Ibuprofen In Water Research Articles

Impact of Methods of Preparation on Mechanical Properties, Dissolution Behavior, and Tableting Characteristics of Ibuprofen-Loaded Amorphous Solid Dispersions.

This study aims to improve the biopharmaceutical, mechanical, and tableting properties of a poorly soluble drug, ibuprofen (IBP), by preparing amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) followed by a sustained-release tablet formulation. A suitable polymer to develop an ASD system was chosen by utilizing the apparent solubility of IBP in various polymer solutions. ASDs containing various ratios of IBP and selected polymer were prepared by the melt fusion (MF) method. ASD containing optimized drug-polymer ratio prepared by freeze-drying (FD) method was characterized and compared physicochemically. The solubility of IBP in water increased 28-fold and 35-fold when formulated as ASD by MF and FD, respectively. Precise formulations showed amorphization of IBP and increased surface area, improving solubility. The dissolution pattern of optimized ASD-IBP in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer after 60 min in MF and FD was enhanced 3-fold. In addition, direct compression tablets comprising optimized ASD granules from MF and FD were made and assessed using compendial and noncompendial methods. ASD-IBP/MF and ASD-IBP/FD formulations showed a similar drug release profile. In addition, 12 h of sustained IBP release from the ASD-IBP-containing tablets was obtained in a phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.8. From the dissolution kinetics analysis, the Weibull model fitted well. The drug release pattern indicated minimal variations between tablets formed using ASD-IBP prepared by both procedures; however, pre- and postcompression assessment parameters differed. From these findings, the application of ASD and sustained-release polymers in matrix formation might be beneficial in improving the solubility and absorption of poorly soluble drugs such as IBP.

Impact of Long-Term Ibuprofen Usage on Cardiac Signaling Pathways

Ibuprofen, a common over-the-counter drug, is taken worldwide to alleviate pain and reduce inflammation. While the recommended dosage is generally regarded as safe for consumption, complications arise when the drug is taken chronically, even in the prescribed quantities. Previous research suggests that ibuprofen alters the productivity of various signal transduction pathways throughout the body and stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in liver tissue. Our research aimed to determine if proteins involved in proteolysis and energy producing pathways were altered in cardiac tissue as a result of ibuprofen usage. The study involved eight nine-week-old female mice divided into two treatment groups: control and ibuprofen. Female control mice received pure water while female ibuprofen mice received 100 mg/kg of ibuprofen in water daily for one week before euthanization. The ibuprofen used corresponds to less than 500 mg ibuprofen/day in humans. Heart samples removed from euthanized mice were homogenized, labeled with Tandem Mass Tags (TMT), and then analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS). Spectral analysis yielded 120 proteins that were altered in a statistically significant manner (p ≤ 0.0028 according to the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure). Pathway analysis conducted on statistically significantly altered proteins suggests moderate ibuprofen consumption results in changes in aerobic respiration, oxidative stress, the proteasome proteolytic system, the nucleotide metabolic process, and muscle cell development pathways. We conclude that ibuprofen consumption at recommended dosages significantly alters many pathways in cardiac tissue, which may be associated with the clinically observed increased risk of cardiovascular disease for those taking ibuprofen. This research is funded by the NIEHS/Superfund Research Program (P42 ES004699). This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

High efficiency removal of ibuprofen in water using activated carbon derived from Radix Angelica Dahurica residue

AbstractThe exploitation and utilization of Traditional Chinese medicine have annually produced 30 million tons of waste residues including Radix Angelica Dahurica residue (RAR), which raised environmental concerns. Meantime, the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug of ibuprofen (IBP) is an emerging contaminant in the aquatic environment, annually producing up to 9000 tons in China. After extracting the active substance, RAR is prepared as activated carbon (AC) for the purification of IBP wastewater. Two kinds AC modified without (RAR‐AC) and with phosphoric acid (M‐RAR‐AC) were characterized by FT‐IR, TG, BET and SEM. The phosphoric acid activation contributed to the high BET surface area (564.9914 m2 g−1) and large total pore volume (0.4894 cm3 g−1). M‐RAR‐AC showed 7.7 folds (15 min) and 2.7 folds (30 min) higher extent of IBP removal compared to commercial activated carbon (C‐AC). The enhancement of IBP removal with M‐RAR‐AC was investigated further by varying initial pollutant concentration, absorbent dosage, temperature, pH and rotating speed. Especially, temperature nearly has no effect on IBP removal by M‐RAR‐AC. Isotherm and kinetic studies suggested IBP was adsorbed on the heterogeneous surface in multilayer form and chemisorption played the dominant role in IBP removal. IBP removal of 93.3 ± 0.1% and 64.2 ± 2.8% was achieved for first and fifth cycle, respectively. The IBP removal on M‐RAR‐AC may be accomplished by a variety of interactions such as electrostatic attraction, pore‐filling, hydrogen bonding, and π‐π interaction. These findings provide new insights into the utilization of RAR for preparing AC and highlight the potential applications for treating industrial wastewater.

