Ice Box Research Articles

The length-weight relationship, condition factor and reproductive biology of Pseudotolithus (p) senegalensis (valenciennes, 1833) (croakers), in Tombo western rural district of Sierra Leone

The length – weight relationship (LWR), condition factor (K), sex ratio, gonadosomatic index (G S I) and hepatosomatic index (H S I) of 412 specimens of Pseudotolithu s s enegalensis (Valenciennes, 1833) from Tombo , a coastal fishing community in the western rural district of Sierra Leone were studied for twelve months . Samples used for the study were collected from the catches of artisanal fishers and measurement s of length and weight of samples were done in situ using the facilities of the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources. Samples for the reproductive study were preserved in an ice box and taken to the laboratory of the Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Njala University , Sierra Leone for analysis. The parameters "a" and "b" of the length - weight relationship were estimated using the equation described by Ricker ( W = aL b ) while the condition factor was calculated using Fulton`s equation (K = W1 00 / L 3 ) . The reproductive biology of the fish was estimated using Gonadosomatic index ( GSI ) and Hepatosomatic index ( H S I ) . The combined LWR for both sexes showed that a, b and r values were – 2.57 , 3. 3 5 and 0. 899 , respectively. The r – values obtained show a strong linear relationship between the length and weight of the species. The length - weight relationship indicated allometric growth for P . senegalensis in the study area. The condition factor (K) varied from 0.64 – 1.0 ; this may be attributed to environmental conditions of the water . The species clearly exhibited a positive allometric growth pattern ( tα ( 2) , 0.05, 411 > 1.965) . The sex ratio of males to females was 1:1. 15 and was not significantly different from the expected 1:1 ratio. Estimation of GSI and HSI was carried out from December, 2010 to May, 2011 to determine the spawning behaviour of P. senegalensis . The mean GSI obtained indicate d that March and April , respectively are the two peak spawning period for the species . Gonado somatic index ranged between 1.1 % and 2.8% for the females. The results of this study revealed that P. senegalensis doe s not have obligatory spawning month but exhibit multiple spawning behaviour. T he length - w eight relationships and condition factor of the study indicated that the fish were thriving very well in the coastal water of Sierra Leone. Sustainable management of the species , therefore , require s that the environment be protected against anthropogenic pollution and imposition of closed fishing season especially during the t wo peak spawning period is recommended to enable the species recruit effectively.

Influence of different storage and time on the arterial blood gas analysis

Objective To investigate the influence of different storage and time on the arterial blood gas analysis.Methods This study used a randomized controlled repeated survey design, and totals of 120 samples of arterial blood were divided into two groups by random.The blood samples of group 1 were stored in 4 ℃refrigerator, while the samples of group 2 were stored at 0℃ice box.All blood samples were tested immediately at half an hour, one hour, an hour and a half and two hours.Results pH,PaCO2 ,PaO2 ,SaO2 of the two groups had no statistically significant difference （P〉0.05）.But there were statistically significant differences in test results at different time points （P〈0.01）.With the prolonged time of samples set aside, the value of pH, PaO2 and SaO2 showed a decreasing trend, while the PaCO2 value gradually increased.Conclusions The test results of blood samples stored in 4℃refrigerator or 0℃ice box show no difference, and every arterial blood sample should accomplish the test in 30 minutes, otherwise it would affect the results of blood gas analysis. Key words: Arterial blood gas; Storage; Time

Hexabromocyclododecane in polystyrene based consumer products: An evidence of unregulated use

