Ice Cream Formulations Research Articles

Chemical, microbial and sensory properties of a chestnut and milk ice cream with improved healthy characteristics

ABSTRACT With the aim of revalorization of two productions of economic relevance (milk and chestnuts), a novel ice cream was formulated incorporating milk, chestnut flour and chestnut bits. Using the best sensory valued formula as a basis, eight ice cream formulations were elaborated replacing the ingredients normally used (milk fat, sucrose and carboxymethylcellulose) by healthier ones (olive oil, erythritol + steviol glycosides, and tara (Caesalpinia spinosa) gum, respectively). The formulations were analyzed for composition, physicochemical parameters, fatty acid profile, volatile profile, microbiological characteristics and sensory attributes. A general preference of the tasters was observed for the formulations containing sucrose over those made with the hypocaloric sweetener.

Phycocyanin as substitute for texture ingredients in ice creams

PurposeThe phycocyanin is a pigment present in the microalga Spirulina that has been studied due to its applicability as food coloring; however, it can be used due to the ability to act as an emulsifier or stabilizer in function of its protein characteristic. The purpose of this paper is to use aqueous extracts of Spirulina containing phycocyanin (EP) as a substitute of additives in the production of ice creams.Design/methodology/approachThe study was divided in two sections: first, the influence of addition of EP in ice cream bases (that represent the ice cream preparation before air incorporation step) and second, the influence of addition of EP in five ice cream formulations, in which the differences were the addition of EP in substitution of stabilizer, Chantilly or emulsifier, one at a time or in substitution of all additives together, by the EP.FindingsThe different ice creams developed presented centesimal composition according to Brazilian legislation in relation to the chemical parameters. The EP presented emulsifying and stabilizing activity in the ice creams formulations acting in substitution of emulsifier and stabilizer presented in the standard formulation, not influencing the overall acceptability of consumers.Originality/valueThe authors demonstrate that the aqueous extract of Spirulina containing phycocyanin can be used as a natural additive in ice cream in substitution of emulsifiers and stabilizers normally used in this product, contributing to produce more healthy foods, once phycocyanin is an protein of high nutritional value.

Sensory and calorie evaluation of an ice cream mix, where inulin is incorporated as a partial substitute for fat

The caloric intake, saturated fat content and sensory acceptance of vanilla ice cream formulated with inulin as a partial substitute for saturated fat was evaluated. Ice cream mixtures by triplicate were formulated, and part of the palm fat (2, 3 and 4%) was replaced by commercial inulin. The fat of the control treatment was formulated with 7% vegetable fat. For the replacement of fat, a ratio of 1: 0.25 (fat: inulin) was used. The caloric intake was calculated by measuring gross energy. The sensory analysis was carried out with 23 habitual consumers judges of ice cream. It was concluded that in the formulation of vanilla ice cream is possible to replace 57.14% vegetable fat for inulin without affecting the sensory properties in the product, with this is possible to obtain 16% reduction in the caloric content and 48.6% in the content of saturated fat. Therefore, the replacement of vegetable fat by inulin is an alternative that allows offering functional ice cream with low caloric content, without losing the palatability that makes ice cream pleasant for most of the world population.

Ice recrystallisation and melting in ice cream with different proteins levels and subjected to thermal fluctuation

Ice cream of high quality has smooth consistency due to ice crystal sizes between 20 and 50 μm, which depends on ice cream formulation and thermal stress during storage. Ice crystals of 3 “traditional” (milk proteins and stabilisers) and 2 vegan (inulin and potato proteins) ice cream formulations were studied using a cold stage microscope under frozen conditions. Samples were observed before and after a temperature fluctuation (cycles of −18 °C and −6 °C for 14 days), and the data obtained compared with the results of a melting test. Results showed that milk proteins and stabilisers conferred structural stability to ice cream, both in terms of small crystal size (20–50 μm) and behaviour during melting, suitable for storage. Ice creams without one of the two constituents or in presence of potato proteins or inulin, showed a crystal size increase; in this case ice creams were for immediate consumption.