Peroxymonosulfate-assisted visible light sensitive 0D/3D Z-scheme NiCo2O4@g-C3N4 photocatalyst for effective degradation of ibuprofen in water

Herein, a 0D/3D NiCo2O4@g-C3N4 Z-scheme photocatalyst was successfully synthesized to degrade ibuprofen (IBP) in a photocatalytic system in the presence of PMS under visible light. The 5%-NiCo2O4@g-C3N4 exhibited the highest IBP degradation performance at 96% IBP removal in 60 min in the near-neutral pH range of 6 to 9. Factors such as PMS concentration, pH, catalyst dosage, IBP concentration, and temperature on IBP degradation were studied. Scavenging tests and EPR analyses confirmed the role of main reactive species, including h+, 1O2, and SO4−, in IBP degradation. The photocatalytic degradation products of IBP were more benign than the parent compound. Experiments on cyclic degradation and analyses of fresh and used photocatalysts corroborated the remarkable stability of NiCo2O4@g-C3N4. This study established a new framework for developing effective PMS photo-activator in the remediation of impaired water.

Ultraviolet light spectroscopic characterization of ibuprofen acid aggregation in deionized water

This work provides a description of the aggregation equilibria of ibuprofen acid in deionized water at temperatures between 20 and 40 °C in the 0.1–20.1 ppm concentration range. For this goal, we have made use of UV–Visible spectroscopy. A calculation algorithm was developed to obtain the aggregate orders and thermodynamic parameters from the experimental absorbance values. Monomeric ibuprofen acid was found to be absent in water solutions. In addition to the dimer, two aggregates formed by 32 and 128 monomeric units were found to co-exist in solution at the highest concentration tested. A critical micelle concentration of 7.8 ppm was estimated for this system. The appearance of the first aggregate occurs when the pH drops below the pKa value, which was determined to be 4.62. At higher ibuprofen concentrations, a sudden jump in the electrical conductivity coincides with the onset of formation of the second aggregate. A varied menu of alternatives is offered with respect to the calibration curve of ibuprofen in water, though the linear calibration of ibuprofen concentration with absorbance might be reasonably performed at 224 nm. Finally, the dissolution rate of the commercial ibuprofen used in this work was found to obey the Noyes-Whitney first order equation.

Adsorption Performance of Magnetic Covalent Organic Framework Composites for Bisphenol A and Ibuprofen.

As typical environmental endocrine disruptors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, bisphenol A and ibuprofen in water supplies can cause great harm to the ecological environment and human health. In this study, magnetic covalent organic framework composites Fe3O4@COF-300 were synthesized by the hydrothermal method and used to remove bisphenol A and ibuprofen from water. Fe3O4@COF-300 could be rapidly separated from the matrix by external magnetic fields, and could selectively adsorb bisphenol A and ibuprofen in the presence of coexisting compounds such as phenol, Congo red, and amino black 10B. The removal efficiency of ibuprofen was 96.12-98.52% at pH in the range of 2-4 and that of bisphenol A was 92.18-95.62% at pH in the range of 2-10. The adsorption of bisphenol A and ibuprofen followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir model, and was a spontaneous endothermic process with the maximum adsorption amounts of 173.31 and 303.03 mg∙g-1, respectively. The material presented favorable stability and reusability, and the removal efficiency of bisphenol A and ibuprofen after 5 cycles was still over 92.15% and 89.29%, respectively. Therefore, the prepared composite Fe3O4@COF-300 exhibited good performance in the adsorption of bisphenol A and ibuprofen in water.

