Broken Ice Research Articles

Can a computer see what an ice expert sees? Multilabel ice objects classification with convolutional neural networks

Abstract Computer-aided scene analysis has drawn much attention, especially in autonomous navigation and advanced navigation assistance systems for surface vessels. In ice-infested waters, multilabel ice object classification and segmentation form the core of these systems, which are required for path-planning and collision avoidance algorithms. This study focuses on the interpretation of ice conditions from close-range optical imagery. It presents a model for multilabel ice object classification that builds on state-of-the-art open source libraries and deep learning platforms. This work explores the generalization ability of open source models to differentiate between nine categories of surface ice features: level ice, deformed ice, broken ice, icebergs, floebergs, floebits, ice floes, pancake ice, and brash ice. The results demonstrate the ability of the models to classify these nine categories from optical close-range images, which were gathered online and during a research cruise to the Fram Strait on the RV Lance in 2012. We tested a variety of classification algorithms on the collected ice imagery and compared the results against randomly selected test cases representing different ice features with different degrees of local texture distortion. In doing so, we can evaluate the effectiveness of the classification of different classes and compare different levels of information presented for the classification. In addition, we provide a model implementation of our model: a GitHub repository, ICEXPERT, that is suitable for ice object classification from close-range ice imagery.

THE USE OF ICE BREAKER TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ MOTIVATION IN LEARNING ENGLISH AT THE TENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMK YPKKP

There is a belief that ice breaking can be used in the classroom as it provides several advantages for the students. One of them is that it can improve students’ learning motivation. This study aims to prove this belief. In other words, it attempts to investigate the effectiveness of ice breaking in improving students’ learning motivation. Quantitative with one group pretest and posttest was used in this study. The population was the 10th grade students at SMK YPKKP. The sample was one class of office administration major. The data was collected through motivation test adapted from (Burhan, 2017). The result showed that null hypothesis of this study was rejected. It is proved by the data from t-test that shows the sigma 2 tailed is 0.00. This value is less than 0.05. Null hypothesis, therefore, was rejected. This means that ice breaking could definitely improve the students’ motivation in learning English. The teacher therefore can implement it in the classroom. in the title.

MOTIVATION, LEARNING ACTIVITY, AND LEARNING OUTCOMES OF GRADE V ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of ice breaking on learning motivation, active learning and learning outcomes of fifth-grade elementary students, Bengkulu City. Non-Equivalent Control Group Design in the form of the quasi-experimental method was used in this study. The type of research is quantitative descriptive. The population were the public elementary students in Bengkulu City, while the sample of this study were two classes, those were VA and V B. Data collection techniques in this study were questionnaires and tests. Based on the description of the results of the research and discussion, it can be concluded that (1). There is an influence of ice breaking on the learning motivation of fifth-grade students of public elementary school 56 Bengkulu City. This is shown in the t-test that the value of t-test of 5.00> t table value at a significant level of 5% is 2.01 (2). There is an influence of ice breaking on the learning activeness of fifth-grade students of public elementary school 56 Bengkulu City. This is shown in the t-test that the value of t-test is 5.04> t table value at the 5% significance level of 2.01. (3). There is a significant effect of ice breaking on student learning outcomes on cognitive aspects of fifth-grade students of public elementary school 56 Bengkulu City. This is indicated by the calculation of the t-test that the value of t testis 2.71> the value of t table at a significant level of 5% of 2.03.

Feasibility of the Northern Sea Route: The role of distance, fuel prices, ice breaking fees and ship size for the product tanker market

This paper investigates the feasibility of the Northern Sea Route (NSR) using a speed optimisation model to minimise the required freight rate, by employing current data from a shipowner, supported by secondary data, conducting petroleum product transport on the NSR. The oil product tanker segment is used to assess route alternatives taking into account distance, ship size, ice breaking fees, fuel types and prices. Environmental policy elements are included in the cost analysis to account for low sulphur fuels from 2020, a prospective ban on the use of heavy fuel oil in the Arctic, and a possible global fuel tax.

