Ibuprofen Levels Research Articles

The presence of pharmaceutical compounds in Surabaya rivers: potential sources and correlation with other water quality parameters

Recently identified compounds and chemicals that are harmful to the environment and pose a major risk to human health, known as emerging pollutants (EPs), are receiving increasing attention today. The main basis for this study is the absence of studies that discuss the presence of anti-inflammatory and anti-pain medicines in river water in Surabaya. Based on the study results, it was found that the overall average paracetamol concentration was 333 μg/L in Mas River and 430 μg/L in Surabaya River. Meanwhile, the ibuprofen concentration was not detected at all sampling points. This can be caused by the levels of ibuprofen, which are very small or below the detection limit. River water quality standards are regulated in Appendix VI of Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 22 of 2021. On average, other water parameters that were also monitored, namely BOD, COD, nitrate, and phosphate, exceed the class II quality standards. Meanwhile, the pH and temperature parameters are within the class II quality standards range. Further research is needed to determine the presence of EPs in Surabaya rivers. This research can be a useful reference for further research.

Интенсификация процесса биодеструкции ибупрофена с использованием факторного анализа и кинетического моделирования

Ibuprofen ranks as one of the most frequently detected pharmaceutical pollutants in water across many countries. Previous studies identified conditions for actinobacterial degradation of ibuprofen and developed a chromatographic analysis technique, enabling the measurement of residual ibuprofen levels during bio-degradation. However, the impact of a complex interplay of factors on the dynamics of ibuprofen biodegradation remains insufficiently explored. The objective of this study was to enhance the biodegradation process of ibu-profen through a multifactorial experiment that controled key parameters and to predict changes in substance content and the time needed for process optimization using kinetic modeling. As a result of this study, varying the concentrations of glucose, n-hexadecane, inoculum, and pH values has enabled a remarkable reduction in the biodegradation process duration for ibuprofen (0.1 g/L), from 10 days to just 2 days when employing cosub-strates in quantities of 1.0 g/L, 10.0 ml/l, and adhering to the turbidity standard NTU-5, along with pH stabiliza-tion at 6.5. By applying the kinetic equation of the first-order derivative, dx/dt = –k x-1, we determined the pa-rameter ‘k’ for the ibuprofen biodegradation rate to be 138.88÷146.84%2/h. The half-life (t1/2) was calculated as 25.54÷27.00 hours, and the process’s endpoint, t1/100, was refined to 34.05÷36.00 hours under the optimized conditions.

Front Cover: Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop: Determination of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in water

DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100044 The cover picture shows dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic liquid (DLLME-SFO), developed for the first time, for the extraction and preconcentration of trace levels of ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac and ketoprofen in water samples. The extraction samples were assayed using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photo-diode array detector (HPLC-PDA), with the outcome shown in the chromatograms. The developed method proved to be simple, rapid, reliable, and efficient.

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop: Determination of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in water

AbstractDispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop method is a highly efficient method optimized for the first time in the determination of trace levels of ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, and ketoprofen in water samples. Several important parameters affecting the dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop (extraction solvent, ionic strength, pH, dispersion solvent, vortex, and centrifugation times) were studied and optimized using a univariate optimization strategy. High‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photo‐diode array detector was used after the sample preparation. Limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.15–0.32 and 0.48–0.98 μg/L, respectively. Moreover, the linear dynamic range was up to 1000 μg/L and determination coefficient was higher than 0.9949. Recoveries in all water samples at two spiking levels (20 and 50 μg/L) were between 80.5 and 102.8% for all the pharmaceuticals. The intra‐ and interday (n = 5) precision were below 9.4%. Using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop as a method for the extraction of pharmaceuticals from the aquatic environment is simple, rapid, environmentally friendly, and opens a new door for applications in this field where preconcentration is almost always required.