Polystyrene (PS) is made flame retardant by combining with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). HBCD can release from consumer products during their production, use or disposal. As a result, it has become a ubiquitous contaminant in the environment with a high potential for bioaccumulation. Therefore, to evaluate the extent of exposure to HBCD from PS, we determined the concentration of HBCD in a variety of products (n=34) made from three types of commonly used PS: expanded PS (EPS), extruded PS foam (XPS), and extruded PS. The concentration of HBCD was highest in EPS, with a mean value and range of 475643±16710ngg−1 and 106–960000ngg−1, respectively. PS related to building construction and laboratory uses had a significantly higher concentration of HBCD (3300–905000ngg−1), except XPS styroboard (191±100ngg−1). Lower concentrations were measured in most food-related products (24.3–199ngg−1). However, a relatively high concentration of HBCD was detected in an ice box (960000±29000ngg−1), aquaculture buoy (53500±2100ngg−1), and disposable tray (8430±730ngg−1) used in fish market, raising concern for public health. Our data demonstrate a wide variation in the concentration of HBCD, suggesting a lack of proper controls for the addition of HBCD to PS products. Other brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were also detected in a majority of the XPS products (TBBPA=3.83–545ngg−1, BTBPE=44–216ngg−1 and DBDPE=215–4200ngg−1). Thus, HBCD is being added to PS along with other BFRs that cannot be ignored.

Evaluation of Bioavailability and Sensory Preference of Processed Anchote (Coccinia Abyssinica) Tubers in Eastern Wollega, Ethiopia

Purpose-The purpose of this study was to determine the bioavailability and Sensory preference of processed Anchote (Coccinia Abyssinica) tubers grown in Eastern Wollega, Ethiopia. Method-A total of about 6 kilograms uninfected Anchote were collected from 12 famers randomly selected the study site in Jima Arjo woreda, East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. The samples were packed in polyethylene bags, kept in an ice box, and transported to Food Science research laboratory of Wollega University. Then,samples were mixed for composite analysis and washed by clean water all together. The washed tuber was grouped in to three sections of two kilograms for each section. The first section was used for anti-nutritional analysis, The second section was used for mineral content analysis whereas the third section was used for sensory analysis. The molar ratios for oxalate, calcium, zinc, Iron and phytate were calculated to evaluate the effects of elevated levels of oxalate and phytate in the bioavailability of dietary minerals. Result-The raw, boiled after peeling and boiled before peeling Anchote tubers had respective contents (mg/100g) of Ca 119.50, 115.70, and 118.20; for Fe contents were 5.49, 7.60, and 6.60; for Mg contents were 79.73, 73.50, and 76.47; for Zn contents were 2.23, 2.03, and 2.20; and for P contents were 34.61, 28.12, 25.45. The raw, boiled after peeling and boiled before peeling Anchote tubers had respective contents (mg/100g) of phytate 389.30, 333.63 and 334.74; for oxalate contents were 8.23, 4.23, and 4.66; for tannin contents were 173.55, 102.36 and 121.21; for cyanide contents were 12.67, 8.16 and 11.14. Discussion-In this study, Anchote tubers were found to contain low antinutritional factors, and except phytate. Moreover, there were further reductions of the antinutritional factors during processing. This implies, except phytate high in minerals, thereby improving the bioavailability of zinc and calcium. This study also revealed that, there was significant (P<0.05) taste preference of Anchote boiled before peeling and boiled after peeling, in which 66% of consumers gave priority taste for Anchote boiled before peeling. Therefore, traditional processing method of Anchote boiled before peeling is also effective technique. Conclusion-The raw Anchote tubers were found to contain low antinutritional factors, except phytate. Moreover, there were further reductions of the antinutritional factors during traditional processing. This implies, except phytate which might hinder iron bioavailability, traditional processing enables that the antinutritional factors in the Anchote couldn’t hamper its nutritional value. Therefore, both methods of traditional preparation of Anchote were effective to reduce the levels of antinutritional factors, thereby improving the bioavailability of zinc and calcium. This study also indicated that consumer panels preferred the taste of Anchote boiled before peeling. Therefore traditional processing method of Anchote boiled before peeling is also effective technique and need to be encouraged in terms of consumers preference of Anchote taste.