Physical and Sensory Properties of Ice Cream as Influenced by Pulse Protein Concentrates

Pulses are one of the cheapest sources for the extraction of protein concentrates which can be gainfully utilized for meeting protein needs of specific groups. Techniques for maximum extraction of Pulse protein concentrates were developed for red gram and Bengal gram by standardisation of process parameters involving alkaline extraction followed by isoelectric precipitation. Extraction conditions viz., flour: water ratio – 1:10, pH 9 and stirring time- 4 hours were employed for isolation of the pulse protein concentrates. The protein concentrates extracted from red gram and chickpea were incorporated in ice cream formulations at concentrations of 5 and 10%. The pulse protein concentrate incorporated ice cream at 5% level had a higher sensory score of 8.7 and 8.8 on the nine-point hedonic scale compared to ice cream enriched with 10% pulse protein concentrate (8.4 and 8.5/9.0). The pulse protein enriched ice cream had a high protein content of 11.76 g/100 g compared to 4.90 g/100 g in control. Pulse protein concentrates have a wide food application in designing speciality foods for different age groups and disease conditions. The PPC incorporated protein enriched ice cream would provide for nutritious ice cream having desirable sensory properties with commercialisation prospects.

The microstructural, melting, rheological, and sensorial properties of high-overrun frozen desserts.

Air incorporated during dynamic freezing influences the development of the microstructure and the final texture of frozen desserts. Frozen desserts were manufactured with 100-175% overrun from a constant ice cream mix formulation. Microstructural elements (fat, air, and ice phases) of the frozen desserts were then investigated and related to the melting, rheological, and sensory properties of the product. Mean ice crystal and air cell size were found to decrease with increasing overrun, and the extent of fat destabilization increased. Frozen desserts manufactured with higher overrun had slower drip-through rate and better shape retention after melting at ambient conditions, demonstrating that fat destabilization and the interplay of fat, air, and serum phases affect the melting behavior. Structural elements also influenced the rheological behavior, as measured by oscillatory thermo-rheometry. Frozen desserts had similar rheological properties at temperatures below the freezing point due to the presence of ice, and the values of G' and G″ (solid-like and viscous-like character, respectively) increased with increasing overrun above the freezing point, corresponding to a more solid-like structure. Slight differences in sensory denseness and breakdown were detected, but sensory texture was not significantly different for the frozen desserts studied. This study provided insights into the role of air in ice cream and frozen desserts, and its influence on product texture.

Designing an industrial protocol to develop a new fat-reduced- ice cream formulation by replacing stabilizers with microbial transglutaminase enzyme

In this study, the possibility of replacing stabilizers with microbial transglutaminase (MTG) enzyme in fat-reduced ice cream production was studied. In addition, the stage of adding (before or after the heat treatment) the MTG enzyme to ice cream was also investigated. Five different ice creams (A and C containing 1 unit MTG/g protein without stabilizer, B and D containing 0.5 unit MTG/g protein and 0.35 % stabilizer, which also consist of the mixture of Carrageenan (E 407), Guar gum (E 412), Xanthan gum (E 415) and Sodium alginate (E 401), and E (control) containing 0.7 % stabilizer) were manufactured. MTG has been added to samples A and B after heat treatment while it was added to C and D samples before the heat treatment. An experimental analysis related to the overrun, viscosity melting properties, pH, titratable acidity, dry matter, fat, protein, sensorial and microstructural properties of ice creams was carried out. According to the results, the amount and the adding stage of MTG significantly affected overrun, melting, viscosity, coldness, firmness, smoothness, mouth coating, color, appearance, taste, smell scores, and also microstructure of ice creams (p<0.01). Results also showed that MTG could be used together with other stabilizers after heat treatment in the production of ice cream. Moreover, our findings demonstrated that sample B was the closest to control in terms of sensorial properties.

Ice Crystal Coarsening in Ice Cream during Cooling: A Comparison of Theory and Experiment

Ice cream is a complex multi-phase structure and its perceived quality is closely related to the small size of ice crystals in the product. Understanding the quantitative coarsening behaviour of ice crystals will help manufacturers optimise ice cream formulations and processing. Using synchrotron X-ray tomography, we measured the time-dependent coarsening (Ostwald ripening) of ice crystals in ice cream during cooling at 0.05 °C/min. The results show ice crystal coarsening is highly temperature dependent, being rapid from ca. −6 to −12 °C but significantly slower at lower temperatures. We developed a numerical model, based on established coarsening theory, to calculate the relationship between crystal diameter, cooling rate and the weight fraction of sucrose in solution. The ice crystal diameters predicted by the model are found to agree well with the measured values if matrix diffusion is assumed to be slowed by a factor of 1.2 due to the presence of stabilizers or high molecular weight sugars in the ice cream formulation.

