Ice Box Research Articles

Utilization of Air Conditioning (AC) Wastewater Filtration System as Water Supply for Plants

Abstract: Air Conditioning (AC) waste water has quite a lot of quantity, but usually AC waste water is directly discharged into the surrounding environment through AC waste water pipes. The objectives of the study were (1) to determine the discharge of AC waste water produced within 30 minutes and (2) to determine the effectiveness of the filter in reducing the pollutant content of AC waste water so that it is good for plant irrigation. The research was conducted by analyzing the quantity and quality of AC waste water in the CC Building, Muhammadiyah University of Jember. Parameters analyzed include hardness, pH and ammonia. One solution to sterilize AC wastewater is by using a sponge that is able to capture solids in the water before the water enters the container and activated charcoal which is considered to be able to reduce NH4 levels. One of the ingredients for making charcoal comes from coconut shells, which are relatively cheap. In addition to using coconut shell charcoal, exposure to UV rays is felt to reduce the bacteria contained in the AC water. UV light can function as a destroyer of bacteria and microorganisms so it is safe to use, both for living things and the environment. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research with an evaluation approach which aims to determine the amount of air conditioning waste water within 30 minutes and to determine the physical and microbiological quality of AC waste water by analyzing the data and comparing it with the Minister of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017 concerning Health Quality Standards for Sanitation, Swimming Pools, Solus Per Aqua and Public Baths. Data was collected by measuring the discharge of air conditioning, observation, interviews and documentation. The instrumentation used is a measuring cup, TDS meter, thermometer, turbidity meter, timer, sample bottle, Bunsen, alcohol and ice box. Based on the results of the examination of the quality of the AC wastewater with specifications of AC 1 PK, the results of the examination of physical and microbiological parameters that meet the requirements in accordance with the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 32 of 2017 concerning Health Quality Standards for Sanitation, Swimming Pools, Solus Per Aqua and Public Baths.

Toxicity risk assessment in tobacco chewers, cigarette smokers and alcohol consumers using urinary DNA adduct and exfoliated buccal cells micronuclei as non-invasive biomarkers

To assess the toxicity amongst alcohol consumers, tobacco chewers and cigarette smokers using non invasive biomarkers such as urinary DNA adduct and buccal cell micronuclei. Fifty subjects aged between (20-40 years) of different social habits (alcoholics, tobacco chewers and cigarette smokers) of Meerut City (India), were registered for this study. Similarly non-alcoholics, non-tobacco chewers and non-smokers were also selected. Each volunteer completed a health and occupational questionnaire that included information on food habit, smoking habit and consumption of alcohol. Samples were collected in white sterilized plastic bottles and transported in an ice box to the laboratory and stored at −20 0 C (Remi, India) for further analyses of specific gravity of urine, creatinine (Toro and Ackerman, 1975), urinary DNA adduct (8-OHdG) and exfoliated buccal cell micronuclei. ELISA kit was used to determine 8–OHdG in the urine samples of selected subjects. The results showed that minimum amount of 8–OHdG was present in the urine samples of control subjects, whereas maximum value of 8–OHdG was found in tobacco. Alcoholics showed lower values than smokers. Subjects with all the three habits showed further lower value for 8–OHdG. Microscopical examination of the buccal epithelium showed the presence of MN. The least number of cells with micronuclei was recorded in control subjects. Whereas, maximum number of cells with MN was found in tobacco chewers followed by smokers and alcoholics. It is concluded that intake of alcohol, cigarette smoke and tobacco promote generation of reactive oxygen species in the buccal epithelium exposing their DNA to continuous oxidative stress which finally leads to DNA damage and MN formation. Additionally, DNA adducts and micronuclei formation in human tissue can be use as a simple tool and non invasive toxicity biomarkers.