Enterobacteriaceae in Some Marine Fish Fillet

ABSTRACT A total of 100 random samples of marine fish fillet represented by Epinephelus alexandrinus fillet, Dicentrachus labrax fillet, Stingray fish fillet and Scomberomorus commerson fillet (25 of each) were collected from different fish markets in Alexandria city. The sample weight was 100 grams. Each sample was kept in a separate sterile plastic bag and transferred in an ice box to the laboratory under complete aseptic conditions without undue delay. All collected samples were subjected to bacteriological examination for isolation and identification of Enterobacteriaceae. The results revealed that the total Enterobacteriaceae count in the examined samples of marine fish fillet were varied from 1.6 x 102 to 6.3 x 104 with an average of 2.1 x 104 + 3.1 x 103 cfu/g for Epinephelus alexandrinus fillet, 2.1 x 102 to 4.3 x 104 with an average of 9.1 x 103 + 1.1 x 103 cfu/g for Dicentrachus labrax fillet, 3.1 x 102 to 6.7 x 104 with an average of 1.3 x 104 + 7.3 x 103 cfu/g for Stingray fish fillet and 2.3 x 102 to 1.1 x 105 with an average of 6.3 x 104 + 5.2 x 103 cfu/g for Scomberomorus commerson fillet, respectively. Accurately, all examined samples (100%) out of Epinephelus alexandrinus fillet, Dicentrachus labrax fillet, Stingray fish fillet and Scomberomorus commerson fillet were contaminated with Enterobacteriaceae. Also, the total coliform count in the examined samples of marine fish fillet were ranged from 1.3 x 10 to 2.1 x 103 with a mean value of 9 x 102 + 7.5 x 10 cfu/g for Epinephelus alexandrinus fillet, 3.1 x 10 to 3.2 x 103 with a mean value of 1.1 x 103 + 2.3 x 102 cfu/g for Dicentrachus labrax fillet, 1.9 x 10 to 7 x 103 with a mean value of 2.6 x 103 + 1.6 x 102 cfu/g for Stingray fish fillet and 6 x 10 to 1.3 x 104 with a mean value of 6.4 x 103 + 7.1 x 102 cfu/g for Scomberomorus commerson fillet. The enteric bacteria isolated were Enterobacter aerogenes (44 %) was the most frequent bacterial species isolated from Epinephelus alexandrinus fillet samples, followed by Proteus vulgaris (28 %), Citrobacter diversus and Shigella species (20 % of each) then Klebsiella ozanae and Provedencia spp (16 % of each). In regard to Dicentrachus labrax fillet samples, the most frequent bacterial species isolated was Enterobacter aerogens (40 %), followed by Klebsiella peumoniae (32 %), Citrobacter diversus(28 %), Proteus vulgaris and Provedencia species (20 % of each), Citrobacter freundii (16 %) then Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella ozanae and Shigella species (12 % of each). Concerning Stingray fish fillet samples, Serratia liquifaciens (44 %) represented the highest rate of isolation followed by Enterobacter aerogens and Enterobacter cloacae (36 % of each), Citrobacter freundii (28 %), Citrobacter diversus and Enterobacter cloacae (24 % of each), Shigella species (20 %) and Proteus vulgaris (16 %) . On the other hand, Citrobacter freundii (28 %), Enterobacter aerogens (24 %), Proteus vulgaris (20 %) then Klebsiella ozanae, Prot

Laboratory Differentiation between Streptococcus Species Isolated from Different Sources

This study was planned to throw the light on the most important Streptococcus bacteria that isolated from the milk and pus and the most important laboratory tests that used in differentiation between the streptococcal bacterial species. This study was carried-out on atotal number of 100 random samples of milk were collected from different markets at Behera Governorate. The samples were placed separately in clean sterileplastic bags and transferred in an ice box tolaboratory under complete a septic conditions without any delay. Also, on 100 samples from closed abscesses have been obtained with sterilesyringe which transferred directly and rotated in enriched selective media. Our results concluded that, the streptococcus agalactiae and streptococcus pyogenes are the most important bacterial isolates that causes severe losses to milk industry , also the streptococcus pyogenes of zoonotic importance as it transmitted to human. The catalase test, oxidatse test and hemolytic test are the main tests used for diagnosis and differentiation between streptococcus agalactiae and streptococcus pyogenes. The bacitracin sensitivity test is main test for differentiation between streptococcus agalactiae and streptococcus pyogenes The results also indicated that the level of streptococcus agalactiae in milk higher than that of streptococcus pyogenes and reached to 7 % and 3 % for streptococcus agalctiae and pyogenes, while, in pus its levels reached to 0 and 40 % for streptococcus agalactiae and pyogenes in pus. Also the results cleared that the PCR method for detection of mastitis considered as the best method

