Ibuprofen In Aqueous Solution Research Articles

Optimization of vortex-assisted magnetic nanofluid based liquid phase microextraction for fast, green and reliable extraction of ibuprofen from real samples: Multivariate approach

In this research, the vortex-assisted magnetic nanofluid based liquid phase microextraction (VA-MNF-LPME) procedure was optimized using Box–Behnken Design (BBD) for the selective and reliable extraction of ibuprofen from aqueous solutions. Three MNFs were prepared and tested for the selective extraction of ibuprofen. Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV–Vis) was used to determine the amount of ibuprofen and measurements were made at a wavelength of 238 nm. The effects of pH, MNF volume, vortex time, volume of back extraction solvent were optimized using BBD. Separation of the MNF phase containing the ibuprofen in aqueous solution was achieved using a neodymium magnet without the need for centrifugation step. Using optimized parameters (pH = 3.4, 690 μL of MNF, 100 s vortex and 230 μL of ethanol), the detection limit and working range of the V-MNF-LPME procedure were 0.6 ng mL−1 and 2–180 ng mL−1, respectively. Relative standard deviations and recovery (for 25 ng mL−1 of ibuprofen solution, N = 5) were 2.8% and 94.1%. Key validation parameters of the method were studied in detail and calculated under optimized conditions. The VA-MNF-LPME procedure was successfully applied to some drugs, baby lettuce and grape leaf samples in ten stages with a standard-addition approach, and quantitative recoveries were obtained (91.4–98.7%).

Studies on the Application of PGM Nanocatalysts from Spent Automotive Converters for Degradation of Ibuprofen in Aqueous Solutions.

There is an increasing concern about the presence of various types of pharmaceuticals in drinking water, as long-term exposure of people to even low concentrations of drugs can lead to many problems, such as endocrine disorders or drug resistance. As the removal in sewage treatment plants is not effective enough, as indicated, among others, by the EC and OECD reports, it is justified to search for new materials that will allow for an effective and rapid reduction of these pollutants in water. Therefore, in our work, catalytically active nanomaterials containing platinum group metals (PGMs) were synthesized from model and real multicomponent solutions and examined in reactions of organic compounds. The nanoparticles (NPs) were obtained from real solutions from the hydrometallurgical processing of spent automotive converters (SACs), and to the best of our knowledge, the novelty of the proposed paper is the application of solutions from SAC processing as precursors for PGM-NPs. The synthesized PGM-NPs were deposited on a support (TiO2), characterized and, finally, examined as nanocatalysts in a degradation reaction of ibuprofen (IB) from model aqueous solutions. The degree of IB degradation reached more than 90%. The main products of IB degradation were p-isobutylphenol and CO2.

The photocatalytic degradation kinetics of the anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen in aqueous solution under UV/TiO2 system and neural networks modeling

Abstract In this study, the kinetic degradation of the anti-inflammatory drug Ibuprofen in aqueous solution by heterogeneous TiO2 photocatalytic was investigated. The data obtained were used for training an artificial neural network. Preliminary experiments of photolysis and adsorption were carried out to assess their contribution to the photocatalytic degradation. Both, direct photolysis and adsorption of Ibuprofen are very low-efficient processes (15,83% and 23,88%, respectively). The degradation efficiency was significantly elevated with the addition of TiO2 Catalyst (>94%). The photocatalytic degradation followed a pseudo-first-order reaction according to the L-H model. The hydroxyl radicals and photo-hole (h+‏) were found to contribute to the Ibuprofen removal. The higher the initial concentration of Ibuprofen resulted in the lower percentage of degradation. This can be credited to the fact that the created photon and radicals were constant. The higher the initial concentration of Ibuprofen the fewer radicals were shared for each Ibuprofen molecular and so the lower percentage of degradation. The maximum photoactivity from the available light is accomplished when the concentration of catalyst reaches to 1 g/L (0.8 g), which was adopted as the optimal amounts. Compared to the removal of ibuprofen, the mineralization was relatively lower. This decrease is due to the organic content of the treated solution, which is mainly composed of recalcitrant intermediate products. The network was planned as a Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm with three layer, four neurons in the input layer, fourteen neurons in the hidden layer and one neuron in the output layer (4:14:1). The artificial neural network was trained until the MSE value between the simulated data and the experimental results was 10−5. The best results (R 2 = 0.999 and MSE = 1.5 × 10−4) were obtained with a log sigmoid transfer function at hidden layer and a linear transfer function at output layer.