Interfacial bonding mechanism and length evaluation method of the longitudinal welds in the unsteady deformation process of porthole die extrusion of aluminum alloy profiles

In this work, a porthole die extrusion experiment was carried out on an aluminum alloy profile used for air-conditioning refrigerator ice box. Microstructural characterization and mechanical property tests were performed at different positions of a longitudinal weld in the profile head. The results indicated that, from the unsteady to steady extrusion stage, the number, sizes and depths of the voids gradually decrease. The oxides are gradually broken into flakes and eventually disappear. The grain boundaries gradually cross the welding interfaces to form new grains, and the welding quality is gradually improved. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the longitudinal welds shows an upward trend, the elongation (EL) first rises and then tends to be stable. Before complete welding, the hardness at the welding interface is lower than those of the areas on both sides of the interface. Based on the results of testing and characterization, the interfacial bonding mechanism of the longitudinal welds in the unsteady zones was revealed. A method for predicting the length of the unsteady zones of profiles extruded by porthole die was proposed, by which the length of the unsteady zone of the aluminum alloy profile used for air-conditioning refrigerator ice box was successfully predicted.

Egg development stages and fecundity of Atya gabonensis (Giebel, 1875) (Crustacea: Atyidae) from three different locations in Nigeria

Comparative studies of fecundity and stages of egg development of Atya gabonensis in River Benue at Makurdi, River Niger, Jebba and the confluence of the two rivers at Ganaja was done from January 2016 to December 2017. A total of 300 berried females were collected with the aid of fishermen and transported in ice box to the laboratory for further studies. Species identification was done using keys of Powell (1982). The sexes were determined using morphological features such as appendix masculina, reproductive chamber and numb. Morphological measurements were done according to Adite et al. (2013). Body weight was taken with a top loading electronic Metler balance. Fecundity was estimated by gravimetric method. Egg development stages were determined using external features of the eggs. The number of eggs varied from 550-36,673 in Jebba, 300-24,532 in Ganja and 4,300-8,600 in Makudi. Positive correlation was observed between fecundity and morphometric parameters in all the locations. All the ovigerous females in Makurdi, 14% in Ganaja and 17% in Jebba were in stage 1. Ganaja and Jebba had 39 and 35% respectively in stage 2. Stage 3 was 26 and 12% from Ganaja and Jebba respectively. Stage 4 had 10% from Ganaja and 17% from Jebba while stage 5 had 11% from Ganaja and 19% from Jebba. It was concluded that A. gabonensis is fecund and could make an excellent candidate for culture.

Evaluation of Post-harvest Quality of Marigold Flowers After Packaging and Storage in Different Seasons

In the present study, the keeping quality of differently packed and stored marigold flowers was evaluated under ambient conditions during summer and rainy seasons. The shelf life of marigold was 1 day in summer and 4 days in rainy season which was supported by high membrane stability index, relative water content, total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars, lesser loss in physiological weight, minimum spoilage and maximum freshness index of flowers in rainy season. The ice box, CFB box and polythene packages showed better results in comparison to gunny bag and onion mesh bag. One day storage was better in comparison to two and three days in all the seasons. Thus, marigold flowers can be packed in ice box, CFB box and polythene for 2 to 3 days without any adverse effect on keeping quality during rainy season. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(2): 247-254, 2022 (June)

Reproductive Aspects of Puntius ticto from Dafri Lake, Badin, Sindh, Southern Pakistan

District Badin. The Sampling was carried out from February 2015 to November 2015 and fresh fish specimens were brought to the Fisheries Science Laboratory, Department of Fresh Water Biology and Fisheries, in Ice Box for further analysis. Each fish was measured for total length (cm) and total weight (g) separately for male and female. The fish were dissected and their gonads were removed and weighed, the same were used for fecundity analysis. Fecundity was estimated by gravimetric method. Gonado-Somatic Index (GSI) was analyzed with the formula GSI= (GW × 100)/BW. Egg size was measured under binocular microscope.In total 256 specimens (combined sex) were analyzed for the study, there were 105 male and 151 female individuals, making a female and male percentage 58.98 % and 41.015 %, respectively. The total length and weight of male P. ticto ranged between 4.0 -9.4 cm and 3.8-12.3 g, respectively, whereas the length and weight of female P. ticto ranged between 5.4-10.2 cm and 5.2-15.2 g, respectively. Female analyzed during study were larger than male.Maximum values of Gonado-Somatic Index were observed in August (6.32) followed by a decline then after, indicating a single spawning season.Fecundity of P. ticto ranged between 433.5-2625.5, with average values of 1363.7±614.99. Correlation between fecundity and body parameters (Total length, Total weight and Gonadal weight) extracted higher R2 values with total weight of fish.Information on reproductive biology of P. ticto will be helpful for developing and application of breeding and conservation strategies of this species.