Development of a Low-Cost Icebox for Preservation and Transportation of Iced Fish

A low-cost icebox was developed and its efficacy in icing fish was evaluated in order to minimize huge post-harvest loss and ensure adequate price of wet fish through quality maintenance. Traditional bamboo basket capable of containing 25-30 kg fresh fish was wrapped inside, bottom and top twice by polythene gunny sacs. In between the two layers of gunny sacs, a layer of plant leave mat (hogla mat) and a layer of old nylon net/cloths were placed for insulation. A small plastic pipe (1 cm diameter, 60 cm long) was inserted through the bottom to drain out melted water. The rear end of the pipe was kept fasten with the rim of the basket. To keep the iced fish inside of the wrapped basket, a separate plain polythene sheet was used. Freshly caught Puntius sophore (5.8 ± 0.4 cm) and Cirrhinus mrigala (16.4 ± 1.3 cm) were preserved under adequate icing for 7 to 10 days. Temperature of the iced fish inside was maintained between 0.4o to 3.1oC. Freshness of the fish kept in the new icebox during preservation and transportation was investigated through sensory and biochemical methods. No chance of secondary contamination was found in new ice box because the fish could not come in contact of the basket materials. The device was very easy to clean and keep clean. Shape of filled icebox was found regular and stout with no sign of breakage and leakage. Rate of melting of ice was 23.0 ± 1.6% in 24 hours. Replacement of ice was done at such rate. Melted water was adequately drained out. Iced C. mrigala and P. sophore kept in the icebox were in excellent quality in terms of both sensory and biochemical indicators till the end of 7th or 10th day, respectively. The study suggested that the new icebox was effective in preserving and transporting iced fish.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i2.16952 Progress. Agric. 19(2): 119 - 127, 2008

Quality Improvement of Exportable Fish and Prawn through Post-Harvest Loss Reduction in Kulierchar under Participatory Stakeholder-Based Approach

A participatory stakeholder-based approach was employed to improve the quality of exportable fish and prawn landed in Kulierchar of Kishoregonj through reduction of the post harvest loss and its impacts were assessed. Primary data revealed that wet fish were minimally washed with clean water immediately after harvest. Ice boxes were not used in any stages from harvest to processing plants. Bamboo split baskets were mostly used to keep or carry fish. Landed fish were found to be dispersed on plastic mat or polythene paper kept on earthen floor of the wholesaler shed, called “Arat”. Icing of individual catch soon after harvest was very insignificant, ranging from 2 – 15 % only. Prawn were found to be iced during transport to landing center at little higher rate (32%), but most of the other fish were not significantly iced during transport to landing center. Primary awareness of the beneficiaries on quality deterioration of fish was assessed and the impacts of participatory awareness development tools (PRA and RRA, personal contacts, brain storming and awareness development training) on export, income, nutrition and improved handling of landed exportable prawn/fish were re-assessed. Efficacy of such measures to improve the situation were monitored for sixteen months. Awareness in terms of benefit of good practices was high in factory technicians. Other stakeholders had very shallow or poor knowledge on use of improved handling and processing of fish. Participatory tools employed in this study was found to be effective in developing awareness of stakeholders in different value chains of wet fish handling and distribution and reducing post-harvest loss.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v21i1-2.16757 Progress. Agric. 21(1 &amp; 2): 105 - 115, 2010

Socio Economic Implication of Faecal Well Water Pollution in Tudun-Wada Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria

This research attempt to investigate the level of faucal contamination of well water in the study area. Inadequate supply of portable water and frequent contamination of existing supplies often result to serious health problem especially in developing countries like Nigeria. Ten household and three public wells, 300mL sterile bottles and ice box are some of the materials and methods used for the study. The result of the study reveals that most of the wells investigated were found to have grossly contaminated at different levels. In view of the level at which the existing supplies is polluted and the risk at which people in the study area are being exposed, there is urgent need for all the stakeholders to come to the aid of this vulnerable population so that frequent outbreak of water related diseases could be eradicated or minimized.