Oxidation of ibuprofen in water by UV/O3 process: Removal, byproducts, and degradation pathways

Owing to the huge consumption of ibuprofen (IBP), its risk of exposure in water is of concern. The UV/O3 process has advantages in IBP degradation compared with the single UV and O3 processes. To promote the utilization of UV/O3, further exploration is necessary. In this study, the degradation mechanisms, byproduct security and cost of the UV/O3 process were investigated. Degradation kinetics showed that adding of UV irradiation into 0.6 mg/L of O3 increased the IBP degradation rate by 10 times, subsequently achieving a superior mineralization result. When the pH values changed (4.0–10.0) or humic acid existed in water, the UV/O3 efficiency was less affected compared with that of O3 process, which mainly attributed to the promotion of HO formation during UV/O3. Eleven byproducts with OH/COOH groups were identified in UV/O3, most of which contained 2–6 carbons. Ozonation produced the same types of byproducts, but the byproducts from UV irradiation were aromatics. Toxicity evaluation indicated that the 4′-(2-Methylpropyl)acetophenone formed in the UV process had stronger bioaccumulation potential than IBP, and some byproducts produced in the O3 and UV/O3 processes were more harmful based on the oral rate LD50 values. Because the byproduct transformations in UV/O3 accomplished within 10 min compared with the 100 min in the separate processes, the UV/O3 technology could better ensure byproduct security. In addition, the cost of UV/O3 was most acceptable among the three technologies under the same IBP degradation target. The UV/O3 technology had the promotion potential in IBP wastewater treatment.

Twin-brush ZnO mesocrystal for the piezo-activation of peroxymonosulfate to remove ibuprofen in water: Performance and mechanism

Mesocrystals are highly ordered mesoporous superstructures with rich defects and high internal porosity, which are featured by the anisotropic charge migration in catalysis. In this work, we first used twin-brush hierarchical structures of ZnO (TB-ZnO) as piezoelectric mesocrystal with abundant oxygen vacancies to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) under piezoelectric activation. Compared with non-mesocrystal of common ZnO nanorods (NR-ZnO), TB-ZnO exhibited 3.7 times of performance for the ibuprofen (IBP) pollutants degradation in the presence of PMS and ultrasonic vibration, and achieved a high PMS utilization efficiency that exceeds the state-of-the-art catalysts. Experimental and theoretical results revealed that the presence of oxygen vacancies together with order mesoporous superstructures in TB-ZnO promoted the electron transfer, decreased the reaction barriers, and facilitated the mass transfer, thus enabling more electrons to participate in PMS activation. These findings open up an avenue to improving the utilization efficiency of PMS in the piezo-activation system for environmental remediation.

A Review on Conventional and Advanced Water Treatments in Ibuprofen Removal

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) represent a group of pharmaceutical compounds that are most frequently detected in the aqueous medium. Development of analytical equipment for the detection of organic compounds at low concentration levels, contributed to the detection of NSAIDs in drinking water as well. It is considered that the presence of this group of pharmaceutical components in drinking water is caused by soil washing and via effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Ibuprofen is one of the most frequently detected pharmaceutical components in influents of WWTPs. Although the concentration levels of various classes of pharmaceutical active components are low, their continuous intake can lead to harmful consequences for aquatic systems. Based on the conducted studies, ibuprofen is currently one of the most commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs worldwide. This paper presents an overview of the detection of ibuprofen in the aquatic media, conventional methods for the treatment of ibuprofen in water, as well as advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of water in order to eliminate ibuprofen.

On the diffusion of ketoprofen and ibuprofen in water: An experimental and theoretical approach

In view of its importance for the development of dispersion and distribution models in the environment and also for the design of removal methods from wastewaters, the mobility and solute-solvent interaction in aqueous solutions of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ketoprofen and ibuprofen) were studied by measuring mutual diffusion coefficients of each pharmaceutical in water at infinitesimal concentration as a function of temperature, using the Taylor dispersion method. Intra-diffusion coefficients of the same solutes in water at the same temperature range were also calculated by Molecular Dynamics simulations. The analysis of the simulation trajectories allowed the study of the structure of the solvent molecules around the solute and their mutual interaction, which was also addressed by quantum mechanical (DFT) calculations. Ibuprofen presents a higher mutual diffusion coefficient in water than ketoprofen and molecular dynamics simulations are able to predict the experimental values for two solutes. Besides the solute molecular weight and molecular dimensions, the diffusion coefficients of these two pharmaceuticals are influenced by the solute-solvent interactions, which seem to be stronger in the case of ketoprofen. The solvation free energy obtained via DFT calculations confirms that hypothesis.

