Ibuprofen Research Articles

Application of Design of Experiment for development of orally disintegrating tablets

The current work presents the formulation development methodology for Orally Disintegrating Tablets (ODTs) using Design of Experiment (DoE). The statistical software JMP was used to design the experiments and analyse the data for producing sodium Ibuprofen freeze-dried ODTs. In the first stage, several pure excipients (polymers, amino acids, and polyols) were freeze-dried and the quality attributes of the cakes were evaluated. Four critical quality attributes (CQAs) were determined based on the target profile: disintegration time, mechanical strength, moisture uptake, appearance. In the second stage, the placebo tablets comprising sodium alginate, alanine, and mannitol (working as a matrix shape-former and lyo-/cryo-protectors), were designed using Mixture DoE, freeze-dried and characterized to identify the optimal combination of the excipients. In the third stage, the ODTs containing sodium Ibuprofen were designed within a reduced design space to optimize the formulation. The wettability and dissolution of the ODTs were studied. The proposed methodology enabled the estimation of working design space and facilitated the production of freeze-dried ODTs with the required quality attributes. Sodium alginate was identified as the key excipient in the formulation, affecting all CQAs. The optimal combination of sodium alginate, alanine and mannitol corresponding to the desirable target profile was found (30%:40%:30%).

Efficient catalytic ozonation for ibuprofen through electron-deficient/rich centers over cerium-manganese doped carbon

The sluggish Me(n+m)+/Men+ redox cycle greatly restrained the catalytic ozonation performance of metal-based catalysts. To break this bottleneck, we adopted an interfacial oxidation reaction to create electron-deficient/rich centers within carbon skeleton derived from MOF (C-MOF) by utilizing the electronegativity difference between cerium (Ce) and manganese (Mn), and evaluated its catalytic ozonation activity with ibuprofen (IBP) as model pollutant. XPS, H2-TPR, LSV and EPR characterizations as well as DFT calculation demonstrated that there existed electron-deficient Ce sites and electron-rich Mn sites on CeOx/MnOx/C-MOF. Under the co-function of Ce and Mn sites, CeOx/MnOx/C-MOF/O3 process achieved 100% IBP removal in 90 min, which was 3.1 times of sole ozonation process. IBP could be absorbed at the electron-deficient Ce center and directionally donate its electron to the O3 around electron-rich Mn center. Singlet oxygen (1O2) played the major role in IBP degradation. Cl−, HCO3−, NO3− and SO42− demonstrated limited inhibitions on IBP degradation. This work provided a sustainable strategy for breaking the rate-limiting step in the traditional catalytic ozonation.

Enhancing ibuprofen degradation in aqueous solutions: The synergistic role of bimetallic MOFs (Mn/ZIF-67) and modified graphene oxide in peroxymonosulfate activation

An innovative bimetallic (Co and Mn) composite catalyst, Mn/ZIF-67@GO, was synthesized for effective peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and rapid degradation of ibuprofen (IBP). The Mn/ZIF-67@GO/PMS system demonstrates remarkable catalytic performance, achieving a 98 % degradation of a 0.05 mM IBP solution within 15 min. This high efficiency is maintained across a pH range of 5 to 9, with excellent system stability over five cycles, showing only minimal metal leaching (Co and Mn < 50 µg/L). The system's versatility is further proven by its ability to remove over 80 % of other antibiotics tested. Additionally, a detailed mechanism study has identified 5 degradation pathways and 19 intermediates of IBP, offering deep insights into the catalytic process. Our findings underscore the potential of MOFs in advanced water treatment applications through PMS activation, presenting a promising approach for antibiotic removal.