Characterization of bacterial communities in Coregonus peled fillets during chilled storage and interactions between selected bacterial strains.

Coregonus peled fillets were used as a model to evaluate the dominant bacterial growth of chilled fish during storage after shipping and interactions of selected bacterial strains. Coregonus peled fillets were transported by air and land in ice boxes about 48 h from aquatic products company in Xinjiang, China, to the laboratory located in Dalian, China. Both culture-dependent (plate counts on nonselective media) based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and culture-independent (Illumina-MiSeq high-throughput sequencing) methods were used. To detect interactions among bacterial populations from chilled fish, the influence of 18 test strains on the growth of 12 indicator isolates was measured by a drop assay and in liquid culture medium broth. The results showed that bacterial counts exceeded 7.0 log CFU/g following storage for 4 days at 4 °C. When the bacterial counts exceeded 8.5 log CFU/g after 12 days, the predominant micro-organisms were Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Carnobacterium, Psychrobacter and Shewanella, as measured by the culture-independent method. All test strains showed inhibiting effects on the growth of other strains in liquid culture. Pseudomonas isolates showed antibacterial activity for approximately 60% of the indicator strains on nutritional agar plates. The majority of test isolates enhancing indicator strain growth were the strains isolated on day 0. High-throughput sequencing approach gives whole picture of bacterial communities in chilled C.peled fillets during storage, while growth interferences between selected bacterial strains illustrate the complexity of microbial interactions. We determined the bacterial communities and growth interferences in chilled Coregonus peled after shipping and these are the first data concerning microbiota in C.peled using a culture-independent analysis. The present study will be useful for manufacture and preservation of C. peled products by providing with valuable information regarding microbiological spoilage of C. peled.

Reaction of 2,6‐Bis(diazaboryl)pyridine with Alkyls of Lithium, Zinc and Magnesium

AbstractThe reactivity of 2,6‐bis(diazaboryl)pyridine (dab2py) with the metal alkyls MeLi, Et2Zn and n‐Bu2Mg is reported. In all reactions, the alkylation of one boron atom of dab2py was observed to yield a new type of anionic pyridine ligand, which forms the respective adducts with [Li(OEt2)]+, [ZnEt]+ or [Mg(n‐Bu)]+. The alkylation of the boron atom results in a tetrahedral geometry, which allows for both amine nitrogen atoms to participate in the coordination. The products are highly soluble in all common solvents including alkanes. The reactivity is compared with the one already reported for unsubstituted pyridine, which is alkylated at the 2‐position by treatment with MeLi. The reaction of these metal alkyls with the popular terdentate 2,6‐diiminopyridine ligand (DIMPY) were previously reported to yield N‐alkylated anionic ligands, which subsequently undergo alkyl‐migration or deprotonation reactions. Single crystal XRD was performed on the products obtained from the reaction with MeLi and Et2Zn. Attempts to grow crystals for the respective magnesium alkyl complex in a dry ice box yielded a dinuclear complex bridged by two valerate groups instead.

Study on Intestinal Helminthoses and the Efficacy of Anthelminthoses Drugs among School Children in Girei Local Government Area, Adamawa State

Intestinal helminthoses have adverse effects on the physical and mental development in poorly nourished community populations. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of helminthoses and to evaluate the efficacy of two antihelminthoses drugs (albendazole and levamisole) among school aged pupils in Girei local government area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. A total of 384 primary school pupils were randomly selected from six public primary schools in Girei local government area of Adamawa state. Statistical tools used for data collection was a structured questionnaire, while simple percentages and chi-square test of association were used for data analysis with the help of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 26. Clean plastic containers were distributed to the participants at enrollment with detailed instructions about the procedure for stool specimen collection. All stool samples were collected early in the morning and conserved in ice boxes before transportation to the laboratory. Each specimen was examined for the presence of intestinal parasitic organisms by the concentration techniques and kato-katz was used for egg count. The age specific prevalence were 21.1% among pupils with age 6-9 years, 17.1% among pupils with age ≥10 years and 10.4% among the youngest children ≤ 5years of age.
 Keywords: Intestinal Helmnthosis, Efficacy; Anthelminthic; Drugs