Formulation of ice cream based on pulp of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) with hydrocoloids and enriched with vitamin C

This research is based on the need to develop a new production line for fruit ice cream. Currently, tamarind in the national market can be found in products such as marcianos, cremoladas, ingredients in the kitchen, jellies or as fruit. The proposal of the work is innovative, since it raises the possibility of taking advantage of the pulp of the fruit in ice cream as an industrial input, due to the high concentration of tartaric acid found in the pulp. For ice cream, hydrocolloids (guar gum and xanthan gum) are used to provide a typical texture of fruit ice cream with milk, in addition to being enriched with ascorbic acid as a source of vitamin C. Three ice cream formulations were made that in its last stage mixing and freezing processes were assembled at an industrial artisanal ice cream plant to have better sensory characteristics. Ice creams were tasted and evaluated by means of a survey to determine the level of acceptance by means of questions with hedonic scale measurement in relation to color, flavor, texture and general appearance. In the perception of the respondents, the reaction of the sensation of the new flavor of tartaric acid of tamarind was observed, which, in combination with ascorbic acid, lactic acid of milk further highlighted the acidity of the ice cream and the hydrocolloids used that gave them the Typical texture of an ice cream. Finally, the use of in different proportions of guar and xanthan gums determined that the third formulation with code 190 obtained the highest level of acceptability.

Evaluation of surfactant activity and emulsifying of Pea protein isolate (Pisum sativum L.) obtained by the spray dryer

This study evaluates the biosurfactant activity and emulsification ability of pea proteins isolated (Pisum sativum L.). The results showed that aqueous solutions containing the pea proteins isolated (PPI) reduce the water surface tension to 47mN/m, approximately. The use of spray dryer does not change the surfactant activity of the PPI because surface tension and CMC will not change. The PPI is thermally stable and can be used in processes that require temperatures between 4°C and 80°C, as industrial processes such as baking, ice cream and other formulation. The protein isolate and pea assessed emulsions with toluene and n-heptane were stable. Emulsions castor and linseed oil were not stable under the conditions reported in this paper. Therefore, despite the pea protein isolate is a surfactant it cannot be used in any industrial process. Both the food industry and in the biotechnology industry should evaluate the conditions for application of protein isolates from pea. Keywords: biosurfactant; vegetable protein; globulin; spray dryer; pea protein isolated.

Impact of stabilizers on the rheological properties of ice creams

Abstract The effect of the food hydrocolloids Guar gum, Locust bean gum (LBG) and Gelatin, as well as their mixtures (even carrageenan was used in all formulations – 0.035%), was studied on the rheological characteristics of ice cream formulations. A frequency sweep test, at low temperature (-8 °C), was performed to evaluate the elastic (G’) and viscous (G”) modulus. The ice cream produced using Gelatin and blend of Gelatin and LBG (0.09 and 0.18%) presented higher values of G’, which is an indicative of the presence of ice crystals and greater rigidity. The thermo-oscillatory rheometry was used to correlate the rheological properties and the characteristic of the ice creams (creaminess, sensory, melting). A temperature sweep test, from -10 to 5 °C was performed to evaluate changes in the structures of the products and their relationship with the sensory properties. For all formulations tested, it was observed, from -10 °C to -1 °C, a large decline in the elastic and viscous modulus due to the loss of interactions between the ice crystals, associated with their melting. After melting, the parameter G”, indicative of the creaminess of ice cream during consumption, showed a slight advantage to the ice creams produced with Guar gum alone and its blend with LBG.

Sorvetes sabor maracujá elaborados com biomassa da banana verde e sucralose

O sorvete é uma excelente fonte de energia, um dos alimentos mais consumidos no mundo e tem a gordura e o açúcar como ingredientes primordiais de sua composição. Devido à procura do consumidor por alimentos mais saudáveis, a indústria alimentícia tem sido impulsionada a formular novos produtos que ofereçam qualidade e um bom valor nutricional. Considerando este contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver formulações de sorvetes substituindo a gordura vegetal hidrogenada pela biomassa da banana verde, e o açúcar (sacarose) pelo edulcorante sucralose. Para os sorvetes elaborados, foram realizadas as análises físicas (textura, derretimento, cor e °Brix) e físico-químicas (umidade pH, acidez, lipídeos, açúcares totais, açúcares redutores e cinzas). Os valores obtidos para a análise de umidade, pH, acidez e cinzas foram coerentes com a legislação para as formulações analisadas. Com relação ao teste de derretimento, os sorvetes elaborados apresentaram boa resistência. Para as análises de textura e overrum, as amostras que substituíram a gordura vegetal pela biomassa da banana verde e a sacarose pela sucralose, foram as que necessitaram de maior força para extrusão (parâmetros de textura elevados) e que também obtiveram maior incorporação de ar (overrum). Entre as diferenças observadas, pode-se constatar que a utilização da biomassa da banana verde intervém significativamente no conteúdo de lipídeos do sorvete bem como em seu arranjo estrutural. Os resultados encontrados para análise de lípideos foram três vezes menor para as formulações que utilizaram a biomassa da banana verde como substituto da gordura hidrogenada, o que comprova os benefícios nutricionais da polpa. Com relação à formulação que utilizou a sucralose como substituto da sacarose, ela obteve valores finais de açucares totais e açúcares redutores menores comparados à formulação padrão.