CuFeS2/activated carbon heterostructure as a microwave-responsive catalyst for reductive and oxidative degradation of ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and diclofenac

We prepared a novel microwave (MW) responsive catalyst by assembling CuFeS2 (CFS) nanoparticles to activated carbon (AC), creating a stable heterostructure named ACFS. The efficiency, structural aspects, and surface mechanisms of the ACFS catalyst were investigated through the degradation of ibuprofen (IBP), ketoprofen (KTP), and diclofenac (DCF) under optimized mild reaction conditions. Total mineralization was reached between 20 and 30 min for all compounds, following pseudo-first-order kinetics, with high catalyst recycling stability in up to 10 consecutive cyclic runs. The plausible degradation pathways proposed according to the mass spectra analysis revealed that while IBP and KTP were oxidized, DCF degradation routes split into direct oxidation or reduction followed by oxidation after 15 min of MW irradiation. We demonstrated by employing quantum chemical calculations that the preferential degradation routes for each compound were related to the generation of reactive oxygen species and its relation to the surface phenomena. The combined mechanisms revealed the occurrence of an effective electronic-charge transfer during catalytic reductions as well as •OH production enhanced by hot spots formed during oxidations. Consequently, this work proves that metal/carbon heterostructures can be robust and versatile for reductive and oxidative reactions assisted by MW.

3D printing of MOF-reinforced methacrylated gelatin scaffolds for bone regeneration

Scaffolds based on gelatin (Gel) play a crucial role in bone tissue engineering. However, the low mechanical properties, rapid biodegradation rate, insufficient osteogenic activity and lacking anti-infective properties limit their applications in bone regeneration. Herein, the incorporation of ibuprofen (IBU)-loaded zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) in a methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) matrix was proposed as a simple and effective strategy to develop the IBU-ZIF-8@GelMA scaffolds for enhanced bone regeneration capacity. Results indicated that the IBU-loaded ZIF-8 nanoparticles with tiny particle sizes were uniformly distributed in the GelMA matrix of the IBU-ZIF-8@GelMA scaffolds, and the IBU-loaded ZIF-8 growing in the scaffolds enabled the controlled and sustained releasing of Zn2+ and IBU in pH = 5.5 over a long period for efficient bone repair and long-term anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, the doping of the IBU-loaded ZIF-8 nanoparticles efficiently enhanced the compression performance of the GelMA scaffolds. In vitro studies indicated that the prepared scaffolds presented no cytotoxicity to MC3T3-E1 cells and the released Zn2+ during the degradation of the scaffolds promoted MC3T3-E1 cell osteogenic differentiation. Thus, the drug-loaded ZIF-8 modified 3D printed GelMA scaffolds demonstrated great potential in treating bone defects.

High efficiency removal of ibuprofen in water using activated carbon derived from Radix Angelica Dahurica residue

AbstractThe exploitation and utilization of Traditional Chinese medicine have annually produced 30 million tons of waste residues including Radix Angelica Dahurica residue (RAR), which raised environmental concerns. Meantime, the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug of ibuprofen (IBP) is an emerging contaminant in the aquatic environment, annually producing up to 9000 tons in China. After extracting the active substance, RAR is prepared as activated carbon (AC) for the purification of IBP wastewater. Two kinds AC modified without (RAR‐AC) and with phosphoric acid (M‐RAR‐AC) were characterized by FT‐IR, TG, BET and SEM. The phosphoric acid activation contributed to the high BET surface area (564.9914 m2 g−1) and large total pore volume (0.4894 cm3 g−1). M‐RAR‐AC showed 7.7 folds (15 min) and 2.7 folds (30 min) higher extent of IBP removal compared to commercial activated carbon (C‐AC). The enhancement of IBP removal with M‐RAR‐AC was investigated further by varying initial pollutant concentration, absorbent dosage, temperature, pH and rotating speed. Especially, temperature nearly has no effect on IBP removal by M‐RAR‐AC. Isotherm and kinetic studies suggested IBP was adsorbed on the heterogeneous surface in multilayer form and chemisorption played the dominant role in IBP removal. IBP removal of 93.3 ± 0.1% and 64.2 ± 2.8% was achieved for first and fifth cycle, respectively. The IBP removal on M‐RAR‐AC may be accomplished by a variety of interactions such as electrostatic attraction, pore‐filling, hydrogen bonding, and π‐π interaction. These findings provide new insights into the utilization of RAR for preparing AC and highlight the potential applications for treating industrial wastewater.

