the flask without treatment) and a variety of commercial cooling products was calculated by measuring the decrease in temperature (in triplicate) within the flask from an initial external temperature of 40.2±0.4 °C and an internal temperature of 42.1±0.9 °C (mean ± standard deviation) over 30 min. The methods compared were: cold hosing (15 °C), standing in ice and water (0 °C), ice-cube packs, instant cold-packs, ice boots, evaporative (water) cooled boots, ice gel and clay. The greatest amount of heat removed in 30 min was 134±4 kJ for standing in ice & water (0 °C). The next highest rates of removal were 66.4±1.3, 57.1±6.1 and 56.9±1.3 kJ for cold hosing (15 °C), Ice Horse (-23 °C) and Cryochaps (-23 °C), respectively. The lowest amount of heat removed was for covered clay (8±1 kJ; initial clay temperature 15 °C). This approach allows different methods of cooling to be compared without the difficulties encountered in standardisation in live horses.

Effect of Applying Crushed Ice Gel Pads on Episiotomy Pain and Wound Healing Among Postpartum Primiparous Women

Background: Episiotomy pain is the most common complaint among postpartum women. One of the simple nursing interventions to decrease it and improve the healing process is applying the crushed ice gel pads. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of applying crushed ice gel pads on episiotomy pain and wound healing among postpartum primiparous women. A quasi-experimental study design was used. A total of 200 postnatal women (intervention and control group) were selected from the postpartum ward and outpatient clinic at El- Manail maternity Hospital, Egypt. Four Tools for data collection were used: “women structured interviewing sheet, Numeric Rating Scale, short-form McGill pain questionnaire, and the standardized REEDA Scale”. The Results of the study revealed that the mean age of the sample was 26.8± 5.8 years old. There was a statistically significant reduction in the level of episiotomy pain at first day, 3 days, and seven days postpartum between the two groups. Also, the study group REEDA score decreased to 2.72 ± 4.6 and 1.1 ± 3.8 during the posttest. Added to that, most of the intervention group (92.0%) had good episiotomy wound healing while more than half of the control group (57.0%) still has poor and mild healing. Conclusion: Women who applied the crushed ice gel pads at postpartum period experienced a lower level of episiotomy pain, had good episiotomy wound healing, and had better ability to perform daily living activities during the posttest than the control group. Recommendations: The nurses should be aware of the importance of crushed ice gel pads for postpartum primiparous women, and they should encourage them to apply the crushed ice gel pads at the hospital as well as home to improve their episiotomy wound healing and maintain comfort.

Performance of cooling materials and their composites in maintaining freezing temperature during irradiation and transportation of bone allografts.

Bone allografts supplied by University Malaya Medical Centre Bone Bank are sterilized by gamma radiation at 25 kGy in dry ice (DI) to minimize radiation effects. Use of cheaper and easily available cooling materials, gel ice (GI) and ice pack (IP), was explored. Composites of DI and GI were also studied for the use in routine transportations and radiation process. (a) Five dummy bones were packed with DI, GI, or IP in a polystyrene box. The bone temperatures were monitored while the boxes were placed at room temperature over 96 h. Durations for each cooling material maintaining freezing temperatures below -40°C, -20°C, and 0°C were obtained from the bone temperature over time profiles. (b) Composites of DI (20, 15, 10, 5, and 0 kg) and GI were used to pack five dummy bones in a polystyrene box. The durations maintaining varying levels of freezing temperature were compared. DI (20 kg) maintained temperature below -40°C for 76.4 h as compared to 6.3 h in GI (20 bags) and 4.0 h in IP (15 packs). Composites of 15DI (15 kg DI and 9 GI bags) and 10DI (10 kg DI and 17 GI bags) maintained the temperature below -40°C for 61 and 35.5 h, respectively. Composites of DI and GI can be used to maintain bones in deep frozen state during irradiation, thus avoiding radiation effects on biomechanical properties. Sterile frozen bone allograft with preserved functional properties is required in clinical applications.