Discrete element simulation of the resistance of a ship in unconsolidated ridges

Resistance on a ship penetrating a sea ice ridge is a key design parameter of ice breaking ships. The resistance of a ship in an unconsolidated ridge has been studied by using a three dimensional discrete element method. Ridges of equal depth but different widths were used and it was observed that the ridge width has a major effect on the ridge resistance: the ridge resistance increases with increasing ridge width, until the ridge width is of the same order as the ship length. The ridge resistance was decomposed into a frictional force and a deformation force. The deformation force is due to the ridge deformation by the ship bow and it was shown that the deformation force is related with the mass of ice blocks accelerated by and moving with the ship.

Wave-ice interaction in the North-West Barents Sea

The results of field work on drift ice during wave propagation are analyzed and presented. The field work was performed in the Barents Sea, and the main focus of the paper is on wave processes in the MIZ. A model of wave damping in broken ice is formulated and applied to interpret the field work results. It is confirmed that waves of higher frequencies are subjected to stronger damping when they propagate below the ice. This reduces the frequency of most energetic wave with increasing distance from the ice edge. Difference of wave spectra measured in two relatively close locations within the MIZ is discussed. The complicated geometry and dynamics of the MIZ in the North-West Barents Sea allow waves from the Atlantic Ocean and south regions of the Barents Sea to penetrate into different locations of the MIZ.

THE EFFORTS TO INCREASE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BALANCED NUTRITION AT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

Background: The balanced nutrition paradigm is currently unknown to the general public, especially school-age children. The old paradigm of four healthy five perfects is still taught in schools. Whereas in the new paradigm of balanced nutrition, in addition to the principle of nutrition that must be consumed in a balanced manner, there is another message that must be conveyed, namely physical activity at least 30 minutes every day, regular exercise, drinking 8 glasses of water a day, washing hands before and after eating and always monitor your weight. Purpose: This community service activity aims to improve balanced nutrition knowledge in elementary school age children. Method: The method of community service is through lectures and games for ice breaking so that the atmosphere becomes more fun. Results: Most of the students of SDN Kalisari 1 Surabaya were female (54%), 10 years old (62%), and parents had jobs in the “other” category namely construction workers, janitors and farm workers (38%). As many as 83% of students have breakfast habits and 88% of students often access the internet. The level of student’s knowledge of balanced nutrition is included in the sufficient category (59%). There is a difference in the level of knowledge before and after counseling about the concept of balanced nutrition (α = 0.04). Conclusion: Efforts to increase knowledge of balanced nutrition with counseling and game methods are considered effective because there is a significant increase in the level of knowledge of SDN Kalisari 1 Surabaya students.

Attenuation of gravity waves in fast ice

The attenuation coefficients of sea waves in ice in the coastal zone of the Sea of Okhotsk with periods from 4 to 30 s were estimated as a function of their wavelength based on observations. We used the model dispersion relation for these waves in ice and calculated the theoretical attenuation coefficients. We compared them with those from the data of experiments based on the relation of the spectral energies of waves in ice-free water and in ice. It is possible to use the estimated attenuation coefficients for waves of different periods to calculate the distance of wave propagation in fast ice with the critical amplitude where ice breaking is possible.

빙해역 시운전 해석을 위한 환경조건 보정 방법 및 검증

Vessel’s ice speed performances will be verified in ice sea trial but environmental conditions of ice fields are changeable according to the weather condition of ice trial area. Speed performance has to correct in the no wind, wave and current etc. after sea trial. Especially finding ice fields which is exact the same as owner’s ice thickness and strength requirements is not easy. Therefore speed correction according to environment condition has to be done after sea trial measurements. Correction methods for ice thickness, ice strength, wave, wind and ship draft, trim, ice drift etc. are checked in ice sea trial based on literature review such as ISO standard, ITTC recommendation, journal papers and proceedings of conferences. Possibility of application for current and ice drift correction in ice field are discussed and measuring schemes and procedures of correction methods are described in this paper. All of correction schemes are calculated for ‘Araon’ which is ice breaking research vessel with Arctic and Antarctic ice field test results. Analyzed results shows that Araon is satisfied with her official ice speed performance of 3 knots with 10MW power at 1m ice thickness, 570kPa ice flexural strength.