Investigation of salt effect of some inorganic salts and ionic liquids for ibuprofen in aqueous solutions of 1-propanol: volumetric, acoustic and viscometric studies

In this study, salt effect of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, choline acetate (ChAce), choline lactate (ChLac) and choline propionate (ChPro) for ibuprofen in aqueous solutions of 1-propanol were investigated using volumetric, acoustic and viscometric methods. Density, speed of sound and viscosity of quaternary systems (ibuprofen + water + 1-propanol + NaCl/KCl/ChAce/ChLac/ChPro) were measured at temperatures T = 288.15, 298.15 and 308.15 K. Limiting apparent molar volume and limiting apparent molar isentropic compressibility at infinite dilution were calculated using experimental density and speed of sound. Limiting apparent molar volume of ibuprofen increased in the presence of NaCl and KCl; whereas limiting apparent molar volume decreased in the presence of ionic liquids. Therefor NaCl and KCl have salting-out effect; whereas ChAce, ChLac and ChPro have salting-in effect. Also, molar free energy activation of solvent and solute were evaluated using viscosity data. The molar free energy activation of solute was greater than solvent; therefore ibuprofen has a maker structure nature in solvents (water + 1-propanol + NaCl/KCl/ChAce/ChLac/ChPro).

Ring Vibrations to Sense Anionic Ibuprofen in Aqueous Solution as Revealed by Resonance Raman.

We unravel the potentialities of resonance Raman spectroscopy to detect ibuprofen in diluted aqueous solutions. In particular, we exploit a fully polarizable quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methodology based on fluctuating charges coupled to molecular dynamics (MD) in order to take into account the dynamical aspects of the solvation phenomenon. Our findings, which are discussed in light of a natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, reveal that a selective enhancement of the Raman signal due to the normal mode associated with the C–C stretching in the ring, , can be achieved by properly tuning the incident wavelength, thus facilitating the recognition of ibuprofen in water samples.

DETA impregnated attapulgite hybrid ZIF-8 composite as an adsorbent for the adsorption of aspirin and ibuprofen in aqueous solution

The diethylenetriamine (DETA) impregnated modified attapulgite hybrid ZIF-8 composite is a new type of amine impregnated hybrid MOF adsorbent, which has an excellent ability to remove aspirin and ibuprofen from aqueous solution.

Multi-functionalized Cellulosic Biomass by Plasma-Assisted Bonding of α-Amino Carboxylic Acid to Enhance the Removal of Ibuprofen in Aqueous Solution

The present study concerns the removal of ibuprofen (IBP) from aqueous medium using glycine grafted plasma-modified cocoa shell as an effective and promising sorbent. The plasma pretreatment prior to the grafting process creates hydroxyl (–OH), carbonyl (–CO) and carboxyl (–COOH) groups, which were used as binder sites for glycine graft immobilization. The grafting technique was successful as an IR spectra of grafted biosorbent exhibited specific functional groups (N–H, C–N, –OH, C=O, COOH), which were characteristics of newly formed atomic bonds. The attachment to biomass was made through a single glycine and a glycine dipeptide esterified. The results of the removal tests demonstrated that the amounts of IBP uptake at equilibrium were higher with glycine grafted biomass (BG) than un-grafted, so going from 15.24 to 19.88 mg/g for initial 20 mg/L IBP and from 23.18 to 26.98 mg/g for 30 mg/L IBP. Amongst the tested kinetics model to predict adsorption behavior of the experimental results, the Avrami fractional-order model was the most suitable. The values of ΔH° and ΔG° suggested a spontaneous and exothermic process, which is typical for physical interaction in accordance with the Liu best-fitted isotherm model.

Application of Photocatalytic Falling Film Reactor to Elucidate the Degradation Pathways of Pharmaceutical Diclofenac and Ibuprofen in Aqueous Solutions

Diclofenac (DCF) and ibuprofen (IBP) are common pharmaceutical residues that have been detected in the aquatic system. Their presence in the aquatic environment has become an emerging contaminant problem, which has implications for public health. The degradation pathway and identification of transformation products of pharmaceutical residues are crucial to elucidate the environmental fate of photocatalytic decomposition of these pollutants in aqueous media. The degradation process might lead to creation of other possible emerging contaminates. In this study, the degradation of DCF and IBP in aqueous solutions was investigated. To this end, coated TiO2 on a Pilkington Active glass was used as a photocatalyst under UVA illumination, in a planar falling film reactor. Pilkington ActivTM glass was used as a photocatalyst and a falling liquid film generator. Degradation kinetics of both pharmaceuticals followed a pseudo-first-order model. The transformation products of both diclofenac and ibuprofen during the degradation process were detected and identified with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and ion chromatography. The results showed that the mineralization rate of both pharmaceuticals through photocatalysis was very low. Low chain carboxylic acids, such as formic, acetic, oxalic, malonic, and succinic acids were the main by-products. A pathway of DCF and IBP degradation was proposed.