Optimization transdermal patch of polymer combination of chitosan and HPMC-loaded ibuprofen using factorial designs

Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has a disadvantage in its oral use, such as gastrointestinal disorders, nausea, vomiting and gastric ulcers. Transdermal patch dosage forms are an alternative in overcoming this weakness. The transdermal patch is formulated using a special membrane that can control drug release in a matrix system. Therefore, this study optimizes chitosan and HPMC as polymers using a factorial design approach. The parameters tested included weight uniformity, patch thickness, swelling index, in vitro release rate, folding resistance, ibuprofen uniformity, surface pH, and moisture content. The interactions between the components were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR). The optimum concentration of chitosan was 0.5% and HPMC 6% with CV values for weight uniformity of 0.003 ± 1.202%; humidity 0.543 ± 5.595%; swelling index 4.611 ± 23,657%; thickness 0.052 ± 2.428%; surface pH 5; durability is less than 300 times and the uniformity of ibuprofen levels is 1.52 ± 2.99%. The design approach using the FFD2 2 obtained an effective and efficient mathematical-statistical model to determine the optimal polymer combination in the formula. As an additional instrument in design evaluation, the chemometric approach is constructive in modeling and optimization.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN POLIETILEN GLIKOL 6000 PADA TABLET IBUPROFEN DISPERSI PADAT TERHADAP ABSORBSI IBUPROFEN SECARA IN SITU

Drug absorption can be decided by various methods, namely in vitro methods, in situ methods, and in vivo methods. The in situ method is a procedure that is very close to the in vivo method. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of accumulation of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) on solid dispersion of ibuprofen tablets on the in-situ absorption of the drug. This research was conducted through an experiment to determine the effect of adding polyethylene glycol 6000 to the absorption of ibuprofen in situ by flowing the solution from solid dispersion ibuprofen tablets, solutions from generic ibuprofen tablets and standard ibuprofen solutions. The solid dispersion system was carried out by melting ibuprofen and polyethylene glycol 6000 in a ratio of 1:05. The drug solution was flowed through the lumen of the small intestine of male rats. Unabsorbed ibuprofen was measured by an ultraviolet spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 225.5 nm. Next, the absorbed level of ibuprofen was calculated. The results showed that ibuprofen from solid dispersion tablets was absorbed more than ibuprofen from generic tablets and standard ibuprofen. It can be concluded that polyethylene glycol 6000 has an effect on the absorption of ibuprofen in situ.

Antioxidant markers in gills, liver and muscle tissue of the African Sharptooth Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to subchronic levels of Ibuprofen and Dibutyl phthalate

The increasing influx of various emerging pollutants into the aquatic environment has become topical in recent times. This study was carried out to investigate the sublethal toxicity of ibuprofen (IBP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) on antioxidant markers in Clarias gariepinus exposed for 30 days. The results showed that SOD activity was significantly induced in the exposed fishes throughout the study period for both toxicants. CAT activity was induced significantly in the liver throughout the study period. In contrast, in the gill, there was an initial significant increase, followed by a significant inhibition as the study progressed for both toxicants. The GST activity was significantly induced in the liver and the gills of fishes exposed to both toxicants.In contrast, there was a significant increase in the GST activity in the muscle tissue of fish exposed to both toxicants in the first 15 days; afterward, there was a significant decrease in fish exposed to 0.2 mg/L of DBP. The GSH activity was significantly reduced in all sampled organs exposed to both toxicants at the end of the study period, although there was a significant increase in the GSH activity in fishes exposed to both toxicants at 15 days. The LPO in all sampled organs was significantly inhibited at 15 days of exposure to both toxicants. It was then followed by a significant increase at the end of the study period. This study's findings have shown that IBP and DBP at very low concentrations can elicit oxidative stress by altering antioxidant markers, leading to a high incidence of lipid peroxidation, thus, disrupting the normal functioning of the cell membranes.

Evaluation of ibuprofen and diclofenac in the main rivers of Colombia and striped catfish Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum.

This is one of the first studies carried out over three climatic seasons on the determination of ibuprofen and diclofenac, in the main rivers of Colombia and striped catfish Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum. Determination of water concentrations was carried out using SPE extraction, while for the analysis of the muscular tissue, the extraction was carried out by QuEChERS. For both matrices, quantification was done by UHPLC-MS/MS. No levels of ibuprofen or diclofenac concentrations were found in the muscle tissue of Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum, in any season or sampling site, during the 2 years of sampling. In some sampling sites, concentrations of up to 75µg/L of diclofenac were detected, corresponding to the sampling carried out in the dry season, being the highest reported so far in surface waters, possibly generated by large concentrations of population or agricultural activities. On the other hand, for ibuprofen, no concentrations above the limit of quantification (0.50µg/L) were found in the waters of the Cauca and Magdalena rivers, for any season and sampling site.

Chronic levels of ibuprofen induces haematoxic and histopathology damage in the gills, liver, and kidney of the African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus).