In vivo and in vitro transdermal availability of Ibuprofen using novel solubility enhancing fluid nanosized carrier systems

The objective of this study was to explore the benefits of transdermal drug delivery systems as an alternative option for patients who are unable to tolerate oral administration of drugs, such as ibuprofen (IB). To achieve this, nonionic surfactants and three cosolvents were employed to develop new microemulsions (MEs) that contained IB as nanocarriers. The aim was to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of the drug after transdermal administration. The MEs were characterised by droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), and rheological properties. Furthermore, the flux of IB was evaluated by Franz diffusion cells using excised rat skin and in vivo bioavailability using rats. The results showed that the MEs had ideal viscosity and droplet size below 100 nm. Moreover, using the developed MEs, an improvement in the solubility (170 mg/mL) and flux through the rat skin (94.6 ± 8.0 µg/cm2.h) was achieved. In addition, IB demonstrated a maximum plasma level of 0.064 mg/mL after 8 h of transdermal administration in rats using the ME with an increase in the bioavailability of about 1.5 times in comparison to the commercial IB gel. In conclusion, the developed nonionic MEs containing IB can be ideal nanocarriers and promising formulations for the transdermal administration of IB.

In-situ growth of Al/Ni layered double hydroxide onto polyaniline-wrapped sisal fibers for highly efficient removal of pharmaceutical Ketoprofen and Ibuprofen contaminants: Batch and fixed-bed column studies

The present study focuses on the in-situ growth of Al/Ni layered double hydroxide onto polyaniline/sisal fibers (SF/PANI/LDH). The main purpose is investigating the effectiveness of this composite material in removing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory artificial pharmaceutical contaminants (ketoprofen (KTP) and ibuprofen (IBP)). The present investigation involves conducting batch and fixed-bed column experiments. Various analytical techniques, namely SEM, FTIR, and XRD, were conducted to analyze prepared adsorbent features. These analyses indicated that Al/Ni layered double hydroxide was successfully coated on the polyaniline-wrapped sisal fibers. The batch study was mainly focused on assessing influencing parameters (solution pH, adsorbent dosage, pollutant concentration, and time), equilibrium curves, kinetic behavior, and the determination of thermodynamic parameters. In particular, the findings illustrate that adsorption results were well correlated to the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Temkin isotherm models, in which the maximum adsorption capacities for IBP and KTP were measured to be about 86.03 and 38.68 mg/g, respectively. The adsorbent showed having an acceptable efficiency even after six cycles of regeneration, where adsorption capacity decreased <15 % compared to primary adsorbent. In addition, the fixed-bed column study was conducted, and the results revealed that the service volume reduced with the increase in the flow rate.

Effects of combined polystyrene nanoplastics and ibuprofen on the activated sludge processes: Short-term exposure in pure cultures versus long-term stress in mixed communities

Given their large production and widespread application, polystyrene nanoplastic (Nano-PS) and ibuprofen (IBU), as particularly relevant compounds, are found to coexist in wastewater treatment plants. In this study, the effect of combined Nano-PS and IBU on the activated sludge processes was investigated through short-term exposure in pure cultures and long-term stress in mixed communities. This study found that the inhibition of SO42− removal by sulfate-reducing bacteria was more pronounced for small-sized Nano-plastics in motion state. Compared to individual pollutants, the toxicity of Nano-PS + IBU mixture showed antagonistic effects at low dosage and synergistic effect at high dosage. In mixed communities, COD and TN removal of sequencing batch reactor decreased from 93.3 % and 90.7 % to 80.1 % and 64.5 % with increasing Nano-PS/IBU. The membrane integrity was destroyed by excess reactive oxygen species, further reducing the protein of extracellular polymeric substances. Furthermore, Nano-PS/IBU altered the community structure, decreased microbial diversity and affected the distribution of abundance and rare taxa. These adverse effects, accompanied by a decline in the relative abundance of nitrifiers (e.g., Nitrosomonas and Ellin6067) and genes (e.g., AmoCAB and Hao), directly accounted for the strong deterioration observed in ammonia oxidation. This study provided important information on the effects of nanoplastic and pharmaceutical compounds on activated sludge system, which is a hidden danger to nitrogen removal in biological treatment and should give more attention.