Grounding and Development of Low-Lactose Biologically Active Milk Ice Cream Formula

Lactose intolerance is widespread in the world, although its frequency varies considerably in different countries. In Ukraine, 15-35% of the adult population suffer from this illness. For these people, it is necessary to develop special dairy products – lactose-free and low-lactose. A promising direction in the development of the dairy industry is the targeted production of exclusive ice cream types, intended for people intolerant to lactose. The article substantiates the expediency of the development of a low-lactose ice cream formulation of therapeutic and prophylactic purpose with antioxidant and pre-probiotic properties using secondary milk and plant material. The selection of the main components – liquid lactose-free protein concentrate (LFPC) and yoghurt base with reduced lactose and high protein content (YB) – was carried out according to foaming ability, foam stability, viscosity, antioxidant activity and organoleptic parameters. The ratio of LFPC / YB components was 60:40 (for a non-lactose concentrate, obtained by ultrafiltration of buttermilk at FC = 4 and by diafiltration (DF = 7) UF buttermilk retentate) and LFPC / YB – 50:50 (for a lactose concentrate, obtained by ultrafiltration of buttermilk at FC = 5 and diafiltration (DF = 7) UF buttermilk retentate). Both samples had the best technological characteristics: foaming ability – 28% and 32%, respectively, foam resistance – 120 and 130 minutes, respectively. According to organoleptic parameters, the samples were similar, they had a pleasant sour-milk taste, a homogeneous consistency, a homogeneous white-yellow color, which is characteristic of sour milk ice cream. The antioxidant activity of the samples was 315 and 330 c. u., respectively. The rational mass fractions of the auxiliary components of a mixture of ice cream were determined: inulin – 4%; lactulose – 1%; ginger – 0,3%; citric acid – 0,15%; stabilizer – 0,2% (for LFPC (FC = 4) / YB) and 0,25% (for LFPC (FC = 5) / YB). The recipe composition of low-lactose biologically active ice cream was developed. The antioxidant activity of samples of a mixture of low-lactose ice cream and a mass fraction of lactose, which was 1.1-1.4% depending on the ratios of LFPC / YB, were determined.

Using Ethylcellulose to Structure Oil Droplets in Ice Cream Made with High Oleic Sunflower Oil.

Interest for product development of ice cream based on unsaturated liquid oil is increasing. To compensate for the lacking fat crystals that provide structure and stability in traditional ice cream, the liquid oil is transformed into solid-like material by ethylcellulose (EC). The process of ice cream includes high pressure homogenization, and in order to adapt to this process step, two new methods of incorporation of EC into the oil of ice cream mixes were developed.

Influence of cellulose nanofibrils on the structural elements of ice cream

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were incorporated into low-fat and standard ice cream formulations (5 wt % and 10 wt %) at two different concentrations each (0.15 and 0.3 wt %) to determine the impact of the CNFs on the structural elements and performance variables of both the pre-frozen mix and the final frozen product. Rheological properties of the aged mixes and fat destabilization, melting rate, hardness, thermo-rheology and ice crystal size of the frozen product were assessed; sensory properties were analyzed for selected formulations. Results indicate that the effects of nanocellulose are related to its adsorption on the fat structure, therefore it varies between 5 and 10 wt % formulations. Sensory properties of low-fat samples were improved after the addition of nanocellulose, even after heat shocking the specimens.

Production of low-calorie ice cream utilizing apple peel and pulp

ABSTRACTThe use of normally discarded parts of fruits (such as peel, stems, etc.) presents as much potential for the reduction of the residue accumulation as for the obtainment of healthier products. In this study, three ice cream formulations utilizing apple pulp and peel were evaluated by means of physical–chemical and sensory analyses. The best formulation obtained was prepared with (% w/w): 62.3% of apple (peel and pulp), 12.5% of skimmed milk, 12.5% of condensed milk, 12.5% of cream and 0.2% of emulsifier. This formulation presented sensory acceptance between 84% and 92%, reduced caloric content (110 kcal/100 g), high-fiber content (0.81%) and low-total sugar concentration (17.8%). The results obtained demonstrate that it is possible to incorporate the apple peel in the production of ice cream with good sensory acceptance, cost reduction and addition of nutrients to the final product.