Water quality assessment of the Zarivar Lake using physico-chemical parameters and NSF- WQI indicator, Kurdistan Province-Iran

The Zarivar Lake a freshwater lake in west of Kurdistan Province is home for large number of native plant and animal species therefore water quality and health of the lake are vital for conservation of these species. The present study aimed at evaluation of the Zarivar Lake using NSF- WQI as an indicator of water quality. WQI is a suitable tool to examine and classify spatial and temporal variations in water quality and pollution loads in a water body. Seven sites were selected in different parts of the lake for sampling. Water samples were taken and placed in dark bottle, kept in ice box to prevent any change in chemical properties of samples prior to transportation to the lab for further analyses. Nitrite, Nitrate, Orthophosphate, NH4+, NH3, Iron, salinity, Electron Conductivity (EC) and pH were measured in all sites. Electron Conductivity was 295- 426 µS.cm-1 and pH varied between 7.28- 8.35. Concentrations of examined chemicals were PO43-: 0.019-1.45 mg l-1 ،NO3-:0.6 mg l-1 ،NO2: 0.001-0.011 mg l-1 ،NH4+ :< 0.11-11.33 mg l-1 which indicated trophic status of the lake. Water quality assessment was carried out based on values obtained for nine factors including dissolved oxygen (DO), Fecal Coliform, BOD, pH, water temperature (oC), Phosphate, Nitrate, Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and turbidity. The highest value was recorded for Nitrate and lowest for fecal coliform. The study showed based on WQI indicator the Zarivar Lake is a low or slightly polluted basin with an average water quality.

Total Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels in Patients with Breast Cancer

Total Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels in Patients with Breast Cancer

Палеогеографічні аспекти формування камів Волинського Полісся

Kames accumulation of Volyn Polissya insufficiently studied. This concerned genesis of these forms and their correlation with ice box inequalities and other forms of marginal relief ice zone. An attempt to kames classification and reproduction of their paleoglacial position has been provided. Emphasized on the importance of analyzing the planned kames provision for reconstructions of ice masses in the marginal part of the Dnipro icecover in the Volyn Polissya. Results of analyzes of geomorphological and geological kames structure of Volyn Polissya obtained from a study of 24 profiles provide conclusion that these forms were formed during the deployment process areal degliacialization and ice mass destruction in particular. Key words: Volyn Polissia, glacial elevation, glacial depression; isometric kames, diametrical kames, lithology.

The Use of Partial Thickness Skin Allograft as a Temporary Biologic Dressing of Burns