유빙 하중을 받는 내빙 선박의 피로손상도 추정 Part II - 간이 해석법

유빙 하중을 받는 내빙 선박의 피로손상도 추정 Part II - 간이 해석법

A numerical study on ice failure process and ice-ship interactions by Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

In this paper, a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method is extended to simulate the ice failure process and ice-ship interactions. The softening elastoplastic model integrating Drucker-Prager yield criterion is embedded into the SPH method to simulate the failure progress of ice. To verify the accuracy of the proposed SPH method, two benchmarks are presented, which include the elastic vibration of a cantilever beam and three-point bending failure of the ice beam. The good agreement between the obtained numerical results and experimental data indicates that the presented SPH method can give the reliable and accurate results for simulating the ice failure progress. On this basis, the extended SPH method is employed to simulate level ice interacting with sloping structure and three-dimensional ice-ship interaction in level ice, and the numerical data is validated through comparing with experimental results of a 1:20 scaled Araon icebreaker model. It is shown the proposed SPH model can satisfactorily predict the ice breaking process and ice breaking resistance on ships in ice-ship interaction.

Character Building Development Activities To Prevent Bullying Among Elementary School Students [Kegiatan Pengembangan Pendidikan Karakter Untuk Mencegah Bullying Di Kalangan Anak-Anak Sekolah Dasar

The development of character education activities to prevent bullying among elementary school children aims to participate in the fulfillment of the Indonesian golden generation in 2045 with the spirit of the Pancasila, and having a character that is ready to face the dynamics of the future. This activity was carried out in two places, the education village of FIS UNJ and Taman Pintar. The method used is a storytelling technique with children's stories and accompanied by ice breaking and prized quizzes. The results of this activity show bullying have become part of the daily lives of Indonesian children. Although they do not know what bullying is, but they experience it as an everyday experience. Bullying behavior that they experienced is verbal, physical and relationship. The bullying actors come from peers, older friends, and even their own parents. By using storytelling techniques for children, which contain 18 values of developing character education, children feel enthusiastic and want to tell about their experiences with bullying. Better cooperation is needed from all parties so that Indonesian children are free of bullying. Because children who are traumatized by bullying can have a negative impact on their future.

Experiments on wave propagation in grease ice: combined wave gauges and particle image velocimetry measurements

Water wave attenuation by grease ice is a key mechanism for the polar regions, as waves in ice influence many phenomena such as ice drift, ice breaking and ice formation. However, the models presented so far in the literature are limited in a number of regards, and more insights are required from either laboratory experiments or fieldwork for these models to be validated and improved. Unfortunately, performing detailed measurements of wave propagation in grease ice, either in the field or in the laboratory, is challenging. As a consequence, laboratory data are relatively scarce, and often consist of only a couple of wave elevation measurements along the length of the wave tank. We present combined measurements of wave elevation using an array of ultrasonic probes, and water kinematics using particle image velocimetry (PIV), in a small-scale wave tank experiment. Experiments are performed over a wider frequency range than has been previously investigated. The wave elevation measurements are used to compute the wavenumber and exponential damping coefficient. In contrast to a previous study in grease ice, we find that the wavenumber is consistent with the mass loading model, i.e. it increases compared with the open water case. Wave attenuation is compared with a series of one-layer models, and we show that they satisfactorily describe the viscous damping occurring. PIV data are also consistent with exponential wave amplitude attenuation, and a proper orthogonal decomposition analysis reveals the existence of mean flows under the ice that are a consequence of the displacement and packing of the ice induced by the gradient in the wave-induced stress. Finally, we show that the dynamics of grease ice can generate eddy structures that inject eddy viscosity into the water under the grease ice, which would lead to enhanced mixing and participating in energy dissipation.

Attenuation of Gravity Waves in Fast Ice

The attenuation coefficients of sea waves in ice in the coastal zone of the Sea of Okhotsk with periods from 4 to 30 s were estimated as a function of their wavelength based on observations. We used the model dispersion relation for these waves in ice and calculated the theoretical attenuation coefficients. We compared them with those from the data of experiments based on the relation of the spectral energies of waves in ice-free water and in ice. It is possible to use the estimated attenuation coefficients for waves of different periods to calculate the distance of wave propagation in fast ice with the critical amplitude where ice breaking is possible.

Water resistance forecasting of the icebreaking aircushion platform

The forecasting resistance method of the icebreaking platform, based on dummy tests in NSTU experimental model ice basin is proposed in the article. Experimental research data of ice breaking air cushion platforms resistance in calm water are presented. The dummy tests main results taking into account the key parameters influencing the platform resistance are given. The effect analysis of aircushion pressure, airflow, icebreaking platform velocity, aircushion size ratio in plan and the variable basin depth on wave resistance is made. The formula of water resistance calculation is proposed.