Antimicrobial resistance in wastewater of Yangon Region, Myanmar from one health perspective

Background: Antibiotic resistance is an emerging concern both for public and animal health globally and also threatens the achievements of modern medicine. This study aimed to generate the baseline data of drug resistance pathogens in diversity of waste water of Yangon Region, Myanmar.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from January to July 2021. A total of forty samples of wastewater (two samples each from ten hospitals, one sample each from five poultry farms, five aquacultures and ten community drains) were aseptically collected, transported in ice box and processed following standard procedure for bacterial isolation and detection of antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing of isolated colonies were done by VITEK 2 compact system.Results: A total of 106 bacterial isolates were identified and 50% were from hospitals, 31.1%were from community drains and 9.4% each from poultry farms and aquacultures. The most frequently identified isolates were Enterobacteriaceae (65.1%) followed by Acinetobacter species (11.3%) and Pseudomonas species (8.5%). Among the isolated organisms, ESBL producers and Carbapenemase producer were 7.5% and 0.9% respectively. ESBL producers (62.5%) were resistant to cefuroxime, cefuroxime-axetil, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and minocycline. Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae was multidrug resistant but sensitive to amikacin, tigecycline and cefaclor.Conclusions: The proportion of antibiotic resistant bacteria are higher in hospital wastewater than other sites. Hence proper treatment plant for hospital wastewater should be installed and need to mitigate antibiotic resistance with a ‘one-health’ approach.

Providing whole blood for an urban paramedical ambulance system.

Hemorrhage is the second leading cause of death among urban trauma patients, and the provision of prehospital blood-based resuscitation can be lifesaving. We developed an efficient system to support blood-based resuscitation by an urban advanced life support ambulance system. We worked with our state health department for permission for fire department paramedics to initiate blood transfusion and built protocols for field whole blood resuscitation. Our regional trauma center transfusion service provided 2 units of O positive, low-titer, leukoreduced whole blood in an internally monitored and sealed ice box weighing 10 pounds to the fire department paramedic supervisor. When notified, the supervisor transported the blood to the sites of anticipated need. Total blood use and wastage were recorded. Following two public hearings, we obtained state-wide approval for the initiation of emergency uncrossmatched blood transfusion by paramedics. Over a 1-year period beginning August 27, 2019, 160 units of whole blood were made available for use, and 51 units were transfused to 39 patients, 30 of whom were trauma patients. Other recipients include patients in shock from massive gastrointestinal, peripartum, or other suspected bleeding. Unused units were returned to the providing transfusion service after 1 week and used for hospital patient care without loss. The estimated cost of providing blood per mission was $0.28 and per patient transfused was $1138. With appropriate attention to detail, it is possible to provide whole blood to an urban paramedical ambulance system with efficient blood component usage, minimal blood wastage, and low cost.

Investigation of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) with lotus stem biocomposite block using PCM

In the current investigation, a biocomposite with lotus stem as natural fiber reinforcement and epoxy resin was fabricated. Parafin wax was used a Phase Change Material (PCM) in the current investigation for thermal energy storage application along with the prepared biocomposite. The lotus steams were collected, dried and prepared for the required size. PCM was impregnated into the lotus stem by wax impregnation process to improve its thermal energy storage capacity. Then lotus fiber impregnated with wax was used as reinforcement in the prepared composite with epoxy resin. Totally 6 numbers of biocomposite plates were fabricated in order to fabricate a cuboid block. The Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) Test and thermal behaviour test were conducted to characterize the prepared bio composite material about its viability and behaviour towards energy storage application. The cuboid block formed with bio-composite was insulated with thermocol ice box to test the energy storage capacity. The energy storage capacity of the composite was determined using ice and equivalent mass of water placed inside the cuboid. While analyzing thermal behaviour test, it has been absorbed that the energy storing capacity of single plate of bio-composite was 13.08 kJ and thermal energy storing capacity of bio composite cuboid block was 19.22 kJ.