Introduction: Burns are a major global cause of disability and death. Some of the patients need to hospitalize and costs of burn care are high. Biological dressings play an important role in treatment of severe burns. They decrease the number of post-operation dressing ‘using analgesics’ mortality and morbidity rate. The partial thickness skin allograft is an excellent source for treatment of burn wounds. Skin preservation unit of Iranian Tissue Bank (I.T.B) provided, processed and stored allograft skin samples from cadavers. This study aims to evaluate I.T.B skin allograft using in deep dermal burn patients as a temporary wound dressing. Material and method: After screening healthy donor with age limitations (6months to 60 yrs) and getting informed consent from their families. The blood samples of cadavers were screened serologically for HIV (HIV1,2 Ab), Hepatitis B virus(HBS Ag), Hepatitis c virus(HBC Ab),RPR for syphilis, human t-lymphotrophic virus(HTLV1,2 Ab) and multiple cultures were done for microbiological safety. After ensuring the safety of donor skin. It was harvested at a depth of 0.4 mm by an electrical dermatome. Lower limbs, back and buttock were mainly areas for skin retrieval. The harvesting skin placed in a sterile container, filled by transport medium supplemented with an antibiotics mixture and transported to processing unit in an ice box. In Iranian tissue bank, after tissue processing and ensuring tissue safety by quality control unit, we used freeze drying and finally packaged skin sterile with Gamma irradiation. Freeze dried skin (in meshed form) was grafted in 10 patients volunteer with deep dermal burn with limited autograft for understanding the efficacy of I.T.B freeze dried partial thickness skin allograft. Result: The mean age of these 10 patients was (30.7±6.2). Male to female ratio was 6/4. Burn cause of the patients was fire. Mean TBSA of patient was (42.9%±16.6%). Mean skin allograft usage was 10-20%. Total time of hospital stay duration for these patients was (32.3±26.5), and mean of hospital stay duration after allograft used were 20 days. We noticed a good vascularisation in graft areas and reduced pain after using it. One patient died after operation because of pulmonary emboli and sepsis. Conclusion: The result of this investigation shows that freeze dried split thickness skin allograft in Iranian Tissue Bank, is appropriate alternative for temporary wound dressing. We conclude that infection, length of hospital stay, pain, the number of burn dressing and mortality rate is reduced after I.T.B skin allograft.

Review: The Food Axis: Cooking, Eating, and the Architecture of American Houses by Elizabeth Collins Cromley

Book Review| March 01 2012 Review: The Food Axis: Cooking, Eating, and the Architecture of American Houses by Elizabeth Collins Cromley Elizabeth Collins Cromley. The Food Axis: Cooking, Eating, and the Architecture of American Houses. Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2010, viii + 269 pp., 54 b/w illus. $50, ISBN 9780813930077 Kenneth L. Ames Kenneth L. Ames 1Bard Graduate Center Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (2012) 71 (1): 121–122. https://doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2012.71.1.121 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Kenneth L. Ames; Review: The Food Axis: Cooking, Eating, and the Architecture of American Houses by Elizabeth Collins Cromley. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 1 March 2012; 71 (1): 121–122. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2012.71.1.121 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentJournal of the Society of Architectural Historians Search “I have argued that food has been the engine that drove spatial changes in American houses and their landscapes” (235). Here, in her own words, is Elizabeth Cromley's summation of her central thesis. It is, surely, at least partially correct. With this organizing device, Cromley has written a descriptive and more or less chronological account of American housing from the seventeenth century to the present. Along the way, we encounter bake ovens, smokehouses, root cellars, kitchen ranges, pantries, ice boxes, microwave ovens, and all the rest. All were important, certainly, but were they as pivotal in determining space as Cromley claims? Foodways, broadly construed, may have always played some part in shaping housing but there must be more to the difference between a tidewater Virginia plantation house of the eighteenth century and the Lower East Side tenements photographed and described by Jacob Riis around 1900. Focusing on the changing accommodations... You do not currently have access to this content.

Bacterial community patterns of municipal water of Sukkur city in different seasons

The objective of this study was to determine whether there was an association of seasonal variation and bacterial communities of municipal water. The sampling was carried out fortnightly after a flow time of 5 min to eliminate any contaminant present in the mouth of tap in sterilized screw caped 500 ml white glass flasks (Pyrex), containing 0.1 ml of a 1.8% solution of sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate (Na 2S2O3.5H 2O) per 100 ml of sample. Samples were placed in ice boxes and brought to laboratory within 1 h of collection. Samples were analyzed for bacterial communities using standard microbiological method (membrane filtration technique). The suspected colonies were then further purified and identified using API 20E (BioMerieux) commercial identification kit. Twelve pathogenic bacterial species were isolated and identified from municipal water on conventional and selective media. Their prevalence was higher in summer season. The average isolation rate was as follows: Escherichia coli 69.4%, Proteus mirabilis 65.2%, Providencia rettgeri 65.2%, Providencia stuarti 61%, Klebsiella oxytoca 54.1%, Citrobacter youngae 60%, Non fermenter species 57%, Chryseobacterium meningosepticum 51.3%, Vibro mimicus 39%, V. cholerae 38%, Aeromons hydrphilia 65.2% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 78%. It is important to mention that water samples were positive for the above pathogens throughout the study period (2005 to 2007). The temperature of water samples was reported highest in July to September and the pH of water samples ranged 7 and 7.8. The bacteriological quality of drinking water under study was very poor. In summer, the isolation rate of bacterial communities was higher than in winter