Numerous active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have been detected in various environmental matrices. Thus, their potential to elicit their toxic effect on non-target organisms is a growing concern, especially in the aquatic environment. This study aimed to investigate the potential toxicity of ibuprofen (IBU) at environmentally relevant concentration on the haematology and histology of the gill, liver, and kidney over 30days. The 96-h acute toxicity data showed that IBU was moderately toxic to C. gariepinus with an LC50 value of 3.78mg/L. After 15 and 30days of exposure, there was a significant alteration in haematological indices in the treated fishes when compared to the control group. Throughout the experimental duration, the level of the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) were consistently lower significantly, in contrast to the control group. IBU induced histopathological deformities in the gills, liver, and kidney of the exposed fishes, with alterations such as showing severe secondary lamella necrosis (SLN), epithelial lifting (EL), mild deformity of the secondary lamella (DSL), mild secondary lamella necrosis (MLN), and mild vascular congestion in the liver and kidney, respectively. This study has demonstrated that IBU at environmentally relevant concentrations can significantly impact the haematology, gills, liver, and kidney of C. gariepinus. This study's results can provide baseline info for regulatory agencies to set safe limits for NSAIDs as a safeguard for the aquatic environment.

Estimating Limits of Detection and Quantification of Ibuprofen by TLC-Densitometry at Different Chromatographic Conditions

Ibuprofen is one of the best-known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. Following the previous work, the current study is focused on estimating the effect of different chromatographic conditions on the sensitivity of thin-layer chromatography in combination with UV densitometry, i.e., the detection and quantification of ibuprofen in a wide range of its concentrations including the lowest limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ). For this purpose, a reliable and easy-to-use calculation procedure for LOD and LOQ determination is presented in this work. In addition, the impact of type plates and mobile phase composition on the LOD and LOQ, respectively, of this active substance is accurately described. The results of detection and the quantification level of ibuprofen obtained under applied chromatographic conditions confirmed the utility of silica gel plates as well as silica gel bonded phases (i.e., reversed-phase (RP) plates) in the thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometric analysis of ibuprofen at a low level, i.e., from several nanograms (below one microgram) to a few micrograms/spot. Among all chromatographic systems tested, the best are those consisting of silica gel 60F254 plates with concentrating zone (1.05583) and the mixture of n-hexane:ethyl acetate:glacial acetic acid in ratio 36:12:2 (v/v/v) as well as RP plates, i.e., RP-18F254 aluminum plates developed with methanol:water in volume composition 40:10 (v/v). These chromatographic systems allowed quantifying ibuprofen in the amount of 0.229 µg/spot and 0.228 µg/spot, which is less than 1 µg/spot. It can be stated that different chromatographic systems in combination with UV densitometric scanning at 224 nm proposed in this work can be successfully applied for the cost-effective and sensitive determination of ibuprofen as a widely used drug component as well as a residual in domestic wastewater. It was found that the modification of silica gel as well as the layer thickness of unmodified or modified silica gel 60 can influence the quality of chromatograms and the detection/quantification of ibuprofen in both normal phase (NP) and RP systems. Therefore, to obtain the best possible LOD and LOQ values of ibuprofen with precoated layers, suitable mobile phase and chromatographic plates are required.

A Novel Approach to Optimize Hot Melt Impregnation in Terms of Amorphization Efficiency.

In this study, an innovative methodology to optimize amorphization during the hot melt impregnation (HMI) process was proposed. The novelty of this report revolves around the use of thermal analysis in combination with design of experiments (DoEs) to reduce residual crystallinity during the HMI process. As a model formulation, a mixture of ibuprofen (IBU) and Neusilin was used. The main aim of the study was to identify the critical process parameters of HMI and determine their optimal values to assure a robust impregnation process and possibly the highest possible amorphization rate of IBU. In order to realize this, a DoE approach was proposed based on a face-centered composite design involving three factors. The IBU/Neusilin ratio, the feeding rate, and the screw speed were considered as variables, while the residual crystallinity level of IBU, determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), was measured as the response. Additionally, the stability of IBU under HMI was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography to estimate the extent of potential degradation. In order to verify the correctness of the DoE model, tested extrudates were manufactured by HMI and the obtained extrudates were thoroughly examined using scanning electron micrography, X-ray powder diffraction, and DSC.