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen in aqueous solution under visible-light irradiation: Effects of LaFeO3 and Cu/LaFeO3

The efficiency of LaFeO3 and Cu-doped LaFeO3 nanopowders in the photocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen (IBP) has been investigated. Aqueous solutions of IBP in the presence of photocatalyst, of H2O2, and both photocatalyst and H2O2, were irradiated under visible-light. The experiments were carried out on aqueous suspensions containing 5.0 x10-5 M of IBP, 0.003 M of H2O2, 0.130 g L-1 of catalyst. The concentration of H2O2 corresponded to a mole amount that largely exceeded the amount for the complete oxidation of IBP. Moreover, concentration of H2O2 was about 1/30 than that used in typical studies on the heterogeneous Fenton-like process. The composition of the reaction solution during photocatalytic experiment was followed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and HPLC. The results showed the higher photocatalytic activity of Cu-doped LaFeO3 (5 and 10 mol%) compared to pure LaFeO3 [1]. With both photocatalysts the main degradation product of IBP was 4-isobutylacetophenone (4-IBAP), which showed a slower photocatalytic degradation than the parent compound.

Degradation of ibuprofen in water by FeII-NTA complex-activated persulfate with hydroxylamine at neutral pH

The activation of potassium persulfate (KPS) by FeII-NTA complex has been investigated to degrade ibuprofen in aqueous solutions under neutral pH conditions. The results showed that ibuprofen degradation by FeII-NTA/KPS process was not successful due to the rapid oxidation of FeII-NTA complex by dissolved oxygen. However, an efficient degradation of ibuprofen was achieved by FeII-NTA/KPS process in the presence of hydroxylamine (HA). It was evident that the steady-state FeII concentration in FeII-NTA/HA/KPS process was much higher than that in FeII-NTA/KPS process because of the quick regeneration of FeII-NTA complex by HA. The suitable conditions for FeII-NTA/HA/KPS process were obtained at [FeII] = 0.1 mM, [NTA/Fe] = 1:1, [HA/Fe] = 20:1 and [KPS/Fe] = 30:1. The generation of sulfate radical (SO4−) and hydroxyl radical (OH) contributed to ∼80% of ibuprofen degradation, and ∼20% of ibuprofen degradation was resulted from other reactive species such as persulfate radical (S2O8−). FeII-NTA complex was more effective than FeII-EDDS and FeII-EDTA complexes in the activation of KPS, and moreover which was also capable of activating Oxone at neutral pH. A successful degradation of ibuprofen in lake water was achieved by FeII-NTA/HA/KPS process, while the rate of ibuprofen degradation in simulated groundwater was relatively slower because of the scavenging effects of HCO3− on SO4−/OH. The major intermediates in ibuprofen degradation were identified by LC-QTOF-MS analysis and the degradation pathways were proposed.

Enhanced electrochemical degradation of ibuprofen in aqueous solution by PtRu alloy catalyst

Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) regarded as a green technology for aqueous ibuprofen treatment was investigated in this study. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), Pt nanoparticles (Pt NPs), and PtRu alloy, of which physicochemical properties were characterized by XRD and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, were used to synthesize three types of cheap and effective anodes based on commercial conductive glass. Furthermore, the operating parameters, such as the current densities, initial concentrations, and solution pH were also investigated. The intermediates determined by a UPLC-Q-TOF/MS system were used to evaluate the possible reaction pathway of ibuprofen (IBU). The results revealed that the usage of MWCNTs and PtRu alloy can effectively reduce the grain size of electrocatalysts and increase the surface activity from the XRD and XANES analysis. The results of CV analysis, degradation and mineralization efficiencies revealed that the EAOPs with PtRu-FTO anode were very effective due to advantages of the higher capacitance, CO tolerance, catalytic ability at less positive voltage and stability. The concentration trend of intermediates indicated that the potential cytotoxic to human caused by 1-(1-hydroxyenthyl)-4-isobutylbenzene was completely eliminated as the reaction time reaches 60 min. Therefore, EAOPs combined with synthesized anodes can be feasibly applied on the electrochemical degradation of ibuprofen.