Preparation of Ordered‐Porous Hydroxyapatite/ β‐Tricalcium Phosphate Composites and Assessment of Sustained Drug‐Release Performance

AbstractHydroxyapatite(HA) has received more and more attention as a drug carrier due to its excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity. However, the poor biodegradability of HA, low drug loading and uncontrollable release rate limits its application. In this paper, in order to study the effect of different HA and tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) phase contents on the drug release performance of the composite, co precipitation template method was used to prepare the composite with different Ca/P ratios (1.5~1.63) using polystyrene colloids as templates, and the Ca/P ratio which had the greatest effect on its morphology was selected. With the ibuprofen (IBU) as the drug model, the results showed that the IBU‐loading performance of the composite was significantly better than that of the ordered‐porous pure phase HA. When the Ca/P ratio was 1.5, the composite had the highest adsorption capacity for IBU, reaching 94.5 mg/g. In vitro release tests revealed that IBU release rates from composites with different Ca/P ratios were slower than those from pure‐phase HA in the initial 10 h, and reached the release equilibrium after the subsequent 30 h. Then, when the Ca/P ratio was 1.5, the composite had a cumulative release rate of 86.35 % for IBU. The loading and slow release properties of this ordered porous HA/β‐TCP composite for IBU make it a potential candidate for controlled release of IBU in the future.”

Development and evaluation of redox-responsive alginate–SS–ibuprofen derivative based anti-tumor target drug delivery system for the controlled release of doxorubicin

Nowadays, self-assembled polymeric micelles from amphiphilic polymer conjugates are urgently needed to enhance drug targeting and release efficiency. On account of the excellent properties of alginate and the redox-responsiveness of disulfide bonds, a redox-sensitive alginate–SS–ibuprofen derivative (LSA–SS–IBU) based anti-tumor target drug delivery system was created by attaching the hydrophobic ibuprofen (IBU) onto the hydrophilic alginate molecular skeleton through disulfide linkages for glutathione (GSH) triggered delivery of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). The structure and self-assembly behavior of the synthesized LSA–SS–IBU was systematically evaluated by FT-IR spectrometer, 1H NMR spectrometer, fluorescence spectrophotometer (FM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Furthermore, the in vitro release of drugs from the LSA–SS–IBU micelles loaded with DOX was examined, along with the assessment of their cytotoxicity to HeLa cells. The resultant LSA–SS–IBU had a critical micelle concentration (CMC) value of 0.19 mg/mL that was able to self-assemble into the spherical micelles with the particle size and zeta potential of 148.2 ± 4.3 nm (PDI = 0.25) and −47.2 ± 0.4 mV, respectively. At a mass ratio of 3:10 for DOX/LSA–SS–IBU, the LSA–SS–IBU micelles achieved drug loading ratio (DLR) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) values of 12.2 % and 46.3 %, respectively. Furthermore, the in vitro drug release study indicated that the total drug release percentage of the drug-encapsulated LSA–SS–IBU micelles in PBS with the presence of 10 mmol/L GSH for 12 h exceeded 67.0 %, demonstrating a substantial increase compared to that in GSH-free PBS. The in vitro cytotoxicity findings indicated that LSA–SS–IBU had good biocompatibility, while the IC50 value and the cell viability of DOX-loaded LSA–SS–IBU micelles cultured with HeLa cells for 48 h was 2.2 μg/mL and less than 20.1 %, respectively, which could significantly inhibit the growth of HeLa cells. Therefore, redox-responsive LSA–SS–IBU micelles had potential applications in cancer therapy for hydrophobic anti-tumor drug delivery.