Assessment of ibuprofen toxicity and removal potential of Chlorella vulgaris

Ibuprofen, a most widely used anti-inflammatory drug, is frequently detectable in surface water, which might negatively affect the ecosystem. The present research investigated acute toxicity of ibuprofen to Chlorella vulgaris, and ibuprofen removal by C. vulgaris was also evaluated via a first order kinetic model. The results showed that ibuprofen in water has certain freshwater ecological risks, and ibuprofen-contaminated water can be effectively treated by C. vulgaris. The growth and the photosynthetic activity of C. vulgaris were decreased with the increase in ibuprofen exposure concentration, while superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were markedly promoted. The dry weight of C. vulgaris exposed to 100 mg/L ibuprofen was determined as 0.238 ± 0.008 g/L, which was 60.82% of the control group (without added ibuprofen in medium). The capacity of C. vulgaris to ibuprofen removal was decreased with the increase in ibuprofen concentration. The removal efficiency reached to 67.25% after 10-day treatment at ibuprofen concentration of 25 mg/L, while that was just 32.77% when the ibuprofen concentration increased to 100 mg/L. The ibuprofen removal by C. vulgaris accorded with the first-order kinetic model, and the removal rate constants of C. vulgaris to different ibuprofen concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/L) were determined as 0.115, 0.097, 0.093 and 0.043 d−1, respectively.

Enhanced removal of ibuprofen in water using dynamic dialysis of laccase catalysis

Ibuprofen (IBU) is one of the most commonly detected active compounds in water, and its presence has raised serious concerns about the risks it poses. The dynamic dialysis of laccase catalysis (DDLC) was investigated in order to improve IBU removal from water. Laccase retention and IBU permeability were assessed during the dialysis process in order to achieve IBU removal via static laccase catalysis dialysis (SDLC). The molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) and surface area-to-volume ratio of dialysis membrane were screened by SDLC, respectively. The effects of laccase concentration, initial IBU concentration, pH, and the flow rate on IBU removal by DDLC were investigated thoroughly. In comparison to SDLC and laccase catalysis without the membrane, DDLC shows considerable advantages in improved IBU cleanup (76% IBU removal) and time efficiency. 1-isobutyl-4-vinylbenzene as the degradation product was identified by GC–MS and FTIR, and a degradation pathway involving hydroxylation, decarboxylation, and dehydration was proposed. This work represents a novelty DDLC process towards the enhancement of IBU removal using laccase. These findings provide new insights into the elimination of pollutants by enzymes and highlight the potential applications in the industrial wastewater treatment.

Two Coordination Polymers Synthesized from Various N-Donor Clusters Spaced by Terephthalic Acid for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Ibuprofen in Water under Solar and Artificial Irradiation

Two coordination polymers CP1 {[Zn(II)(BIPY)(Pht)]n} and CP2 {[Zn(HYD)(Pht)]n} (BIPY = 4,4′-bipyridine, Pht = terephthalic acid, and HYD = 8-hydroxyquinoline) have been successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal process using zinc aqueous solution. The so-prepared compounds were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and cyclic voltammetry. XRD pointed to a crystalline phase for CP1, while CP2 required recrystallization, FTIR spectroscopy established the presence of characteristic bands for all the ligands, and TGA showed thermal stability up to 100 °C. The electrochemical study showed a good charge transfer between the ligands and Zn metal for both materials. The UV–vis spectra displayed a strong absorption band spreading over a wide wavelength range, encompassing UV and visible light, with a band gap of 2.69 eV for CP1 and 2.56 eV for CP2, both of which are smaller than that of ZnO. This provides an advantageous alternative to using ZnO. The 5 × 10–5 mol L–1 ibuprofen decomposition kinetics under solar and UV light were studied under different irradiation conditions. Good photocatalytic properties were observed due to their high surface area.