Degradation of pharmaceutical diclofenac and ibuprofen in aqueous solution, a direct comparison of ozonation, photocatalysis, and non-thermal plasma

Ozonation and different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as photocatalytic ozonation, photocatalytic oxidation and non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) have been examined for the degradation of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) diclofenac (DCF) and ibuprofen (IBP) in aqueous solution. To enable a direct comparison of the efficiencies of the mentioned methods, a planar falling film reactor with common design has been used.The results show that the degradation of both pharmaceuticals by photocatalytic oxidation is only moderate. Direct ozonation in darkness, however, is very effective for the degradation of DCF and possesses the highest energy yield of 28g/kWh. Degradation of IBP by ozonation is slower than that of DCF and the estimated energy yield is 2.5g/kWh. Ozonation results, however, in poor mineralization even after 90min treatment. Combination of ozonation with photocatalysis, causes a synergetic effect for the degradation of IBP and the mineralization rate is enhanced for both pharmaceuticals. The degradation by DBD plasma depends on the gas atmosphere and the input energy. The effect of various gas atmospheres and input energies on the generation of hydrogen peroxide as well as on the degradation of DCF and IBP was investigated. The addition of Fe2+ to the solution improves the degradation efficiency of DBD in an argon atmosphere due to the Fenton reaction.The mineralization efficiency of each oxidation methods was followed by the total organic carbon (TOC) removal. The highest TOC removal was obtained by photocatalytic ozonation and by DBD plasma in an Ar/O2 atmosphere.

Ibuprofen degradation and toxicity evolution during Fe2+/Oxone/UV process

This study shows the degradation of ibuprofen in aqueous solution using oxone process mediated by Fe2+ with UV irradiation (FOU). Fe2+/Oxone (FO), Fe2+/UV (FU), Oxone/UV (OU) processes were investigated separately to elucidate the role of different conditions in the processes. The effects of UV wavelength, the dosage of Fe2+, the dosage of oxone, initial target compound concentration, solution pH and anions on the degradation efficiency were studied. In general the FOU is best performed among the processes. About 97% of 0.05 mM ibuprofen was removed in 10 min, under the optimal conditions of FOU (wavelength = 300 nm, [Fe2+]0 = 0.25 mM, [Oxone]0 = 0.25 mM, and pH = 3.68). Subsequent tests like the mineralization efficiency and toxicity evolution were also conducted to ensure the FOU is a safe and comprehensive treatment process after the ibuprofen is removed. However, the above optimal conditions for IBP degradation were found inadequate in the TOC and toxicity tests. After cross examining the test results and intermediates, it was found that the low TOC and toxicity removal was mainly due to the accumulation of toxic intermediates in the solution. It is therefore suggested that a stepwise introduction of Fe2+and oxone (to control the radical concentration at a lower level, so as to minimize the futile consumption of radicals) with an elevated dosage of [IBP]0:[Fe2+]0:[Oxone]0 to 1:25:25 (to effectively degrade the unwanted intermediates at the later stage of reaction) is an efficient approach to ensure the TOC removal and toxicity elimination in FOU.

Degradation of Ibuprofen in Aqueous Solution with UV Light: the Effect of Reactor Volume and pH

The presence of trace of pharmaceutical compounds (PhACs) in groundwater and in drinking and superficial waters is a major public health concern. Recently, various advanced treatment technologies have been studied to remove these kinds of pollutants; among them, combined treatments based on UV light appear to be more eco-friendly and with very interesting removal efficiencies if properly modified. In this paper, the removal of Ibuprofen (IBP) from synthetic water streams was investigated by using a lab-scale experimental device consisting of a batch reactor equipped with a lamp emitting monochromatic UV light (254 nm; 400 mJ m−2). The IBP initial concentration (C IBP 0 ) was 45.9 mg L−1. Two sets of experiments were carried out; the first one was aimed at studying the IBP concentration as a function of time, at different volumes of treated solution; the second one was aimed at exploring the effect of pH on IBP degradation as a function of time. The results obtained show that the concentration of IBP decreases along with treatment time, with a negative effect of the treated volume, i.e., smaller volumes, that is lower liquid heights, are more easily degraded. Moreover, the higher the pH, the better the IBP degradation; actually when pH increases from 2.25 to 5.51 and finally to 8.25, the IBP concentration, after an hour of treatment, decreases respectively to 45, 34, and 27 % from its initial value. A reaction mechanism is suggested, which well describes the effects of volume and pH on the experimentally measured IBP degradation.

Voltammetric determination of ibuprofen using a carbon paste – multiwalled carbon nanotube composite electrode

ABSTRACTAn optimized voltammetric method is reported for the quantification of ibuprofen in aqueous solution using a carbon paste–multiwalled carbon nanotube composite as the working electrode. The electrode preparation and the experimental conditions were optimized; a sensitivity of 228.08 mA mol−1 L was obtained. The limits of detection and quantification were 9.1 µM and 25.5 µM, respectively, and the linear dynamic range extended from 2.36–242 µM. The repeatability was 5.35% expressed as the relative standard deviation. Using statistical analysis for the lower concentrations, the detection limit was reduced to 4.13 µM. The method was employed for the analysis of ibuprofen tablets.