A study effect of age of dam and sex of birth on chemical and physical composition of milk in some farm animals

This study was carried out at AL-Qadisiya Governorate/ AL-Shinafia district during a period from July- September 2010 to evaluate the effect of age of dam and sex of birth on physico-chemical composition of milk in some farm animals(cows ,sheep and goats). by using ultra-sonic milk Analyzer to analysis of physico-chemical composition of milk. A total of (153) samples of milk were used in this study distributed in to (54) samples for cows, (53) samples for sheep and (46) samples for goats. These samples were collected from animals directly and kept in ice box during transportation to the laboratory to analysis. Results of this study showed that milk of sheep and goats didn’t differ significantly as compared with cows milk in (PH, Density, Solid not fat).But differed significantly (P˂0.05) in other components. The study revealed that sheep milk contain the highest Ash(0.74%) while cow milk had lactose (4.25%) , but goat milk had the highest solid not fat (8.27%) and protein (3.37%). The study showed that there was no significant effect of sex of birth on physico-chemical composition of milk of cows, sheep and goats with exception the effect of it on lactose percentage in sheep. Age of dam didn’t effect on most physico-chemical composition of milk of cow and goat and some chemical composition of sheep milk (Ash and Fat).

Structural Basis for the 14-3-3 Protein-dependent Inhibition of the Regulator of G Protein Signaling 3 (RGS3) Function

Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins function as GTPase-activating proteins for the α-subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins. The function of certain RGS proteins is negatively regulated by 14-3-3 proteins, a family of highly conserved regulatory molecules expressed in all eukaryotes. In this study, we provide a structural mechanism for 14-3-3-dependent inhibition of RGS3-Gα interaction. We have used small angle x-ray scattering, hydrogen/deuterium exchange kinetics, and Förster resonance energy transfer measurements to determine the low-resolution solution structure of the 14-3-3ζ·RGS3 complex. The structure shows the RGS domain of RGS3 bound to the 14-3-3ζ dimer in an as-yet-unrecognized manner interacting with less conserved regions on the outer surface of the 14-3-3 dimer outside its central channel. Our results suggest that the 14-3-3 protein binding affects the structure of the Gα interaction portion of RGS3 as well as sterically blocks the interaction between the RGS domain and the Gα subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins.

Proximate and Fatty Acid Composition of the Liver of Cultured Asian Redtail Catfish (Hemibagrus nemurus) and African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Catfish species are popular fish group consumed in Malaysia. African catfish, Clarias gariepinus and Asian redtail catfish, Hemibagrus nemurus are two of these catfish species. Unfortunately, some parts of these fish are removed during processing. This includes the liver which contained considerable amount of extractable lipid with both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The fish samples were purchased and transported in ice box to the laboratory. Liver was extracted and analyzed for crude protein, crude lipid, moisture, ash, carbohydrate contents and fatty acid composition. Results were compared between male and female C. gariepinus and H. nemurus. Liver of female H. nemurus contained the highest amount of ash, crude lipid and carbohydrate and the lowest amount of moisture. Male H. nemurus had the lowest amount of protein, ash and crude lipid content. Moisture was found to be the highest in male C. gariepinus. The main fatty acid content of Asian redtail catfish and African catfish liver were C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, C16:1, C17:0, C18:0, C18:1n-9, C182n-6, C183n-3, C204n-6, C24:1, C205n-3, C225n-3, C226n-3. The most abundant fatty acids in both species were oleic acid (18:1n-9) and palmitic acid (16:0). In conclusion, this study showed that H. nemurus and C. gariepinus, are two valuable source of protein and polyunsaturated fatty acid.