Landing and distribution of captured fish in selected landing centers in Kishoreganj haor, Bangladesh

The present study illustrates species diversity, landing quality and catch composition of fish in 10 fish landing centers of 5 haor upazilas of Kishoreganj haor for 12 months from January 2018 to December 2018. A total of 15 different types of fishing gears were detected to harvest fish in different stations throughout a year. Most of the fishing (46.88%) was conducted by small groups of 2 – 5 fishers, while 24.87% of the fishing was conducted by 6 – 10 fishers. The average depth of water in haor associated rivers and inundated lands during monsoon period varied from 4.87±0.99 to 15.2±6.71 and 2.6±0.55 to 6.2±2.68 feet respectively. Fifty different types of fish species were landed in the selected 10 landing centers, where both cultured fish and captured fish were present. Fishes under the Cyprinidae family included 9 species, viz. Labeo rohita. Gebelion catla, Cirrhinus cirrhosus, Labeo calbasu, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Labeo gonius covered a maximum of 12450.61±468.32 MT. The second largest landed fish under the family Schilbeidae included 4 species Silonia silondia, Mystus armatus, Mystus cavasius Pseudeutropius atherinoides. Other fish species landed were identified as: 4 species under the family Mastacembelidae, 2 species under Siluridae, 3 species under Clupidae, 1 species under Ambassidae, 2 species under Palaemonidae, 3 species under Channidae, 1 species under Gobidae, 2 species under Bagridae and 1 species from each of the family Heteropneustidae, Pangasiidae, Clariidae, Ailiidae, Botiidae, Nandidae, Cichlidae, Anabantidae, Osphronemidae, Ambassidae, Notopteridae, Notopteridae,Belonidae and Gobiidae. Highest number 14 species landed were under catfish category, followed by 9 species of major carp. The captured total fish landed in 10 landing centers in 12 month period accounted 12,574±1029.64 MT, but the cumulative total landed fish, including pond fish, was 15,795±1666061.93 MT, as calculated by 45 Aratdars of 10 landing centers. About 88.35% fishermen sold the captured fish at local arat, but the rest (11.65%) were sold to large traders (paiker), retailers and consumers. A 56.6% of the fishermen cleaned the captured fish by river water, while 43.4% fishermen did not use water for washing fish before selling. After harvest, 45.62% fishers used clean utensils for carrying fish to arat and 54.38% used uncleaned utensils. Average harvest per fishermen per day was 23.9 kg, of which 22.26 kg was sold in the market and 1.64 kg was used for own family consumption. Out of total fish landed, a 45.2% was transported by fish hold of the country boat, 21.9% by bamboo basket and 14.8% by plastic crate. Relatively small quantity of fish was transported by insulated ice box (4.7%), aluminum container (2.7%) and gunny bag (3.2%). A 32.6% fisherman used ice and 67.4 % fishermen did not use ice after harvesting of fish. During fishing season, fish and ice ratio used by the transporters was 2.62:1. The highest number of auctioneers were found in Chamra Ghat of Karimganj, while lowest were in Nikli, with an area of 55±1.44 and 25±8.42 decimal area per auctioneers being used for fish business. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2021, 6 (2), 75-88

DEGRADATION OF SOME POLYSTRENE USING BEETLE LARVAE (TENEBRIO MOLITOR L.)

One alternative to waste processing polystyrene is to use Tenebrio molitor larvae. This study aims to determine the increase in body length and weight, rate of degradation, and value of Waste Reduction Index (WRI) of larvae T. molitor. This study used laboratory experimental using completely randomized design experimental design model (CRD) data analysis with control and 4 feed treatments. Each treatment level was repeated 5 times in order to obtain 25 experimental units. Larvae were reared in a plastic container containing 10 larvae. Each larvae were given bran feed for control and polystrene for treatment, each feed as much as 1 gram. The polystyrene used were food packaging, walls, electronic packaging, and ice boxes. Larvae were measured for length and body weight every 3 days for 30 days. Parameters observed were increase in length and weight of larvae, rate of degradation and WRI values.The highest mean value of increase in larval length on the polystrene wall was 1.69 cm. The lowest value was polystyrene food packaging (1.59 cm). The average weight gain of larvae has a uniform value in the control and treatment of 0.07 gr. The highest degradation rate and WRI values were polystyrene wall and electronic packaging at 0.019 and 0.63%. while the lowest values were polystyrene food packaging at 0.11 and 0.37%.