The influence of agave fructans on thermal properties of low-fat, and low-fat and sugar ice cream

The thermal properties of low fat, and low fat and sugar ice cream formulations, in which agave fructans were used as a sugar and fat, were evaluated by Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Approximately 3.0 g/100 mL of agave fructans promoted a positive effect on thermal properties for both types of formulation, showing a significantly lower (P < 0.05) fraction of frozen water. The highest concentration of agave fructans resulted in the highest percentage of non-frozen water (P < 0.05). The addition of agave fructans led to a significantly higher (P < 0.05) glass transition temperature. Glass transition incited a change in heat capacity as moisture and agave fructans increased. Agave fructans had the ability to reduce the number and formation of ice crystals, and hence the melting temperature of ice cream. The samples with longer melting time resulted in a reduction of energy, showing low enthalpy values. The quantity of agave fructans used as fat and sugar replacer affected the infrared spectroscopy spectra, and led to an increase in the magnitude of the bands, especially in the O-H group that corresponds to polymeric hydrogen bonding between agave fructans and water.

Gomphrena globosa L. as a novel source of food-grade betacyanins: Incorporation in ice-cream and comparison with beet-root extracts and commercial betalains

Currently, there are some examples of natural colourants with commercial use. However, these colourants are usually under-exploited, besides being obtained from a reduced number of plant or algal species. Accordingly, we propose using betalains obtained from an alternative plant species, Gomphrena globosa, which have a powerful colouring activity besides being strong antioxidants, as a novel ice-cream colourant. For comparison purposes, other ice-cream formulations were prepared, namely without colourants, added with commercial betalain or with Beta vulgaris extract. Besides evaluating the colour parameters L*, a* and b*, the nutritional parameters, individual sugars and fatty acids profiles were also studied. These parameters were evaluated throughout time, up to a maximum of 60 days of freeze (−22 °C) storage. Betacyanin quantification of each formulation was also performed to determine its maintenance along storage. In general, ice-creams prepared with G. globosa were similar (considering nutritional, colour, individual sugars and fatty acids profiles) to those including B. vulgaris extract, thereby validating the suitability of this alternative plant as a source of food colourants, particularly as ice-cream colourants. Furthermore, the positive effects induced by the addition of this natural colourant were maintained throughout storage time, as indicated by the markers distribution in the linear discriminant analysis.

Production of functional probiotic ice creams with white and dark blue fruits of Myrtus communis: The comparison of the prebiotic potentials on Lactobacillus casei 431 and functional characteristics

In the present study, dark blue (BM) and white (WM) Myrtus communis (M. communis) pulps were added to probiotic goat milk ice cream formulations containing Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) 431 to evaluate prebiotic potentials of BM and WM fruits on L. casei 431. Additionally, the effects of storage and freezing process on viable L. casei 431 counts, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity were examined. According to the results, it was determined that the BM and WM fruits had prebiotic potentials on L. casei 431. The freezing process of mixes reduced the counts of L. casei 431 by about 0.80–1.32 log CFU g−1 and this strain maintained high viability throughout the storage. After freezing process, TPC values of ice cream samples containing WM and BM fruits increased by 5.00 and 8.50 mg GAE 100 g−1, respectively. No alteration was detected in antioxidant activity during the storage.

Ice Cream with Functional Potential Added Grape Agro-Industrial Waste

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to develop grape ice cream spiked with agro-industrial grape residue flour (GRF). The attributes of color, aroma, flavor, texture and overall quality of ice cream with different GRF concentrations [P (0%), F1 (2%), F2 (6%), F3 (10%)] were evaluated by a panel of tasters, using hedonic scale of 9 points. The formulations with the best sensory characteristics were used to determine the chemical composition, the physical and chemical characteristics, the bioactive compounds content and antioxidant capacity, besides the objective evaluation of color (CIELAB). The F1 ice cream (2% GRF) showed satisfactory sensory attributes that allowed to be appointed by the taste panel as the best formulation. The addition of 2% of GRF in to grape ice cream provided an increase in protein, lipids, ash, dietary fiber, total energy value, reducing sugars, total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols and anthocyanins. Consequently, the radical scavenging ability of DPPH• (EC50) e ABTS•+ was higher than the pattern sample (without GRF) (p <0.05). The GRF incorporated in to grape ice cream formulation made changes in color attributes of the product that, although statistically significant, did not affect the visual perception of characteristic color and desired for this type of product. Thus, the addition of grape residue flour (2%) in to ice cream may be considered a viable and healthy technology application, to obtaining a product with organoleptic and nutritional characteristics satisfactory, higher levels of dietary fibers, bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential, and contribute to the use of this waste.