Flexible UiO-67(Zr)@cyclodextrin-based nanofiber membrane for efficient removal of ibuprofen

The efficient removal of pharmaceutical pollutants in groundwater has become an urgent issue in sewage treatment. β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), a polysaccharide and rich in raw materials, has broad applications in adsorption and separation due to its host–guest interaction with many molecules. In this paper, a flexible and water-insoluble UiO-67(Zr)-modified cyclodextrin-based nanofiber membrane (UiO-67@β-CD-NP) was synthesized via a combination of electrospinning and solvothermal methods. By virtue of the synergetic adsorption effect of cyclodextrin and MOFs, the UiO-67@β-CD-NP shows excellent performance for ibuprofen (IBP) removal. The adsorption of IBP onto UiO-67@β-CD-NP was well-fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich isothermal model, yielding an adsorption capacity of 226.24 mg/g. Furthermore, the UiO-67@β-CD-NP nanofibers demonstrate a high removal rate of 100 % and exhibit good regenerability in dynamic adsorption experiments. After the filtration of UiO-67@β-CD-NP, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of IBP has evidently reduced below the discharge standard of pharmaceutical sewage. This study provides a simple and novel strategy for preparing low-cost and high-performance composite nanofiber membrane incorporating cyclodextrin and MOFs. This membrane holds great potential as a candidate for adsorption applications in practical pharmaceutical sewage treatment.

Biomimetic Apatite/Natural Polymer Composite Granules as Multifunctional Dental Tissue Regenerative Material

This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of novel composite biomaterials designed for dental applications, aiming to potentially address the prevalent challenge of dental and periodontal tissue loss. The composites consisted of biomimetic hydroxyapatite (mHA) enriched with Mg2+, CO32−, and Zn2+ ions, type I collagen, alginate, and, additionally, chitosan and sericin. The granules were loaded with ibuprofen sodium salt. The investigation encompassed a morphology characterization, a porosity analysis, a chemical structure assessment, and an examination of the swelling behavior, drug release kinetics (ibuprofen), and release profiles of zinc and magnesium ions. The granules exhibited irregular surfaces with an enhanced homogeneity in the chitosan-coated granules and well-developed mesoporous structures. The FT-IR spectra confirmed the presence of ibuprofen sodium, despite overlapping bands for the polymers. The granules demonstrated a high water-absorption capacity, with delayed swelling observed in the chitosan-coated granules. Ibuprofen displayed burst-release profiles, especially in the G1 and G3 samples. In the case of the chitosan-coated granules (G2 and G4), lower amounts of ibuprofen were released. In turn, there was a significant difference in the released amount of magnesium and zinc ions from the granules, which was most likely caused by their different location in the hydroxyapatite crystals. The cytotoxicity assays confirmed the non-cytotoxic behavior of the biomaterial. These findings suggest the potential applicability of these biomaterials in dental scenarios, emphasizing their multifunctional and biocompatible nature.

Hollow fiber liquid membrane: A promising approach for elimination of pharmaceutical compounds from wastewater

Pharmaceutical compounds present in water pose significant challenges, particularly due to their low concentrations in water streams. Hollow fiber liquid membranes provide a flexible and easily manageable solution, enabling the concentration of specific contaminants. This concentration step significantly improves their effective removal from water systems. The study focused on using hollow fiber liquid membrane technology to effectively remove diclofenac (DCF) and ibuprofen (IBU), two pharmaceutical compounds. A concentration of 40% Cyanex 923 (Cy923) dissolved in kerosene was selected as the preferred extractant due to its stability and quick extraction properties. The stability of the system was tested with a pseudo-emulsion, enabling repeated use of the system. Additionally, an analytical model was developed to calculate the membrane's permeability. In order to enhance the degradation and mineralization of the pharmaceutical compounds and their byproducts, ozonation was integrated with the hollow fiber liquid membrane system in a single system. Measurement of total organic carbon (TOC) revealed a significant reduction of 72% for diclofenac and 57% for ibuprofen with an initial ozone concentration of 10 mg/L and operating under the optimal conditions of hollow fiber liquid membrane.