P1104THE ROLE OF THERAPEUTIC PLASMA EXCHANGE COMBINED WITH HEMODIALYSIS IN MANAGEMENT OF POISONING AND INTOXICATION

Abstract Background and Aims Background: Poisonings, intoxications, and drug overdoses are common occurrences and rapid lowering of the toxin level is key of all effective therapies. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) has several unique characteristics that allow it to be a potentially effective therapy in rapidly achieving this goal with large molecular weight, protein-bound molecules that have a small volume of distribution. Ibuprofen is a commonly used anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic drug. The number of reported ibuprofen overdoses (IO) has increased. Although the vast majority of IOs are not consequential, large ingestion can cause severe metabolic acidosis (MA) resulting in multi-organ failure and death. TPE has been reported as solo intervention in IO, however frequently with remaining renal dysfunction. We report two cases of massive IO that responded well to prompt combined TPE with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Method Literature and chart review of cases of IO in our institute treated with TPE+CRRT. Results Case 1: A 17 year old male presented to the Emergency Department (ED) following intentional IO in coma with serum pH of 7.09, cardiorespiratory failure and acute kidney injury (AKI). Urine drug screen was positive for only ibuprofen. He reportedly took 1381 mg/kg. Supportive care was unsuccessful, therefore TPE+CRRT was soon initiated. After two days of treatment the patient was able to be extubated, maintained normal cardiovascular status and renal function. The patient fully recovered. Case 2: A 17 year old female presented to the ED following intentional IO with serum pH of 6.9, cardiorespiratory failure, AKI, arrhythmia and bilateral leg compartment syndrome. Urine drug screen was positive for ibuprofen. The estimated ibuprofen exposure was above 2000 mg/kg. The initial ibuprofen serum plasma level was 330 µg/mL (therapeutic range is 10-50 µg/mL). Initial Supportive care was unsuccessful and TPE+CRRT was immediately started. Plasma ibuprofen level was normal after the 3rd TPE+CRRT. The patient fully recovered. Conclusion Intentional IO may result in major morbidity and mortality. TPE is more efficient in removing drugs with a high protein binding and/or a low volume of distribution, such as ibuprofen. In settings of massive overdose, hemodialysis may provide additional removal of unbound portion, as well corrects acidosis and allows provision of optimal nutrition. Combined TPE+CRRT is beneficial and may facilitate recovery. To our knowledge this is the first pediatric report of severe IO successfully treated with combined therapy.

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a Brazilian wetland of international importance: Occurrence and environmental risk assessment

Despite the fact that the occurrence of emerging contaminants in the environment has become frequent in recent decades, the seasonal dynamics of contaminants in different environmental compartments are little studied in protected areas influenced by effluent discharges. In this study, the seasonal and spatial occurrence of 33 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) was investigated in surface waters and sediments from Anil and Bacanga rivers (northeast of Brazil). The studied area is located within a Wetland of International Importance by Ramsar Convention (Amazon Estuary and its Mangroves). Sample preparation was carried out using solid-phase extraction and QuEChERS, for water and sediment samples, respectively and all determinations were performed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Eleven PPCPs were detected in water samples and 14 in sediments. In aqueous samples, caffeine was the most occurring compound reaching 13,798 ng L−1. In addition, high levels of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine and diclofenac were also observed. In the sediment samples, triclocarban, benzophenone-3, ketoconazole and methylparaben were also detected. The spatial and temporal distribution of the assessed molecules indicates urbanization and anthropic activities as relevant sources of PPCPs in the region. Moreover, the levels of acetaminophen, caffeine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, benzophenone-3, triclosan and triclocarban measured within the Ramsar site pose a high risk to aquatic and terrestrial organisms. These findings indicate potential threats to the allegedly protected biodiversity and, therefore, urgent actions are needed to effectively protect this unique and vulnerable area.

Effectiveness of single-stage and sequential sludge digestion on removal of recalcitrant pharmaceuticals and conventional pollutants

The fate of pharmaceuticals, azithromycin (AZI), carbamazepine (CBZ), diclofenac (DCF), mefenamic acid (MFA), ibuprofen (IBP) and one ibuprofen metabolite (1-hydroxy ibuprofen (1-OH IBP)), were investigated in single-stage anaerobic (AN) and sequential anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic (AN/AERO/ANOX) sludge digestion under thermophilic conditions (55 °C). Intermittent aeration was used for the sequential AERO/ANOX vessel. Digesters showed an increase in CBZ, MFA and DCF at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 18 days as organic matter is degraded. However, the rate of increase for MFA was 10 times lower in sequential digestion compared to single-stage AN digestion (control). Sequential AN/AERO/ANOX digestion showed a 50% decrease in IBP levels while increasing IBPs aerobic metabolite 1-OH IBP by 12%. The control AN digester showed a 62% increase in IBP and a 34% decrease in 1-OH IBP. Sequential digestion provided other benefits, including reduced ammonia generation (44.5%), improved solids removal (4.1%) and enhanced digestate dewaterability (20%) compared to the control.