Investigation on semi-empirical coefficients and exponents of a resistance prediction method for ships sailing ahead in level ice

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the semi-empirical coefficients and exponents of an ice resistance prediction method, i.e. refined Lindqvist formula, are investigated. Thereby, the coefficients and exponents which are not fully based on analytical considerations or geometrical properties are substituted by variables. By means of a computer algorithm these variables are optimised within specific boundary limits with regard to the total resistance in ice. Furthermore, the state of the art ranges for the ice resistance portions induced at the water line and below the water line are considered. The optimisation is based on a set of scaled model tests with several ice breaking ship models under different conditions, i.e. ship speed and level ice thickness.

An engineering method for simulating dynamic interaction of moored ship with first-year ice ridge

This paper aims to present a new tool to simulate dynamic ice ridge-structure interaction in 6 Dofs in time domain. The global forces caused by ice ridge as well as responses of the structure are simulated. The ice ridge loads are composed of loads due to sail, consolidated layer and unconsolidated keel. The sail load is neglected since it is small compared to the other two components. The consolidated layer could be taken as level ice. The related level ice force is simulated by integrating ice breaking force and ice accumulation force. Two ice failure modes, namely bending and crushing, are used when calculating the breaking force. A numerical model is used to calculating the ice accumulation force underwater by determining the relative horizontal positions and motions of ice rubble to the strip of the structure. The ice load due to the unconsolidated keel is calculated based on a modified theoretical model in probabilistic design. The motions of the moored ship are also applied to update the waterline of the hull at each time step to estimate precisely local contact areas between ice and hull. The simulation results are compared with model test data.

Комплексная технология локализации и ликвидации разливов нефти и нефтепродуктов в условиях шуги и битого льда в акваториях морских портов

Комплексная технология локализации и ликвидации разливов нефти и нефтепродуктов в условиях шуги и битого льда в акваториях морских портов

РАЗВИТИЕ НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВОГО СТАТУСА ВОЛЖСКОГО ПРЕДУСТЬЕВОГО ЗАПРЕТНОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА В ПРАВИЛАХ РЫБОЛОВСТВА ДЛЯ ВОЛГО-КАСПИЙСКОГО БАССЕЙНА (АСТРАХАНСКАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ) И РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЮ ЕГО ГРАНИЦ

The protected area having the particular legal and regulatory status of restricting fishing in its waters has been set up to preserve and rationally use fish stocks within boundaries of the Volga estuarine area. The article presents the analysis of fishing regulations for the Volga-Caspian basin (Astrakhan region) in terms of establishing the boundaries of restricted estuarine area of the Volga. There has been given the dynamics of forming modern borders of the restricted estuarine area of the Volga, according to which, the square of its water area has decreased by 10 times over the last century. It has been noted that the establishment of river and sea boundaries of the restricted estuarine area of the Volga was based on two important principles: the first (permanent) - with reference to fixed objects (settlements, islands, etc.) or to geographical coordinates; the second (dynamic) - to the isobathic curves of depths. The second principle implies to annually revise the river and sea boundaries of the restricted estuarine area of the Volga depending on fluctuations of the Caspian Sea level. In the context of current dynamics of delta development (annual changes in depths of the lower reaches of the delta and avandelta of the Volga river) it has been recommended to use the second principle of the establishment of river and sea boundaries of the restricted estuarine area of the Volga. It has been offered to set annually the boundaries of the restricted estuarine area of the Volga according to the actual boundary of kultuk zone of the Volga delta, and its sea boundaries - according to 1.5 - meter isobathe after ice breaking.

Model tests of an icebreaking tanker in broken ice

Several model-scale tests with a ship model have been performed in the ice tank of the Marine Technology Group in the Aalto University. The ship model of ice going tanker Uikku was mounted rigidly to the main carriage and towed through ice fields. The model tests were performed by changing ice thickness, drift angles and speeds in different ice fields. This paper reports the testing results and different phenomenon during model tests. The measured ice forces are presented and compared to level ice forces. The process of ice forces from broken ice on the ship is also analyzed for some typical tests. The research work could provide guidance on marine structures operating in waters covered by broken ice.