Application of the HPLC-ELSD technique for the determination of major metabolites of ibuprofen and creatinine in human urine

The report presents robust and high throughput methods, based on liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD), for the simultaneous determination of major metabolites of ibuprofen (IBU), namely 2-hydroxyibuprofen and carboxyibuprofen (method A) as well as creatinine (Crn) (method B) in human urine. The assays primarily involve straightforward sample purification. For both methods, the chromatographic separation of the analytes is achieved within 8 min at room temperature on Poroshell 120 SB-C18 (75 × 4.6 mm, 2.7 µm) column using gradient elution. The eluents consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile (method A) or water and methanol (method B) delivered at a flow rate of 1 or 0.5 mL/min, respectively. In relation to metabolites of IBU, the assay linearity was observed within 0.06–0.5 g/L in urine, while the Crn assay linearity was demonstrated within 0.5–30 mmol/L in urine. The limit of quantification for IBU metabolites was determined to be 0.06 g/L, and 0.5 mmol/L for Crn. These methods were successfully applied to urine samples delivered by ten apparently healthy donors showing that the HPLC-ELSD assays are suitable for human urine screening.

Interactional behaviour of analgesic drugs in aqueous solution of caffeine at different temperatures using multi-technique approach

Drug combination therapies have been a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance. However, unexpected drug–drug interaction may cause adverse reactions, which puts patients in danger. Keeping this in mind, the interactions between pain killers, paracetamol (PCM), and ibuprofen sodium with caffeine (CAF) have been studied. Apparent molar volumes ( V2,ϕ) and apparent molar isentropic compression ( Ks,2,ϕ) for analgesic drugs in aqueous (1, 2, 5, and 10 mmol·kg−1) CAF solutions have been determined from measured densities, ρ, and speeds of sound, u, respectively, at T = 288.15–318.15 K and at pressure p = 101.3 kPa. The results have also been interpreted in terms of various interactions occurring in the mixed solution. Calorimetrically determined negative values of ΔtrΔdil H0 indicate the exothermicity and thus the occurrence of energetically more favorable process. The hyperchromic shift (UV absorption) in the spectra of PCM in aqueous solution of CAF suggests the dominance of solute–cosolute interactions through the hydrophobic–hydrophobic/hydrophilic groups (1H NMR) of PCM + CAF system.

TT-10 may attenuate ibuprofen-induced ovarian injury in mice by activating COX2-PGE2 and inhibiting Hippo pathway

Ibuprofen (IBU) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has been found in recent years to cause ovarian damage. The aim of this study is to explore the molecular mechanisms of IBU damage to the ovary and drugs to combat it. We established in vivo (IBU doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg-day) and in vitro (IBU concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 μM in culture medium) models of ovarian damage in mice simulating clinical doses and found that IBU not only caused ovarian damage in mice in a dose-response relationship, but also decreased estradiol (E2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in serum/media with increasing IBU doses. In damaged ovaries, the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2)-PGE2 pathway is inhibited, the Hippo pathway is activated, circPVT1 is decreased, and miR-149 is elevated. TT-10 is an activator of YES-associated protein (YAP)-transcriptional enhancer factor domain activity. Then, 100 μM IBU-induced ovarian damage model was selected for YAP activation (Hippo pathway inhibition) experiment, and TT-10 was found to interfere with IBU-induced ovarian damage and increase E2 level in the medium, and 10 μM of TT-10 had the best protective effect. TT-10 also inhibited the Hippo pathway, activated the COX2-PGE2 pathway, elevated circPVT1 expression, and decreased miR-149 expression in the ovary. It has been hypothesized that clinical doses of IBU damage mouse ovaries by inhibiting COX2-PGE2 and activating the Hippo pathway, whereas TT-10 protects the ovaries through the inverse regulation of these two pathways.