A Pharmacokinetic Study of an Ibuprofen Topical Patch in Healthy Male and Female Adult Volunteers.

The pharmacokinetics of a novel locally applied ibuprofen topical patch was evaluated. Healthy subjects (n=28) were administered a 200-mg ibuprofen patch every 24hours for 5 days, and steady-state pharmacokinetics was determined. The amount of ibuprofen remaining in the patch following each patch removal was also assessed. The maximum steady-state drug concentration and area under the concentration curve from time 0 on day5 (t=0) to the 24-hours sample on day 6 were 514ng/mL (95% CI 439 to 603ng/mL) and 9.78kg·h/mL (95% CI 8.43 to 11.4kg·h/mL), respectively. Maximum ibuprofen concentration on day 5 occurred at 20 hours post-patch application. No evidence of drug accumulation was observed, and steady state was achieved between days 2 and 5. Ibuprofen levels attenuated rapidly to baseline within 24hours after treatment discontinuation. The amount of ibuprofen remaining in the patch was high (≥80%). Treatment-emergent adverse events were generally mild, with the most prevalent being headache (n=6; 21.4%). Only 4 TEAEs were considered related to the ibuprofen patch: paresthesia (n=1), headache (n=2), and pruritic rash (n=1). The study found that the systematic absorption of ibuprofen from a 200-mg patch was low and that the levels of ibuprofen leaving the patch over a 24-hour period are consistent with levels required for therapeutic relief as shown in other studies.

In Vivo Dissolution and Systemic Absorption of Immediate Release Ibuprofen in Human Gastrointestinal Tract under Fed and Fasted Conditions

In vivo drug dissolution in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is largely unmeasured. The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the in vivo drug dissolution and systemic absorption of the BCS class IIa drug ibuprofen under fed and fasted conditions by direct sampling of stomach and small intestinal luminal content. Expanding current knowledge of drug dissolution in vivo will help to establish physiologically relevant in vitro models predictive of drug dissolution. A multilumen GI catheter was orally inserted into the GI tract of healthy human subjects. Subjects received a single oral dose of ibuprofen (800 mg tablet) with 250 mL of water under fasting and fed conditions. The GI catheter facilitated collection of GI fluid from the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum. Ibuprofen concentration in GI fluid supernatant and plasma was determined by LC-MS/MS. A total of 23 subjects completed the study, with 11 subjects returning for an additional study visit (a total of 34 completed study visits). The subjects were primarily white (61%) and male (65%) with an average age of 30 years. The subjects had a median [min, max] weight of 79 [52, 123] kg and body mass index of 25.7 [19.4, 37.7] kg/m2. Ibuprofen plasma levels were higher under fasted conditions and remained detectable for 28 h under both conditions. The AUC0-24 and Cmax were lower in fed subjects vs fasted subjects, and Tmax was delayed in fed subjects vs fasted subjects. Ibuprofen was detected immediately after ingestion in the stomach under fasting and fed conditions until 7 h after dosing. Higher levels of ibuprofen were detected in the small intestine soon after dosing in fasted subjects compared to fed. In contrast to plasma drug concentration, overall gastric concentrations remained higher under fed conditions due to increased gastric pH vs fasting condition. The gastric pH increased to near neutrality after feedingbefore decreasing to acidic levels after 7 h. Induction of the fed state reduced systemic levels but increased gastric levels of ibuprofen, which suggest that slow gastric emptying and transit dominate the effect for plasma drug concentration. The finding of high levels of ibuprofen in stomach and small intestine 7 h post dosing was unexpected. Future work is needed to better understand the role of various GI parameters, such as motility and gastric emptying, on systemic ibuprofen levels in order to improve in vitro predictive models.

Use of low level of continuous heat and Ibuprofen as an adjunct to physical therapy improves pain relief, range of motion and the compliance for home exercise in patients with nonspecific neck pain: A randomized controlled trial.