Antioxidant Activity and Nutritional Properties of Freshly Tapped Palmyra (Borassus flabellifer) Sap

This study aims to analyze the antioxidant activity and the nutritional profile of the freshly tapped palmyra sap. Samples were collected in pre-sterile sample collection bottles from different parts of Jaffna peninsula and immediately transferred into an ice box. Pooled samples were centrifuged (1000rpm, 5 minutes) and the supernatant is stored at the refrigerator (4℃) for nutritional, and antioxidant analysis. The results exhibit that fresh sap consists of Na (15.3±0.14 mg/100g) and K (22.6±0.12 mg/100g), while the total ash content was 0.62±0.45 (g/100g). The total sugar content of the sap was 16.43±0.07(g/100g) and the reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar content were 2.16±0.32 (g/100g), 14.27±0.04 (g/100g) respectively. Sap exhibited a relatively low amount of fat 0.02±0.01 (mg/100g). DPPH scavenging activity with regard to IC 50 value was 1.36±0.35 mg/mL, and the total phenolic content and ascorbic acid content were recorded as 186±12.27(mg GAE/100g), 12.16±0.31 (mg/100g) respectively. It can be concluded that the fresh sap of palmyra is a good source of antioxidant properties and nutritional value.

Eutectic potassium chloride (KCl) solution as phase change material (PCM) for fish cold storage

Traditional fishermen need to buy ice blocks every time they go fishing, thus impacting their expenses. To potentially save money, an alternative solution using phase change material (PCM) is proposed. PCM contained properly is reusable, thus reducing expenses for fishermen. Eutectic potassium Chloride (KCl) solution is utilized as PCM, which has melting temperature of -10.7 °C and heat of fusion of 253 kJ/kg. The PCM is used to substitute ice as the currently primary source to chill fish in storage. The solution is contained in an aluminium-foil zip-lock bags, each containing 670 grams of solution. The experiment uses two Polystyrene boxes, one containing 10 pouches of eutectic KCl solutions as PCM and the other containing ice cubes with the same mass. Two kg of fish is stored for 24 hours in each box. Thermal analysis shows that the box temperature containing KCl solution is steady for the 24 hours of experiment. Starting to be steady at -2.8 °C from room temperature, the box temperature increases slowly, reaching only 2.1 °C after 24 hours. Organoleptic test shows that the fish stored inside KCl box loses 1.39 quality points on average, compared to 1.89 in ice box after 24 hours. Therefore, the fish in the PCM box is slightly fresher than the one stored using ice cubes.

Numerical analysis of ice freezing processes of block ice production in a brine tank factory using the finite volume method

Brine Tank is a tank that serves to freeze ice blocks. Brine Tank contained salt water to condense water. Numerical analysis and simulation were carried out after a mathematical model of the ice freezing process in the Brine Tank space was formed. The simulations used in this study were Matlab and Fluent. The matlab graphic result of ice freezing process in brine tank factory ice box with an initial temperature 301 K faster than initial temperatures of 302 K and 303 K. Results graph using freezing MATLAB with a pool temperature 266 K faster than an temperature of 267 K and 268 K. Based on the MATLAB calculation results using the Gauss Seidel iteration method and the exact calculation, it show that the results of the difference between the numerical temperature value of each node and the exact temperature value of each node is less than 0.001

Microbiological quality and genotoxicity of domestic water sources: A combined approach using Micro Biological Survey method and mutagenesis assay (micronucleus test) in root tips of Vicia faba in the West region of Cameroon.