Peroxymonosulfate-assisted visible light sensitive 0D/3D Z-scheme NiCo2O4@g-C3N4 photocatalyst for effective degradation of ibuprofen in water

Herein, a 0D/3D NiCo2O4@g-C3N4 Z-scheme photocatalyst was successfully synthesized to degrade ibuprofen (IBP) in a photocatalytic system in the presence of PMS under visible light. The 5%-NiCo2O4@g-C3N4 exhibited the highest IBP degradation performance at 96% IBP removal in 60 min in the near-neutral pH range of 6 to 9. Factors such as PMS concentration, pH, catalyst dosage, IBP concentration, and temperature on IBP degradation were studied. Scavenging tests and EPR analyses confirmed the role of main reactive species, including h+, 1O2, and SO4−, in IBP degradation. The photocatalytic degradation products of IBP were more benign than the parent compound. Experiments on cyclic degradation and analyses of fresh and used photocatalysts corroborated the remarkable stability of NiCo2O4@g-C3N4. This study established a new framework for developing effective PMS photo-activator in the remediation of impaired water.

The enhanced adsorption of diclofenac sodium (DCF) and ibuprofen (IBU) on modified montmorillonite with benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride (HDBAC)

Benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride (HDBAC) modified montmorillonite was synthesized and the compounds were used for the adsorption of diclofenac sodium (DCF) and ibuprofen (IBU). The adsorption effect was the best when the best dosage of the HDBAC was 1.6 CEC (cation exchange capacity). The adsorption capacity (qe) of H-Mt-1.6 for DCF and IBU was 125.55 mg/g and 81.64 mg/g, respectively. The qe of Ca-Mt for DCF and IBU was 54.02 mg/g and 13.14 mg/g, respectively. H-Mt-1.6 had higher adsorption effect than Ca-Mt. The adsorption process of H-Mt-1.6 on DCF followed the Langmuir adsorption model and the adsorption process of IBU followed the Freundlich adsorption model. The equilibrium could be reached after 120 min. The adsorption process of H-Mt-1.6 on DCF and IBU followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption on DCF was endothermic, while adsorption on IBU was exothermic.

Ibuprofen-enhanced biodegradation in solution and sewage sludge by a mineralizing microbial consortium. Shift in associated bacterial communities

Ibuprofen (IBP) is a widely used drug of environmental concern as emerging contaminant due to its low elimination rates by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), leading to the contamination of the environment, where IBP is introduced mainly from wastewater discharge and sewage sludge used as fertilizer. This study describes the application of a consortium from sewage sludge and acclimated with ibuprofen (consortium C7) to accelerate its biodegradation both in solution and sewage sludge. 500 mg L-1 IBP was degraded in solution in 28 h, and 66% mineralized in 3 days. IBP adsorbed in sewage sludge (10 mg kg-1) was removed after bioaugmentation with C7 up to 90% in 16 days, with a 5-fold increase in degradation rate. This is the first time that bioaugmentation with bacterial consortia or isolated bacterial strains have been used for IBP degradation in sewage sludge. The bacterial community of consortium C7 was significantly enriched in Sphingomonas wittichii, Bordetella petrii, Pseudomonas stutzeri and Bosea genosp. after IBP degradation, with a special increase in abundance of S. wittichii, probably the main potential bacterial specie responsible for IBP mineralization. Thirteen bacterial strains were isolated from C7 consortium. All of them degraded IBP in presence of glucose, especially Labrys neptuniae. Eight of these bacterial strains (B. tritici, L. neptuniae, S. zoogloeoides, B. petrii, A. denitrificans, S. acidaminiphila, P. nitroreducens, C. flaccumfaciens) had not been previously described as IBP-degraders. The bacterial community that makes up the indigenous consortium C7 appears to have a highly efficient biotic degradation potential to facilitate bioremediation of ibuprofen in contaminated effluents as well as in sewage sludge generated in WWTPs.