Degradation Characteristics and Mechanism of Ibuprofen by Ozone Catalyzed by Nitrogen-Doped Biochar

This study used a novel nitrogen-doped biochar (N-C) to catalyze the oxidative degradation of IBP in water by ozone and studied the catalytic ozone oxidation degradation of ibuprofen (IBP) efficiency and mechanism. Furthermore, it explored the influence of pH, ozone dosing quantity, catalyst dosing quantity, different anions, and background of water quality conditions on the IBP degradation efficiency. The results showed that, compared with that of some common carbon-based catalysts (g-C3N4, biochar, and granular-activated carbon) and metal catalysts (MnO2 and Fe3O4), the N-C catalytic ozone system had a very outstanding oxidation degradation performance of organic pollutants; the removal rate of IBP reached 100% in 5 min, and the utilization rate of ozone was increased from 10% to 46%. The treatment efficiency of the system was enhanced with the increase in pH. Compared with that by increasing the ozone dosage, the treatment capacity of the system was significantly improved by increasing the concentration of catalyst. The quenching experiment and EPR further confirmed that N-C could effectively catalyze ozone to produce more reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide radicals (·O2-) and H2O2. It was also found that·O2- was the main active substance in the reaction system and played a leading role in the degradation of IBP.

Pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic correlation of optimized ibuprofen nanosuspensions having enhanced anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of ibuprofen (IB) nanoformulations which were developed in our previous study and showed enhanced in-vitro dissolution rate compared with the marketed formulation. The in-vivo pharmacodynamic (PD) studies were performed in mice. The antinociceptive effect of the formulations was evaluated using the formalin test, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring oedema caused by formalin test. The optimized formulation exhibited nanosized particles with rapid dissolution compared with IB in water and marketed product. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of IB was significantly improved in optimized nanosuspension compared with other formulations. A good correlation was observed between the pharmacokinetic and PD data: nanosuspension > freeze-dried nanoparticles > marketed product > unhomogenized formulation > IB suspension in water. There was a significantly good correlation between percentage inhibition of paw oedema with peak serum concentration (Cmax) and time at which the Cmax is observed (Tmax) but not area under the curve (AUC), whereas there was a good correlation between percentage inhibition of formalin-induced nociception in phase II, but not phase I, with AUC and Cmax but not Tmax. The development of IB nanoformulation by ultra-homogenization technique improved its dissolution and PD properties.

Preparation of Synthetic Clays to Remove Phosphates and Ibuprofen in Water

The main objective of this study consists in the synthesis of a layered double hydroxide (LDH) clay doped with magnesium and aluminum in order to test the removal of phosphates and ibuprofen in water. Two different LDH composites are assessed: oven-dried (LDHD) and calcined (LDHC). Single adsorptions of phosphate and ibuprofen showed up to 70% and 58% removal in water, when LDHC was used. A poorer performance was observed for LDHD, which presented adsorption efficiencies of 52% and 35%, respectively. The simultaneous removal of phosphate and ibuprofen in water showed that LDHC allows a greater reduction in the concentration of both compounds than LDHD. Phosphate adsorption showed a close agreement between the experimental and theoretical capacities predicted by the pseudo-second-order model, whereas ibuprofen fitted to a first-order model. In addition, phosphate adsorption showed a good fit to an intraparticle diffusion model and to Bangham model suggesting that diffusion into pores controls the adsorption process. No other mechanisms may be involved in ibuprofen adsorption, apart from intraparticle diffusion. Finally, phosphate desorption could recover up to 59% of the initial concentration, showing the feasibility of the recuperation of this compound in the LDH.

Degradation of ibuprofen by photo-based advanced oxidation processes: exploring methods of activation and related reaction routes

Several homogeneous photo-based advanced oxidation processes-namely photolysis, photo-oxidation, and photo-Fenton oxidation—were investigated for the elimination of ibuprofen in water. The effects of several operating parameters, such as the lamp type (low or medium pressure mercury, xenon-arc), the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (0.5 to 7 times the stoichiometric amount required for mineralization), and the concentration of Fenton reagent, were quantified. Photo-Fenton oxidation was also combined with low-frequency sonication to investigate possible synergistic interactions. Ibuprofen degradation under ultraviolet photolysis and ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide oxidation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with respect to the pollutant concentration and the apparent rate constant increased with lamp power (6–10 W) and oxidant concentration. Photo-Fenton oxidation under ultraviolet light (L1 lamp, 254 nm, 6 W) and visible light (L2 lamp, 360–740 nm, 150 W) led to complete ibuprofen removal after 3 h, but the mineralization yield of the L1/Fenton process (82%) was higher than that of the L2/Fenton process (59%) because of the effects of ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide oxidation in the former. Coupling L2/Fenton with sonication improved the degradation rate of the molecule at low Fenton reagent concentration, but the beneficial effect of ultrasound on ferrous iron regeneration vanished when the iron to ibuprofen molar ratio was close to 1. An overall reaction scheme for ibuprofen degradation is proposed based on the transformation products detected during these processes.