Efficient photocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen in aqueous solution using novel visible-light responsive graphene quantum dot/AgVO3 nanoribbons

Single crystalline, non-toxicity, and long-term stability graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were modified onto the AgVO3 nanoribbons by a facile hydrothermal and sintering technique which constructs a unique heterojunction photocatalyst. Characterization results indicate that GQDs are well dispersed on the surface of AgVO3 nanoribbons and GQD/AgVO3 heterojunctions are formed, which can greatly promote the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs under visible light irradiation. By taking advantage of this feature, the GQD/AgVO3 heterojunctions exhibit considerable improvement on the photocatalytic activities for the degradation of ibuprofen (IBP) under visible light irradiation as compared to pure AgVO3. The photocatalytic activity of GQD/AgVO3 heterojunctions is relevant with GQD ratio and the optimal activity is obtained at 3wt% with the highest separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Integrating the physicochemical and photocatalytic properties, the factors controlling the photocatalytic activity of GQD/AgVO3 heterojunctions are discussed in detail. Moreover, potential photocatalytic degradation mechanisms of IBP via GQD/AgVO3 heterojunctions under visible light are proposed.

Electrocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen in aqueous solution by a cobalt-doped modified lead dioxide electrode: influencing factors and energy demand

PbO2 electrode modified with Co exhibited higher electrochemical oxidation. The effects of HA, FA, OA and CA were investigated.

Disposable screen printed graphite electrode for the direct electrochemical determination of ibuprofen in surface water

The potential of square wave voltammetry (SWV) for the determination of ibuprofen in aqueous solution, applying baseline correction, is reported. A screen printed graphite electrodes (SPGEs), especially pretreated for this purpose, were used to investigate the electrochemical oxidation and detection of ibuprofen. After optimization of SWV parameters, measurements were carried out at 200Hz modulation frequency, 4mV step potential and 40mV pulse amplitude for the determination of ibuprofen. The surfaces of both untreated and pretreated SPGEs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electro-catalytic properties of both the electrodes were correlated with the surface treatment. The pretreated screen printed graphite electrode exhibited a high sensitivity toward ibuprofen even in low concentration. The developed method was found rapid, cost-effective and reproducible for in-field ibuprofen detection.

Niosomes Encapsulating Ibuprofen–Cyclodextrin Complexes: Preparation and Characterization

A new delivery system based on ibuprofen-β-cyclodextrin (βCd) complexation and its loading into non-ionic surfactant vesicles (NSVs) was developed to improve ibuprofen therapeutic efficacy in topical formulations. The proposed strategy exploits the well known solubilizing and stabilizing properties of cyclodextrins together with the high tolerability and percutaneous absorption enhancing properties of NSVs. The complexing capacity of Cds in the presence of Ibuprofen in aqueous solution was evaluated by means of phase solubility studies. The technique used to obtain solid ibuprofen-βCd complexes was the co-lyophilization method. The influence of the preparation method on the physicochemical properties of the final product was evaluated by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Differential scanning calorimetry studies. Ibuprofen-βCd complexes were included in Tween 20/Cholesterol vesicles and characterized in terms of size, zeta (ζ)-potential, stability, drug entrapment efficiency and drug release. The best ibuprofen-βCd-NSV system exhibited in vitro drug permeation properties significantly improved with respect to those of the plain drug suspension.

Dielectric barrier discharge induced the degradation of the emerging contaminant ibuprofen in aqueous solutions

This study focused on the degradation of the worldwide nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen (IBP) by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). Factors affecting IBP degradation efficiency were examined, such as output power, initial ibuprorfen concentration, solution pH values, and various additives (H2O2, t-BuOH, humic acid). When IBP concentration of 18 mg/L and the output power of 70 W were chosen, 95.6% of IBP was removed after 5 min treatment. Humic acid and 0.3% H2O2 additives enhanced the IBP degradation process, while 1% H2O2 additive restrained the degradation process of IBP. The addition of t-BuOH also hindered the degradation process of IBP. The degradation of IBP was found to be affected by solution pH, with higher degradation efficiency occurring under strong acidic condition than alkaline and neutral conditions. The solution pH values became lower with the increasing of discharge time. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESMS) techniques were employed to identify the IBP derivatives. The mono-hydroxylates of IBP, and the products due to the oxidation of propanoic acid, and isobutyl substituents of IBP were identified.