At least 2.1 billion people around the world use contaminated drinking water, causing 485,000 diarrheal deaths each year, mostly among children under 5 years old. A study conducted 10 years ago in Bafoussam (West Cameroon) recorded concentrations of bacteria among surface and groundwater. High levels of bicarbonates, phosphates, chlorides and suspended matters were also found. The aim of this study was to assess the microbiological and chemical qualities of domestic water sources in 5 localities of the West region of Cameroon. Water samples from 22 water sources (wells, springs, water drilling and river) were aseptically collected in plastic bottles and transferred in 50 ml sterile tubes. For chlorinated water sources, 1 ml of Thiosulfate was added to the water sample; immediately placed in an ice box and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Water temperature and pH were measured on site. The microbiological quality of water was determined by testing Total Coliforms (TC) using the Micro Biological Survey method. 1 ml of each water sample was inoculated in the MBS vial initially rehydrated with 10 ml of sterile distilled water. The initial color of the vials is red. Color changes were monitored at three different time intervals (12h, 19h and 24h), corresponding to three levels of contamination. The chemical quality of water was assessed using micronucleus (MN) test in selected Vicia faba seeds secondary root tips permanently mounted in Dibutylphthalate Polystyrene Xylene mountant for histology after 72 hours of direct exposition in water samples and in dark. The mitotic indices and MN frequencies were evaluated in 10 root tips per site analysing 5000 cells per tip. Statistical analyses were done using Stata IC/15.0 software. The Student t-test was used for mean comparison and the significance level was set at 1%. The majority of samples were collected from wells (63.6%). The mean water pH ranged from 5.5 to 8.3 and the temperature varied from 23 to 26°C. A very high concentration of TC [>103 CFU/ml] was found in 8 (36.4%) samples. 10 (45.5%) and 2 (9.1%) samples turned yellow at 19 and 24 hours respectively after incubation corresponding to TC concentration of [10<x<103 CFU/ml] and [1<x< 10 CFU/ml]. The MN frequency was higher (P ≤ 0.01) compared to the negative control in 9 (40.9%) water samples indicating significant genotoxic effects of these water sources. This study highlighted the poor quality of domestic water sources in West region of Cameroon and the need to conduct regular monitoring of drinking water sources. Community capacity building on water treatment methods, including good wastes management should be implemented to help improve water quality.

An advanced approach for an efficient mode of organ transportation

Advancements in Medical care is a routine occurrence, yet when considered in terms of the crucial means of organ transportation the technology followed in most countries is still inadequate. OT BOX (OTB) is a technological innovation in the form of upgradation of the conventional 'Ice box'. The OT BOX aims at providing the best possible unit for transporting organs by cutting down on the drawbacks of the conventional unit in use. One of the major challenges faced in times today is an unpredicted virus or bacteria which occur with source and cause unknown and the automatic time regulated disinfecting system that goes off at regular intervals which keep the surroundings of the unit clean, combats the sanitization issues. It also contains an inbuilt GPS system that focuses on keeping a check on the whereabouts of the organ at all times so as to always be in the know. The main concern of the medical field regarding spending on new innovation is the cost. OT Box attempts to keep the expense at bay and provide a unit which provides extensive attributes to combat the issues of the existing unit which varies from maintaining the temperature, organ viability issues, damage control, longer hour transportation etc. there by attempting to improve the face of organ transportation.

Detection of Enrofloxacin Residues in Poultry Meat and its Offal and the Effect of Boiling on these Residues

One hundred random chicken breast, thigh, gizzard and liver samples (25 of each) were taken from various chicken slaughter shops at Menoufia governorate, Egypt. Each sample was wrapped via a plastic bag and putted in an ice box then transferred to the laboratory for detection of their enrofloxacin residues. As well as to evaluate the effect of different cooking (boiling) on such detected concentrations of the antibiotic residues in the chicken meat and offal. It was found that the incidence of enrofloxacin residues in different chicken muscles and giblets by MIT were 12% in breast, 20% in thigh, 20% in gizzard and 24% in liver. By HPLC levels of enrofloxacin residues (ppb) in the examined samples of chicken meat and offal were with a mean value 78.5 ± 4.1 in breast , 97.3 ± 4.9 in thigh ,182.6 ± 7.2 in gizzard & 220.1 ± 8.6 in liver, respectively. Application of boiling on the examined samples for enrofloxacin residues indicated that the heat treatment by boiling method helps in degrading the concentrations of enrofloxacin residues with mean reduction% 26.4% 24.3%, 28.9% and 31.1 after boiling of such samples respectively.