A paper-based sensor for rapid and ultrasensitive detection of ibuprofen in water and herbal tea.

As the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) increases, their side effects have also attracted attention. Ibuprofen is one of the most widely-used NSAIDs. In this study, we screened the highly-sensitive and specific antibody 6E10, with an IC50 of 1.92 ng mL-1, and a linear range of 0.53-6.97 ng mL-1. In this study, we developed a rapid lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (ICA) strip method to detect ibuprofen in water or herbal tea. The cut-off limit of the strip is 10 ng mL-1 in water, and concentrations as low as 1 ng mL-1 can be detected in herbal tea samples, with the results obtained by the naked eye within 6 min. All the data were confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS). This lateral-flow ICA strip is thus a rapid tool for on-site detection and screening of ibuprofen in water and herbal tea.

Phthalocyanine-Grafted Titania Nanoparticles for Photodegradation of Ibuprofen

The natural environment is constantly under threat from man-made pollution. More and more pharmaceuticals are recognized as emerging pollutants due to their growing concentration in the environment. One such chemical is ibuprofen which has been detected in processed sewage. The ineffectiveness of water methods treatment currently used raises the need for new remediation techniques, one of such is photodegradation of pollutants. In the present study, zinc(II) and copper(II) phthalocyanines were grafted onto pure anatase TiO2 nanoparticles (5 and 15 nm) to form photocatalysts for photodecomposition of ibuprofen in water. The nanoparticles were subjected to physicochemical characterization, including: thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis and particle size measurements. In addition, they were assessed by means of electron spin resonance spectroscopy to evaluate the free radical generation. The materials were also tested for their photocatalytic activity under either UV (365 nm) or visible light (665 nm) irradiation. After 6 h of irradiation, almost complete removal of ibuprofen under UV light was observed, as assessed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The reaction kinetics calculations revealed that the copper(II) phthalocyanine-containing nanoparticles were acting at a faster rate than those with zinc(II) derivative. The solutions after the photoremediation experiments were subjected to Microtox® acute toxicity analysis.

Facile synthesis of CuS nanoparticles on two-dimensional nanosheets as efficient artificial nanozyme for detection of Ibuprofen in water

This work reports a selective and sensitive method for detection of Ibuprofen (Ibu), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) based on the peroxidase mimic activity of CuS nanoparticles (NPs) decorated on 2D graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h-BN). CuS/g-C3N4 and CuS/h-BN nanocomposites are synthesized by simple hydrothermal technique and characterized by different sophisticated analytical techniques like XRD, BET, HRTEM and XPS analysis. The surface charge of the nanocomposites is determined by zeta potential analysis. The peroxidase mimic activity of the nanocomposites are analyzed by carry out the catalytic oxidation of 3, 3ʹ, 5, 5ʹ-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in presence of H2O2 to produce a blue colored oxidized product (oxTMB). The synthesized nanocomposites are employed for the colorimetric detection of Ibu a model pharmaceutical pollutant in an aqueous medium. Ibu is commonly used by human beings to cure certain ailments and excreted in environmental wastewaters that have several bad effects. The principle of sensing is the inhibition of the peroxidase mimic activity of the nanozymes by Ibu. The detection limit of Ibu achieved in the colorimetric detection technique is found to be 16.01 and 21.20 mg/L (ppm) within the linear range of 0−100 mg/L in presence of CuS/g-C3N4 and CuS/h-BN nanocomposites, respectively. The practical application of the proposed sensor is successfully demonstrated using various environmental water samples spiked with different concentrations of Ibu. The proposed sensing probes exhibit high specificity and anti-interfering ability over other water contaminates and considerable feasibility in real water systems.