Determination of immunoglobulin G in mare colostrum by high-performance gel permeation chromatography

A direct high-performance gel permeation chromatographic (HPGPC) method for the determination of immunoglobulin G in mare colostrum was established. HPGPC separation was performed on a TOSOH TSK-G4000PW(XL) column (300 mm x 7.8 mm, 5 microm) with 0.05 mol/L phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.9) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, and the column temperature was maintained at 25 degrees C. The injection volume was 20 microL. At the detection wavelength of 280 nm, the linear range was from 0.2 to 3.0 g/L (r2 = 0.999 5) with a detection limit of 0.08 mg/L (S/N = 10). The recovery was 97.47% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.22%. The RSDs of the peak area of stability, accuracy and reproducibility for the established method were 2.86%, 1.62% and 1.82%, respectively. Mare milk was collected from Zhaosu (China), a complete collection was stored in an ice box, then sent to a laboratory and stored in a low temperature refrigerator. The whey milk was prepared by centrifugation two times at 12 000 r/min and 4 degrees C for 30 min. The whey protein was obtained from the middle layer. A 2 mL volume of the whey milk was mixed with 23 mL of mobile phase. The average contents of IgG were from 35.0 g/L to 50.0 g/L at the first lactation (2 h), and the average contents of IgG were from 2.0 g/L to 4.0 g/L after 72 h. The relatively simple analytical method was proved to be accurate and precise in its application to mare colostrum.

Aquistore: A fully integrated demonstration of the capture, transportation and geologic storage of CO2

Abstract Aquistore is an integrated carbon capture-geologic storage project that will demonstrate the effectiveness of the CCS process, and will ultimately transition into a commercial operation. Initially about 550 tonnes/day of CO 2 will be captured from a steam methane reformer associated with the Consumers’ Co-operative Refineries Limited’s refinery in, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada using an amine based process starting late 2012 to 2013. Capture will be increased to near 1600 tonnes/day CO 2 by introducing capture to a second SMR in subsequent years. A 5 to 10 km pipeline will be constructed to transport the compressed CO 2 to the injection location. Selection of the injection site location is based primarily on geological characteristics, proximity to the CO 2 source, ease of pipeline routing, and availability of rights to the subsurface. In Saskatchewan, current regulations around injecting and storing CO 2 in the subsurface fall under the Oil and Gas Conservation Act, and injection of CO 2 requires a lease of pore space on Crown Land, or an agreement with the Freehold Rights owner. A significant research component is associated with this project coordinated by a Science and Engineering Research Committee that has focused on assessing injectivity, capacity and containment. A static geologic model for the proposed injection site integrates available geological data and forms the basis for flow simulations to model plume distribution. The nearest existing well to the proposed injection site that penetrates to the injection unit is about 20 km away, and was extensively cored and logged and serves as a preliminary data well for reservoir mineralogy and petrophysical characteristics. The geologic beds forming the injection target are the Cambro-Ordovician flow unit within the Williston Basin that is comprised of the Deadwood Formation and Black Island member of the Winnipeg Formation. The top of this 200 m-thick clastic package occurs at the base of the sedimentary succession at around 2000 m depth. Shales of the Ice Box member of the Winnipeg Formation form the primary seal at the top of the storage complex. Regionally, the Cambro-Ordovician unit has been used for decades for injection of large volumes of waste brine associated with potash solution mining; these operations provide proxy support that the injection characteristics are generally excellent in these units. Research efforts are coordinated with field operations including designing and instrumenting one injection well and up to two monitoring wells. Baseline studies will be performed including seismic, shallow hydrology and other surface and near-surface surveys. Prior to receiving the CO 2 stream from the refinery, injectivity tests will be run using trucked-in CO 2 and water. A communications strategy has been implemented to inform the public, regulators and media regarding activities associated with the project. Current partners in the project include federal and provincial governments, pipeline operators, power utilities, oil field service companies and the refinery operators.