It has been well documented at heat reduces pain and increases healing by increasing blood flow in tissue. The purpose of this study was to see if the use of low level continuous heat (LLCH) and Ibuprofen used as a home therapy between physical therapy sessions at a clinic resulted in better therapy outcomes in people with chronic neck pain. Ninety-two patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain were randomly divided into 4 groups; LLCH group, LLCH with Ibuprofen (IP) group, sham LLCH with sham IP group, and controls. All subjects underwent 45 minutes of conventional physical therapy twice a week for 2 weeks. the neck disability index (NDI), subjective pain, range of motion (ROM), strength of the neck, and home exercise compliance were measured. Both LLCH and IP significantly reduced pain and NDI score, and increased ROM (p< 0.01). Home exercise compliance in LLCH and LLCH with IP group was significantly higher than the placebo and control groups (p < 0.05). The use of LLCH alone and LLCH with IP as an adjunct to conventional physical therapy for chronic neck pain significantly improved pain attenuation and it causes greater compliance for home.

Interactions of TiO2 Nanotubes with Contaminants of Emerging Concern for Applications in Point-of-Use Electrochemical Detection

The electrochemical detection of several pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water was performed using titanium dioxide nanotube-based (Ti-NT) arrays. Sensing was performed with various pharmaceuticals in water from natural sources, achieving ppb detection limits. Low bias voltages (-1.2 V to +1.2 V) were selected for operation and correlates to sensor performance. Bias voltage was determined by cyclic voltammetry in order to record maximum oxidation and reduction peaks for the specific metal and chemical of interest. The Ti-NT arrays were decorated with various metal nanoparticles to increase the specificity and sensitivity of the sensor. Metals were chosen based on Density Functional Theory methods to calculate which metals are most likely to bind with the chemical of interest. For example, Ti-NTs functionalized with zinc nanoparticles were able to detect ppb levels of ibuprofen, while no detection occurred with the blank Ti-NTs. Figure 1

Dimedone Derivative {2-[(4-Hydroxy-phenylamino)- methylene]-5,5-dimethyl-cyclohexane-1,3-dione} Plays an Important Role in Breast Cancer Treatment

Purpose: To investigate the effect of 2-[(4-hydroxy-phenylamino)-methylene]-5,5-dimethyl-cyclohex (HPDH) on mammary carcinogenesis induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in female Sprague Dawley rats.Methods: Among three groups of rats (50 each) used in the study, the control group was fed standard diet alone, ibuprofen group received standard diet containing 1200 mg/kg ibuprofen while HPDH group was administered standard diet containing 1200 mg/kg HPDH. The treatment was for 10 days for all the groups. All the animals received 20 mg of DMBA intragastrically by gavage. Clinical parameters for the rats were recorded weekly. Micrometer caliper was used to measure the diameter of all the tumors at the end of the experiment and tumor volume calculated. Histological evaluation was performed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) staining. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the level of HPDH and ibuprofen in the serum of the animals.Results: The data revealed a significant decrease in the number of rats with mammary tumor, number of tumors/rat and tumor volume by 54, 72 and 75 %, respectively, in HPDH group compared to control group. The ibuprofen- treated rats also showed significant decrease in the number of rats with tumor, number of tumors/rat and tumor volume by 43, 55, and 59 %, respectively. Treatment of rats with HPDH increased the latency period of tumor induction significantly (p &lt; 0.005). Median detection period (50 % of tumors) was 92, 83 and 56 days, respectively, in HPDH, ibuprofen and control groups, respectively, after DMBA induction.Conclusion: These results demonstrate that HPDH possesses strong chemopreventive activity against mammary carcinogenesis.Keywords: Carcinogenesis, Mammary tumor, Median detection period, Tumor, Latency period, Chemopreventive activity, Ibuprofen

Electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction coupled to ion mobility spectrometry for the determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: A rapid screening method in complicated matrices.

A new robust method of electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction coupled to ion mobility mass spectrometry was applied for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs determination in complex matrices. This is the first time that a graphene/polyaniline composite coating is applied in electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction method. The homemade graphene/polyaniline composite is characterized by a high electrical conductivity and thermal stability. The variables affecting electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction, including extraction time; applied voltage and pH were optimized through chemometric methods, central composite design, and response surface methodology. Under the optimized conditions, limits of detection of 0.04 and 0.05 ng/mL were obtained for mefenamic acid and ibuprofen, respectively. The feasibility of electromembrane-surrounded solid-phase microextraction followed by ion mobility mass spectrometry was successfully confirmed by the extraction and determination of low levels of ibuprofen and mefenamic acid in human urine and plasma samples and satisfactory results were obtained.